为探究稻茬小麦深施肥“一基一追”机艺融合技术的增产增效减排机制,2021—2024年在长江下游南通稻茬麦区开展大田试验。试验采用缓释掺混肥料(SRF,N∶P_(2)O_(5)∶K_(2)O=26∶12∶12)和普通尿素(U,46%N),结合自主研发的2BFGK-12(6)260...为探究稻茬小麦深施肥“一基一追”机艺融合技术的增产增效减排机制,2021—2024年在长江下游南通稻茬麦区开展大田试验。试验采用缓释掺混肥料(SRF,N∶P_(2)O_(5)∶K_(2)O=26∶12∶12)和普通尿素(U,46%N),结合自主研发的2BFGK-12(6)260全秸秆茬地洁区旋耕智能施肥播种机和3ZF-4(200)中耕追肥机,设置7种施肥模式(30 cm+15 cm宽窄行种植):以尿素4次分施(N 240 kg hm^(-2),基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=5∶1∶2∶2,窄行基施,追肥全田撒施)为对照(CK);减氮15%(N 204 kg hm^(-2))条件下设置6种处理:M_(1)(100%SRF窄行基施);M_(2)(60%SRF窄行基施+40%U拔节期窄行撒施);M_(3)(60%SRF窄行基施+40%U返青期宽行条施);M_(4)(60%SRF窄行基施+40%SRF返青期窄行撒施);M_(5)(60%SRF窄行基施+40%SRF返青期宽行条施);M_(4+5)(60%SRF窄行基施+20%SRF返青期宽行条施+20%SRF返青期窄行撒施)。研究比较不同施肥模式对小麦产量效益、根系形态生理、氮素利用效率及N_(2)O排放的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,M_(2)~M_(5)处理提高了小麦产量(4.0%~19.0%)和经济效益(13.7%~35.7%),其中M_(4)和M_(5)处理表现最优,分别增产14.1%和19.0%,经济效益提升34.5%和35.7%。这些处理明显改善了根系特性(根干重密度增加9.7%~111.8%,根系活力和氧化力分别提高6.8%~52.0%和4.2%~44.2%),降低N_(2)O累积排放量22.6%~34.5%,提高0~20 cm土层硝态氮含量11.2%~40.0%。在氮素利用方面,M_(2)~M_(5)处理均提高了籽粒氮素积累量、花后氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率,氮肥利用效率指标(包括偏生产力、农学效率和表观利用率)分别显著提升了22.4%~40.0%、29.7%~74.3%和9.41~18.77个百分点。值得注意的是,M_(4)和M_(5)处理表现出最优的综合效益:N_(2)O累积排放量降幅最大(分别达27.0%和34.5%),氮肥表观利用率2季均维持在43.0%以上(均值分别为43.5%和46.8%),同时在生育后期保持较高的根系活性和耕层无机氮含量。相比之下,M_(1)处理虽然实现了最大的N_(2)O减排效果(降幅35.9%),但导致减产10.4%和经济效益下降10.8%,且氮肥利用效率呈现不稳定的年际变化特征。而优化处理M_(4+5)进一步改善了根系形态生理特性,并提高氮肥表观利用率和籽粒氮素积累量。综上,减氮15%条件下(N 204 kg hm^(-2)),缓混肥2次施用处理(M_(4)和M_(5))能实现产量、经济效益、氮肥利用效率和N_(2)O减排的协同提高,并以追肥深施处理(M_(5))效应更强。本研究为稻茬小麦缓释肥减氮优化高效应用提供重要理论依据。展开更多
A comprehensive electrochemical assessment of Fe^(2+)behavior in a MgCl_(2)−NaCl−KCl melt was reported,involving cyclic voltammetry(CV),square wave voltammetry(SWV),and chronoamperometry(CA)analyses.Reduction of Fe^(2...A comprehensive electrochemical assessment of Fe^(2+)behavior in a MgCl_(2)−NaCl−KCl melt was reported,involving cyclic voltammetry(CV),square wave voltammetry(SWV),and chronoamperometry(CA)analyses.Reduction of Fe^(2+)in MgCl_(2)−NaCl−KCl was observed to occur in a single step involving two electrons,exhibiting quasi-reversible behavior.The diffusion coefficient of Fe^(2+)(5.75×10^(-5)cm^(2)/s)in this system was experimentally determined at 973 K,with an associated diffusion activation energy of 25.06 kJ/mol in the range of 973−1048 K,and an estimated standard rate constant for Fe^(2+)/Fe of around 1×10^(-3)cm/s.The nucleation of Fe on the tungsten electrode in the MgCl_(2)−NaCl−KCl molten salt is insensitive to temperature and overpotential.It is found that the nucleation mode is related to the concentration of Fe^(2+)surrounding the electrode and evolves from an instantaneous to a progressive process,accompanied by a deterioration of magnesium electrolysis due to Fe impurities.展开更多
The lime-Cu^(2+)-xanthate process is commonly used for the flotation separation of sphalerite from pyrite.In this process,lime is added to the pulp to inhibit the floatability of pyrite.However,the excessive use of li...The lime-Cu^(2+)-xanthate process is commonly used for the flotation separation of sphalerite from pyrite.In this process,lime is added to the pulp to inhibit the floatability of pyrite.However,the excessive use of lime can result in pipeline blockage and inadequate recovery of associated precious metals.Therefore,it is necessary to develop new flotation process that minimizes or eliminates the use of lime.In this paper,a novel Fe^(3+)-Cu^(2+)-butyl xanthate process was developed as an alternative to lime for separating of sphalerite from pyrite.The flotation results indicated that with the artificially-mixed minerals,the flotation recovery of pyrite was lower than 16%and that of sphalerite was higher than 47%at pH 5.0−10.0.The zeta potential measurements revealed that ferric ion preferred to adsorb on pyrite,and copper ion displaced with zinc ion from the lattice at the interface of sphalerite.The wettability analyses indicated that the hydrophobicity of sphalerite surface increased apparently after being treated with Fe^(3+)-Cu^(2+)-BX,while the hydrophobicity of pyrite surface remained nearly unchanged.With XPS analysis,Cu-S bond and hydrophilic ferric hydroxide were detected separately on the surface of sphalerite and pyrite after conditioning with Fe^(3+)-Cu^(2+)-BX,which facilitated the flotation separation of sphalerite from pyrite with butyl xanthate collector.展开更多
低温等离子体(Low temperature plasma,LTP)可以将热力学稳定的CO_(2)和H_(2)O转化为高附加值产物,在CO_(2)资源化利用和能源转化等领域有广阔前景,但是H_(2)O的强猝灭效应使得LTP转化CO_(2)/H_(2)O的性能提升极具挑战。本文综述了LTP转...低温等离子体(Low temperature plasma,LTP)可以将热力学稳定的CO_(2)和H_(2)O转化为高附加值产物,在CO_(2)资源化利用和能源转化等领域有广阔前景,但是H_(2)O的强猝灭效应使得LTP转化CO_(2)/H_(2)O的性能提升极具挑战。本文综述了LTP转化CO_(2)/H_(2)O的研究进展,包括LTP转化CO_(2)/H_(2)O的反应动力学,以及不同LTP、催化剂、反应器对CO_(2)/H_(2)O转化性能的影响。通过对转化性能和反应机理分析,发现H_(2)O对电子的强吸附效应、产物复合反应和H原子的低密度、副反应的竞争分别是抑制原料气转化率和高附加值产物选择性的关键。针对上述问题,本文从反应器优化、引入其他反应物、催化剂设计和串联催化四个方面,提出性能提升策略。最后,对LTP转化CO_(2)/H_(2)O的重点研究方向进行了展望。展开更多
文摘为探究稻茬小麦深施肥“一基一追”机艺融合技术的增产增效减排机制,2021—2024年在长江下游南通稻茬麦区开展大田试验。试验采用缓释掺混肥料(SRF,N∶P_(2)O_(5)∶K_(2)O=26∶12∶12)和普通尿素(U,46%N),结合自主研发的2BFGK-12(6)260全秸秆茬地洁区旋耕智能施肥播种机和3ZF-4(200)中耕追肥机,设置7种施肥模式(30 cm+15 cm宽窄行种植):以尿素4次分施(N 240 kg hm^(-2),基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=5∶1∶2∶2,窄行基施,追肥全田撒施)为对照(CK);减氮15%(N 204 kg hm^(-2))条件下设置6种处理:M_(1)(100%SRF窄行基施);M_(2)(60%SRF窄行基施+40%U拔节期窄行撒施);M_(3)(60%SRF窄行基施+40%U返青期宽行条施);M_(4)(60%SRF窄行基施+40%SRF返青期窄行撒施);M_(5)(60%SRF窄行基施+40%SRF返青期宽行条施);M_(4+5)(60%SRF窄行基施+20%SRF返青期宽行条施+20%SRF返青期窄行撒施)。研究比较不同施肥模式对小麦产量效益、根系形态生理、氮素利用效率及N_(2)O排放的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,M_(2)~M_(5)处理提高了小麦产量(4.0%~19.0%)和经济效益(13.7%~35.7%),其中M_(4)和M_(5)处理表现最优,分别增产14.1%和19.0%,经济效益提升34.5%和35.7%。这些处理明显改善了根系特性(根干重密度增加9.7%~111.8%,根系活力和氧化力分别提高6.8%~52.0%和4.2%~44.2%),降低N_(2)O累积排放量22.6%~34.5%,提高0~20 cm土层硝态氮含量11.2%~40.0%。在氮素利用方面,M_(2)~M_(5)处理均提高了籽粒氮素积累量、花后氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率,氮肥利用效率指标(包括偏生产力、农学效率和表观利用率)分别显著提升了22.4%~40.0%、29.7%~74.3%和9.41~18.77个百分点。值得注意的是,M_(4)和M_(5)处理表现出最优的综合效益:N_(2)O累积排放量降幅最大(分别达27.0%和34.5%),氮肥表观利用率2季均维持在43.0%以上(均值分别为43.5%和46.8%),同时在生育后期保持较高的根系活性和耕层无机氮含量。相比之下,M_(1)处理虽然实现了最大的N_(2)O减排效果(降幅35.9%),但导致减产10.4%和经济效益下降10.8%,且氮肥利用效率呈现不稳定的年际变化特征。而优化处理M_(4+5)进一步改善了根系形态生理特性,并提高氮肥表观利用率和籽粒氮素积累量。综上,减氮15%条件下(N 204 kg hm^(-2)),缓混肥2次施用处理(M_(4)和M_(5))能实现产量、经济效益、氮肥利用效率和N_(2)O减排的协同提高,并以追肥深施处理(M_(5))效应更强。本研究为稻茬小麦缓释肥减氮优化高效应用提供重要理论依据。
基金the financial support provided by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFB3709300).
文摘A comprehensive electrochemical assessment of Fe^(2+)behavior in a MgCl_(2)−NaCl−KCl melt was reported,involving cyclic voltammetry(CV),square wave voltammetry(SWV),and chronoamperometry(CA)analyses.Reduction of Fe^(2+)in MgCl_(2)−NaCl−KCl was observed to occur in a single step involving two electrons,exhibiting quasi-reversible behavior.The diffusion coefficient of Fe^(2+)(5.75×10^(-5)cm^(2)/s)in this system was experimentally determined at 973 K,with an associated diffusion activation energy of 25.06 kJ/mol in the range of 973−1048 K,and an estimated standard rate constant for Fe^(2+)/Fe of around 1×10^(-3)cm/s.The nucleation of Fe on the tungsten electrode in the MgCl_(2)−NaCl−KCl molten salt is insensitive to temperature and overpotential.It is found that the nucleation mode is related to the concentration of Fe^(2+)surrounding the electrode and evolves from an instantaneous to a progressive process,accompanied by a deterioration of magnesium electrolysis due to Fe impurities.
基金Project(52204363)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2024JJ8042)supported by the Hunan Natural Science Foundation,ChinaProject(22C0220)supported by the Education Department of Hunan Province,China。
文摘The lime-Cu^(2+)-xanthate process is commonly used for the flotation separation of sphalerite from pyrite.In this process,lime is added to the pulp to inhibit the floatability of pyrite.However,the excessive use of lime can result in pipeline blockage and inadequate recovery of associated precious metals.Therefore,it is necessary to develop new flotation process that minimizes or eliminates the use of lime.In this paper,a novel Fe^(3+)-Cu^(2+)-butyl xanthate process was developed as an alternative to lime for separating of sphalerite from pyrite.The flotation results indicated that with the artificially-mixed minerals,the flotation recovery of pyrite was lower than 16%and that of sphalerite was higher than 47%at pH 5.0−10.0.The zeta potential measurements revealed that ferric ion preferred to adsorb on pyrite,and copper ion displaced with zinc ion from the lattice at the interface of sphalerite.The wettability analyses indicated that the hydrophobicity of sphalerite surface increased apparently after being treated with Fe^(3+)-Cu^(2+)-BX,while the hydrophobicity of pyrite surface remained nearly unchanged.With XPS analysis,Cu-S bond and hydrophilic ferric hydroxide were detected separately on the surface of sphalerite and pyrite after conditioning with Fe^(3+)-Cu^(2+)-BX,which facilitated the flotation separation of sphalerite from pyrite with butyl xanthate collector.
文摘低温等离子体(Low temperature plasma,LTP)可以将热力学稳定的CO_(2)和H_(2)O转化为高附加值产物,在CO_(2)资源化利用和能源转化等领域有广阔前景,但是H_(2)O的强猝灭效应使得LTP转化CO_(2)/H_(2)O的性能提升极具挑战。本文综述了LTP转化CO_(2)/H_(2)O的研究进展,包括LTP转化CO_(2)/H_(2)O的反应动力学,以及不同LTP、催化剂、反应器对CO_(2)/H_(2)O转化性能的影响。通过对转化性能和反应机理分析,发现H_(2)O对电子的强吸附效应、产物复合反应和H原子的低密度、副反应的竞争分别是抑制原料气转化率和高附加值产物选择性的关键。针对上述问题,本文从反应器优化、引入其他反应物、催化剂设计和串联催化四个方面,提出性能提升策略。最后,对LTP转化CO_(2)/H_(2)O的重点研究方向进行了展望。
