Jane Eyre and A Dream of Red Mansions can be regarded as the most famous two classics in the history of literature.In A Dream of Red Mansions,Cao Xueqin exhausted almost all his heart and soul to portray the character...Jane Eyre and A Dream of Red Mansions can be regarded as the most famous two classics in the history of literature.In A Dream of Red Mansions,Cao Xueqin exhausted almost all his heart and soul to portray the character─Lin Daiyu,whose tragic and impressive love story has moved thousands of readers into tears.While,Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre raised heated discussion in 19th century because of the vivid and energetic female she depicted in her book.By comparison,it is easy to find that there are some similarities between the two characters.However,their fates are quite different.This paper tries to make a comparison between Jane Eyre and Lin Daiyu,review their life experience,analyze possible reasons that may account for the different fates,and draw a conclusion.Hope that this paper can do some help to those who are interested in literature home and abroad.展开更多
Both Jane Austen and Eileen Chang are popular female writers.However they endowed their heroines with differentfates:Elizabeth in Pride and Prejudice earns a happily-ever-after with her Mr.Right,while Gu Manlu in Eigh...Both Jane Austen and Eileen Chang are popular female writers.However they endowed their heroines with differentfates:Elizabeth in Pride and Prejudice earns a happily-ever-after with her Mr.Right,while Gu Manlu in Eighteen Springs has toembrace death long before her time.They are destined due to their different family backgrounds and different characters which aredepicted in the novels.展开更多
The Ground Cover Rice Production System(GCRPS)has considerable potential for securing rice production in hilly areas.However,its impact on yields and nitrogen(N)fates remains uncertain under varying rainfall condition...The Ground Cover Rice Production System(GCRPS)has considerable potential for securing rice production in hilly areas.However,its impact on yields and nitrogen(N)fates remains uncertain under varying rainfall conditions.A two-year field experiment(2021–2022)was conducted in Ziyang,Sichuan Province,located in the hilly areas of Southwest China.The experiment included two cultivation methods:conventional flooding paddy(Paddy,W1)and GCRPS(W2).These methods were combined with three N management practices:N1(no-N fertilizer),N2(135 kg/hm^(2)urea as a base fertilizer in both W1 and W2),and N3(135 kg/hm^(2)urea with split application for W1 and 67.5 kg/hm^(2)urea and chicken manure separately for W2).The WHCNS(Soil Water Heat Carbon Nitrogen Simulator)model was calibrated and validated to simulate ponding water depth,soil water storage,soil mineral N content,leaf area index,aboveground dry matter,crop N uptake,and rice yield.Subsequently,this model was used to simulate the responses of rice yield and N fates to GCRPS under different types of precipitation years using meteorological data from 1980 to 2018.The results indicated that the WHCNS model performed well in simulating crop growth and N fates for both Paddy and GCRPS.Compared with Paddy,GCRPS reduced N leaching(35.1%–54.9%),ammonia volatilization(0.7%–13.6%),N runoff(71.1%–83.5%),denitrification(3.8%–6.7%),and total N loss(33.8%–56.9%)for all precipitation year types.However,GCRPS reduced crop N uptake and yield during wet years,while increasing crop N uptake and yield during dry and normal years.Fertilizer application reduced the stability and sustainability of rice yield in wet years,but increased the stability and sustainability of rice yield in dry and normal years.In conclusion,GCRPS is more suitable for normal and dry years in the study region,leading to increased rice yield and reduced N loss.展开更多
Since African-Americans were transported to America, more than three hundred years have passed. During the tragic and bitter period of time, African-Americans never stopped their efforts to achieve their freedom. Thro...Since African-Americans were transported to America, more than three hundred years have passed. During the tragic and bitter period of time, African-Americans never stopped their efforts to achieve their freedom. Through the description of two kinds of heroines, Uncle Tom and Eliza, Harriet Beecher Stowe tells us： Tom, who was resigned to bad conditions, obedient to the slave-owner, was doomed to death while Eliza who dared to revolt slavery gained a new life and freedom. To some extent, Uncle Tom＇s Cabin played an active function to advance social development, especially in the movement of abolitionist and the American Civil War. The present paper focuses on the analysis of the causes of the different fates belonging to Tom and Eliza respectively from the perspectives of the external cause and internal cause and their own characters.展开更多
Phthalic acid esters(PAEs)are a group of compounds widespread in the environment.To investigate the occurrence and accumulation characteristics of PAEs,surface water samples were collected from the Three Gorges Reserv...Phthalic acid esters(PAEs)are a group of compounds widespread in the environment.To investigate the occurrence and accumulation characteristics of PAEs,surface water samples were collected from the Three Gorges Reservoir area,China.The total concentrations of∑_(11)analyzed PAEs(11PAEs)in the collected water samples ranging from 197.7 to 1,409.3 ng/L(mean±IQR:583.1±308.4 ng/L).While DEHP was the most frequently detected PAE,DnBP and DnNP were the most predominant PAEs in the analyzed water samples with a mean contribution of 63.3%of the∑_(11)PAEs.The concentrations of the∑_(11)PAEs in the water samples from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River were significantly higher than those from themiddle reaches.To better understand the transport and fate of the PAEs,seven detected PAEs were modeled by Quantitative Water Air Sediment Interaction(QWASI).The simulated and measured values were close for most PAEs,and differences are within one order of magnitude even for the worst one.For all simulated PAEs,water and particle inflow were main sources in the reservoir,whereas water outflow and degradation in water were important removal pathways.The contribution ratios of different sources/losses varied fromPAEs,depending on their properties.The calculated risk quotients of DnNP in the Three Gorges Reservoir area whether based onmonitoring or simulating results were all far exceeded the safety threshold value,implying the occurrence of this PAE compound may cause potential adverse effects for the aquatic ecology of the Three Gorges Reservoir area.展开更多
Plant cells retain the ability for cellular reprogramming,including totipotency and pluripotency,enabling them to revert their cell fate from differentiated to dedifferentiated one and subsequently redifferentiate und...Plant cells retain the ability for cellular reprogramming,including totipotency and pluripotency,enabling them to revert their cell fate from differentiated to dedifferentiated one and subsequently redifferentiate under specific physiological and environmental cues.In response to these cues,endogenous phytohormones,genetic landscapes,and epigenetic remodeling play a significant role in initiating the reprogramming of somatic cells and re-establishment of an organized structure.Detailed studies on dedifferentiation have gradually unraveled the involvement of stem-like cells during early callus formation,along with the existence of QC-like transcriptional features in the middle cell layer of callus,which exhibits organ regeneration ability.Tracking natural variations and real-time regeneration dynamics across species,combined with single-cell RNA sequencing,will enable the identification of key developmental regulators and small peptides.These breakthroughs can be applied to enhance regeneration efficiency,improve transformation in recalcitrant species,and accelerate next-generation crop development.The current review summarizes the longstanding history and ongoing research progress in two pathways:dedifferentiation and redifferentiation.It also highlights how hormonal effects on the genetic factors and provides insights into how genetic signatures interact with epigenetic landscapes to drive these processes.It highlights the potential applications of developmental regulators for efficient gene transformation to enhance plant genetic engineering,while also addressing fundamental questions and identifying research gaps to guide future studies.展开更多
1 Originally published in 1993,To Live,a novel by Chinese author Yu Hua has since gained international recognition for its raw emotional depth and exploration of themes like fate,endurance and the essence of humanity....1 Originally published in 1993,To Live,a novel by Chinese author Yu Hua has since gained international recognition for its raw emotional depth and exploration of themes like fate,endurance and the essence of humanity.2 The novel follows the life of Xu Fugui,a once⁃wealthy landowner who lost his fortune through gambling(赌博).As his status shifted to that of a peasant,he witnessed the rapid changes of society.Despite enduring relentless hardship,Fugui survived,finding moments of comfort in small and everyday acts of perseverance.展开更多
Arsenic(As)and antimony(Sb),with analogy structure,belong to VA group in the periodic table and pose a great public concern due to their potential carcinogenicity.The speciation distribution,migration and transformati...Arsenic(As)and antimony(Sb),with analogy structure,belong to VA group in the periodic table and pose a great public concern due to their potential carcinogenicity.The speciation distribution,migration and transformation,enrichment and retention,as well as bioavailability and toxicity of As and Sb are influenced by several environmental processes on mineral surfaces,including adsorption/desorption,coordination/precipitation,and oxidation/reduction.These interfacial reactions are influenced by the crystal facet of minerals with different atomic and electronic structures.This review starts with facets and examines As and Sb adsorption and transformation on mineral facets such hematite,titanium dioxide,andmanganese dioxide.Themain focus lies on three pressing issues that limit the understanding of the environmental fate of As and Sb:the facet-dependent intricacies of adsorption and transformation,the mechanisms underlying facet-dependent phenomena,and the impact of co-existing chemicals.We first discussed As and Sb adsorption behaviors,structures,and bonding chemistry on diverse mineral facets.Subsequently,the reactivity of various mineral facets was examined,with particular emphasis placed on their significance in the context of environmental catalysis for the oxidation of As(Ⅲ)and Sb(Ⅲ).Finally,the impact of co-existing cation,anion,or organic substances on the processes of adsorption and transport of As and Sb was reviewed.This comprehensive review enhances our understanding of the facet-dependent phenomena governing adsorption,transformation,and fate of contaminants.It underscores the critical role of mineral facets in dictating environmental reactions and paves the way for future research in this intriguing field.展开更多
Objectives:Suicidal ideation is a strong predictor of suicide deaths,which refers to the consideration or desire to give up one's own life.Left-behind children in rural China are more vulnerable to psychological p...Objectives:Suicidal ideation is a strong predictor of suicide deaths,which refers to the consideration or desire to give up one's own life.Left-behind children in rural China are more vulnerable to psychological problems and suicidal ideation compared to their non-left-behind peers.The aim of the current study was to examine two potential protective factors,negotiable fate belief and coping self-efficacy,and to test the mediating role of coping self-efficacy in the relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation.We also analyzed gender differences in this mediation model.Methods:Across-sectional survey was conducted in rural areas ofChina.A sample of 526 left-behind children(285 males,54.18%;241 females,45.82%;Meanage=13.29 years,SD=0.97 years)was recruited to complete the Negotiable Fate Belief Scale,Coping Self-Efficacy Scale,and the Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation Inventory-Negative Scale.We used structural equation modeling to test the mediation model and multigroup analysis to test the moderation effect of gender.Results:Negotiable fate belief is negatively correlated with suicidal ideation(r=-0.13,p<0.01).Moreover,coping self-efficacy mediates the relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation(β=-0.06,95%confidence interval(CI)[-0.12,-0.02]),accounting for 35.29%of the total effect.Finally,the mediating effect of coping self-efficacy was found to be significant only for female left-behind children(male:95%CI[-0.09,0.07];female:95%CI[-0.16,-0.01]).For female left-behind children,the mediating effect was complete,with a coefficient of-0.06,accounting for 85.71%of the total effect.Conclusions:The relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation among rural left-behind children is mediated by coping self-efficacy,and this mediation effect was moderated by gender.This study provides a theoretical explanation for how cultivating the belief in negotiable fate and coping self-efficacy is effective for reducing suicidal ideation of rural left-behind children.展开更多
The liver is a key endoderm-derived multifunctional organ within the digestive system.Prospero homeobox 1(Prox1)is an essential transcription factor for liver development,but its specific function is not well understo...The liver is a key endoderm-derived multifunctional organ within the digestive system.Prospero homeobox 1(Prox1)is an essential transcription factor for liver development,but its specific function is not well understood.Here,we show that hepatic development,including the formation of intrahepatic biliary and vascular networks,is severely disrupted in prox1a mutant zebrafish.We find that Prox1a is essential for liver growth and proper differentiation but not required for early hepatic cell fate specification.Intriguingly,prox1a depletion leads to ectopic initiation of a Cdx1b-mediated intestinal program and the formation of intestinal lumen-like structures within the liver.Morpholino knockdown of cdx1b alleviates liver defects in the prox1a mutant zebrafish.Finally,chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis reveals that Prox1a binds directly to the promoter region of cdx1b,thereby repressing its expression.Overall,our findings indicate that Prox1a is required to promote and protect hepatic development by repression of Cdx1b-mediated intestinal cell fate in zebrafish.展开更多
Infertility has become one of the most serious diseases worldwide,and 50% of this disease can be attributed to male-related factors.Spermatogenesis,by definition,is a complex process by which spermatogonial stem cells...Infertility has become one of the most serious diseases worldwide,and 50% of this disease can be attributed to male-related factors.Spermatogenesis,by definition,is a complex process by which spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs)self-renew to maintain stem cell population within the testes and differentiate into mature spermatids.It is of great significance to uncover gene regulation and signaling pathways that are involved in the fate determinations of SSCs with aims to better understand molecular mechanisms underlying human spermatogenesis and identify novel targets for gene therapy of male infertility.Significant achievement has recently been made in demonstrating the signaling molecules and pathways mediating the fate decisions of mammalian SSCs.In this review,we address key gene regulation and crucial signaling transduction pathways in controlling the self-renewal,differentiation,and apoptosis of SSCs,and we illustrate the networks of genes and signaling pathways in SSC fate determinations.We also highlight perspectives and future directions in SSC regulation by genes and their signaling pathways.This review could provide novel insights into the genetic regulation of normal and abnormal spermatogenesis and offer molecular targets to develop new approaches for gene therapy of male infertility.展开更多
A recent study in the World Journal of Diabetes by Yang et al explored how Rheb1 signaling influenced pancreaticβcell fate and its potential as a therapeutic target.This invited commentary by a senior diabetes resear...A recent study in the World Journal of Diabetes by Yang et al explored how Rheb1 signaling influenced pancreaticβcell fate and its potential as a therapeutic target.This invited commentary by a senior diabetes researcher discussed the findings of Yang et al in the context of current knowledge onβcell biology,providing critical insight into the role of Rheb1 inβcell survival and function and the prospects for diabetes treatment.Key outcomes of the study were interpreted alongside established literature on Rheb1-mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling in islet cells.Rheb1 emerges as a pivotal regulator ofβcell growth and insulin secretory function,aligning with evidence thatβcell-specific Rheb1 deletion impairsβcell mass and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.The commentary highlighted how modulating this pathway could preserve or restore theβcell population in diabetes while cautioning about potential off-target effects(e.g.inαcells).Targeting Rheb1 signaling represents a promising new frontier in diabetes therapy to enhanceβcell resilience;however,a balanced approach addressing both its benefits and risks is essential.This letter discussed the scientific implications and future research directions needed to translate Rheb1 modulation into clinical application for diabetes.展开更多
As one of the most common gynecological malignancies,peritoneal metastasis is a common feature and cause of high mortality in ovarian cancer(OC).Currently,the standard treatment for OC and its peritoneal metastasis is...As one of the most common gynecological malignancies,peritoneal metastasis is a common feature and cause of high mortality in ovarian cancer(OC).Currently,the standard treatment for OC and its peritoneal metastasis is maximal cytoreductive surgery(CRS)combined with platinum-based chemotherapy.Compared with intravenous chemotherapy,traditional intraperitoneal(IP)chemotherapy exhibits obvious pharmacokinetic(PK)advantages and systemic safety and has shown significant survival benefits in several clinical studies of OC patients.However,there remain several challenges in traditional IP chemotherapy,such as insufficient drug retention,a lack of tumor targeting,inadequate drug penetration,gastrointestinal toxicity,and limited inhibition of tumor metastasis and chemoresistance.Nanomedicine-based IP targeting delivery systems,through specific drug carrier design with tumor cells and tumor environment(TME)targeting,make it possible to overcome these challenges and maximize local therapy efficacy while reducing side effects.In this review article,the rationale and challenges of nanomedicine-based IP chemotherapies,as well as their in vivo fate after IP administration,which are crucial for their rational design and clinical translation,are firstly discussed.Then,current strategies for nanomedicine-based targeting delivery systems and the relevant clinical trials in IP chemotherapy are summarized.Finally,the future directions of the nanomedicine-based IP targeting delivery system for OC and its peritoneal metastasis are proposed,expecting to improve the clinical development of IP chemotherapy.展开更多
AIM:To explore the impact of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptorα(IGF-1Rα)on the differentiation fate of optic-cupderived retinal stem cells(OC-RSCs)into retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)in vitro.METHODS:OC-RSCs were i...AIM:To explore the impact of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptorα(IGF-1Rα)on the differentiation fate of optic-cupderived retinal stem cells(OC-RSCs)into retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)in vitro.METHODS:OC-RSCs were isolated from optic cups of rats on embryonic day 12.5,and high-purity OC-RSCs were obtained by conditioned culture and passage.Differentiation of OC-RSCs into RGCs under different serum concentrations was examined using flow cytometry,and the serum concentration with high interference with differentiation ratio was selected.Furthermore,the effect of blocking IGF-1Rαon the differentiation of OC-RSCs into RGCs was analyzed through immunocytochemistry and Western blotting.RESULTS:Immunohistochemical analysis revealed IGF-1Rαwas highly expressed in rat embryos at day 12.5.OC-RSCs were isolated and purified,and high-purity OCRSCs were obtained.When 2.5%serum was administered,the ratio of differentiated RGCs(Thy-1.1 positive)decreased significantly,and the results of immunoblotting also confirmed the blockade of IGF-1Rαreduced Thy-1.1 protein expression.CONCLUSION:IGF-1Rαblocking can reduce the differentiation of OC-RSCs into RGCs.展开更多
With the aim of maximizing nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)of wheat in the North China Plain by optimizing irrigation and nitrogen application,a field experiment with a split-plot design was conducted.The main plots were ...With the aim of maximizing nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)of wheat in the North China Plain by optimizing irrigation and nitrogen application,a field experiment with a split-plot design was conducted.The main plots were subjected to three irrigation levels:bringing soil water content in the 0–40 cm profile to 65%(I1),75%(I2)and 85%(I3)of field water capacity.The subplots were subjected to three nitrogen application rates:150(N150),210(N210)and 270(N270)kg N ha−1.Compared with the N270,N210 treatment enhanced grain yield,NUE,and net income by 4.5%,6.2%,and 5.8%,respectively(two-year averages).Additionally,it reduced soil nitrate reductase activity,the abundance of denitrification-related bacteria,and loss rate of fertilizer nitrogen by 12.9%,53.3%,and 16.3%,respectively.Compared with the N150,N210 treatment increased grain yield,grain nitrogen accumulation,and net income by 15.9%,14.2%,and 26.3%.Relative to I1 and I3,I2 treatment increased root length density in the 20–60 cm soil layer,uptake rate of fertilizer nitrogen,grain yield,and net income.Overall,the combination of irrigation to 75%of field capacity with nitrogen application at 210 kg N ha^(−1)increased wheat’s capacity for nitrogen uptake and remobilization and thereby grain nitrogen accumulation,and increased NUE by reducing nitrogen loss rate.展开更多
The seed shadow of oak ( Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.) was investigated in a broad_leaved deciduous forest in Dongling Mountain in 1997. The seed rain patterns under oak tree crown for three out of four oak trees fit...The seed shadow of oak ( Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.) was investigated in a broad_leaved deciduous forest in Dongling Mountain in 1997. The seed rain patterns under oak tree crown for three out of four oak trees fit quadratic distribution, with high coefficients of determination. For each of the four trees selected in this study the seed rain size estimated from the viable acorns collected from the traps deployed under the crown was low, ranging from 26 to 259. For each of the four oak trees, the average density of the seed rain under oak tree crown ranged from 0.76 to 7.26 seeds/m 2. The average seed rain density estimated from the acorns in the traps deployed randomly in the field was 1.57 seeds/m 2. After all viable acorns fell, the acorn ground density estimated from the acorns in the quadrats was 0.13 seeds/m 2, but no viable acorns were found on the ground under the tree crown of the four oak trees, although the area under the crown was over 5 folds than the area of the combined quadrats. These results indicated that a large number of acorns was removed or predated by vertebrates once the acorns fell on the ground and acorns predation was more intensive in the sites directly under the parent trees than the sites away from the parent trees; this supports the distance_dependent hypothesis. Of the total acorns of all four oak trees, the viable acorns only accounted for 18.1%, and 17.8% for acorns infected by insect larvae, 12.1% for immature acorns, 3.6% for decayed acorns, and the acorns predated by rodent directly in the crown was the highest, accounting for 48.4%. The proportion of acorns predated by animals including vertebrates and invertebrates amounts up to 78.3%, indicating that acorn predation by animals is a limiting factor affecting acorn survival before seed dispersal. The sustained time of viable acorn fall ranged from September 8 to October 3 for the four oak trees, with the peak between 16th and 26th September. The number of acorns was not significantly different among the four directions around the trunk base.展开更多
[Objective] The aim of this study was investigated the rice yield, nitrogen uptake and ^15-fertilizer fate at different transplanting density to provide scientific ba- sis for improving the yield of rice and applying ...[Objective] The aim of this study was investigated the rice yield, nitrogen uptake and ^15-fertilizer fate at different transplanting density to provide scientific ba- sis for improving the yield of rice and applying reasonably fertilizer. [Method] A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of different transplanting density on rice yield, nitrogen （N） absorption, sources of N uptake by rice and the N balance in the plant-soil systems by using ^15-labelled urea. [Result] There were no significant differences in rice yields and total N uptakes by rice between treatments 30 cm × 30 cm and 40 cm × 40 cm, but the yield of rice and total N absorption in the two treatments were remarkably higher than those in 50 cm × 50 cm treatment. The amounts of total N uptake by rice were in the range of 112.3-162.7 kg/hm2 in the three transplanting densities. The result showed that about 1/3 of the total N uptake by rice was supplied by application fertilizer and the other 2/3 was obtained from the soil N pool. The ^15N-labelled urea absorbed by rice, residual in soil and lost accounted for 16.3%-26.1%, 17.0%-20.9% and 53.0%-66.7% of the total fertilizer, respectively. A great deal of ^15N-labelled urea was lost during the rice growing season. [Conclusion] Considering the rice yield and environmental protection, the transplanting density of 30 cm×30 cm was recommended in the hilly area of Sichuan basin in the southwest China.展开更多
To understand the dynamics of added nitrogen (N) in alpine meadow and the role of alpine plants and soil microorganisms in the retention of deposited N, the fate of 15 N labeled nitrate and ammonium salts was...To understand the dynamics of added nitrogen (N) in alpine meadow and the role of alpine plants and soil microorganisms in the retention of deposited N, the fate of 15 N labeled nitrate and ammonium salts was determined in an alpine meadow for two months. Two weeks after 15 N application, total recovery of 15 N from NO - 3_ 15 N was 73.5% while it was 78% from NH + 4_ 15 N. More 15 N was recovered in plants than in soil organic matter or in microbial biomass, irrespective of forms of N added. After one month, 70.6% of added NO - 3_ 15 N and 57.4% of NH + 4_ 15 N were recovered in soils and plants. 15 N recovered in soil organic matter decreased greatly while that recovered in plants varied little, irrespective of the form N. Compared with the results of two weeks after 15 N application, more NO - 3_ 15 N than NH + 4_ 15 N was recovered in microbial biomass. Total recovery was 58.4% (six weeks) and 67% (eight weeks) from NO - 3_ 15 N, and 43.1% and 49% from NH + 4_ 15 N, respectively. Both plants and soil microorganism recovered more NO - 3_ 15 N than NH + 4_ 15 N. But plants recovered more 15 N than soil microorganisms. During the whole experiment plants retained more NO - 3_N and 15 N than soil microorganisms while 15 N recovered in inorganic N pool did not exceed 1% due to lower amount of inorganic N. This indicates that plants play more important roles in the retention of deposited N although microbial biomass can be an important sink for deposited N in early days after N application.展开更多
文摘Jane Eyre and A Dream of Red Mansions can be regarded as the most famous two classics in the history of literature.In A Dream of Red Mansions,Cao Xueqin exhausted almost all his heart and soul to portray the character─Lin Daiyu,whose tragic and impressive love story has moved thousands of readers into tears.While,Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre raised heated discussion in 19th century because of the vivid and energetic female she depicted in her book.By comparison,it is easy to find that there are some similarities between the two characters.However,their fates are quite different.This paper tries to make a comparison between Jane Eyre and Lin Daiyu,review their life experience,analyze possible reasons that may account for the different fates,and draw a conclusion.Hope that this paper can do some help to those who are interested in literature home and abroad.
文摘Both Jane Austen and Eileen Chang are popular female writers.However they endowed their heroines with differentfates:Elizabeth in Pride and Prejudice earns a happily-ever-after with her Mr.Right,while Gu Manlu in Eighteen Springs has toembrace death long before her time.They are destined due to their different family backgrounds and different characters which aredepicted in the novels.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.41977008)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University (Grant No.1191-00109011)。
文摘The Ground Cover Rice Production System(GCRPS)has considerable potential for securing rice production in hilly areas.However,its impact on yields and nitrogen(N)fates remains uncertain under varying rainfall conditions.A two-year field experiment(2021–2022)was conducted in Ziyang,Sichuan Province,located in the hilly areas of Southwest China.The experiment included two cultivation methods:conventional flooding paddy(Paddy,W1)and GCRPS(W2).These methods were combined with three N management practices:N1(no-N fertilizer),N2(135 kg/hm^(2)urea as a base fertilizer in both W1 and W2),and N3(135 kg/hm^(2)urea with split application for W1 and 67.5 kg/hm^(2)urea and chicken manure separately for W2).The WHCNS(Soil Water Heat Carbon Nitrogen Simulator)model was calibrated and validated to simulate ponding water depth,soil water storage,soil mineral N content,leaf area index,aboveground dry matter,crop N uptake,and rice yield.Subsequently,this model was used to simulate the responses of rice yield and N fates to GCRPS under different types of precipitation years using meteorological data from 1980 to 2018.The results indicated that the WHCNS model performed well in simulating crop growth and N fates for both Paddy and GCRPS.Compared with Paddy,GCRPS reduced N leaching(35.1%–54.9%),ammonia volatilization(0.7%–13.6%),N runoff(71.1%–83.5%),denitrification(3.8%–6.7%),and total N loss(33.8%–56.9%)for all precipitation year types.However,GCRPS reduced crop N uptake and yield during wet years,while increasing crop N uptake and yield during dry and normal years.Fertilizer application reduced the stability and sustainability of rice yield in wet years,but increased the stability and sustainability of rice yield in dry and normal years.In conclusion,GCRPS is more suitable for normal and dry years in the study region,leading to increased rice yield and reduced N loss.
文摘Since African-Americans were transported to America, more than three hundred years have passed. During the tragic and bitter period of time, African-Americans never stopped their efforts to achieve their freedom. Through the description of two kinds of heroines, Uncle Tom and Eliza, Harriet Beecher Stowe tells us： Tom, who was resigned to bad conditions, obedient to the slave-owner, was doomed to death while Eliza who dared to revolt slavery gained a new life and freedom. To some extent, Uncle Tom＇s Cabin played an active function to advance social development, especially in the movement of abolitionist and the American Civil War. The present paper focuses on the analysis of the causes of the different fates belonging to Tom and Eliza respectively from the perspectives of the external cause and internal cause and their own characters.
基金supported by the Innovation Fund of Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science,Ministry of Ecology and Environment,China(No.ZX2023QT003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22306130)+1 种基金Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(No.2022ZB789)the Ecological Environment Research Project of Jiangsu Province,China(No.2022014).
文摘Phthalic acid esters(PAEs)are a group of compounds widespread in the environment.To investigate the occurrence and accumulation characteristics of PAEs,surface water samples were collected from the Three Gorges Reservoir area,China.The total concentrations of∑_(11)analyzed PAEs(11PAEs)in the collected water samples ranging from 197.7 to 1,409.3 ng/L(mean±IQR:583.1±308.4 ng/L).While DEHP was the most frequently detected PAE,DnBP and DnNP were the most predominant PAEs in the analyzed water samples with a mean contribution of 63.3%of the∑_(11)PAEs.The concentrations of the∑_(11)PAEs in the water samples from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River were significantly higher than those from themiddle reaches.To better understand the transport and fate of the PAEs,seven detected PAEs were modeled by Quantitative Water Air Sediment Interaction(QWASI).The simulated and measured values were close for most PAEs,and differences are within one order of magnitude even for the worst one.For all simulated PAEs,water and particle inflow were main sources in the reservoir,whereas water outflow and degradation in water were important removal pathways.The contribution ratios of different sources/losses varied fromPAEs,depending on their properties.The calculated risk quotients of DnNP in the Three Gorges Reservoir area whether based onmonitoring or simulating results were all far exceeded the safety threshold value,implying the occurrence of this PAE compound may cause potential adverse effects for the aquatic ecology of the Three Gorges Reservoir area.
基金funded by National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2024YFD2200600)Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department(Grant No.QN2022017)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(Grant No.C2023204062)Fundamental Scientific Research Fund of Universities in Hebei Province(KY2021059)China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-30-2-07)Hebei Agriculture Research System(Grant Nos.HBCT2024190201,HBCT2024190203).
文摘Plant cells retain the ability for cellular reprogramming,including totipotency and pluripotency,enabling them to revert their cell fate from differentiated to dedifferentiated one and subsequently redifferentiate under specific physiological and environmental cues.In response to these cues,endogenous phytohormones,genetic landscapes,and epigenetic remodeling play a significant role in initiating the reprogramming of somatic cells and re-establishment of an organized structure.Detailed studies on dedifferentiation have gradually unraveled the involvement of stem-like cells during early callus formation,along with the existence of QC-like transcriptional features in the middle cell layer of callus,which exhibits organ regeneration ability.Tracking natural variations and real-time regeneration dynamics across species,combined with single-cell RNA sequencing,will enable the identification of key developmental regulators and small peptides.These breakthroughs can be applied to enhance regeneration efficiency,improve transformation in recalcitrant species,and accelerate next-generation crop development.The current review summarizes the longstanding history and ongoing research progress in two pathways:dedifferentiation and redifferentiation.It also highlights how hormonal effects on the genetic factors and provides insights into how genetic signatures interact with epigenetic landscapes to drive these processes.It highlights the potential applications of developmental regulators for efficient gene transformation to enhance plant genetic engineering,while also addressing fundamental questions and identifying research gaps to guide future studies.
文摘1 Originally published in 1993,To Live,a novel by Chinese author Yu Hua has since gained international recognition for its raw emotional depth and exploration of themes like fate,endurance and the essence of humanity.2 The novel follows the life of Xu Fugui,a once⁃wealthy landowner who lost his fortune through gambling(赌博).As his status shifted to that of a peasant,he witnessed the rapid changes of society.Despite enduring relentless hardship,Fugui survived,finding moments of comfort in small and everyday acts of perseverance.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC3703700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22376214 and 41907266).
文摘Arsenic(As)and antimony(Sb),with analogy structure,belong to VA group in the periodic table and pose a great public concern due to their potential carcinogenicity.The speciation distribution,migration and transformation,enrichment and retention,as well as bioavailability and toxicity of As and Sb are influenced by several environmental processes on mineral surfaces,including adsorption/desorption,coordination/precipitation,and oxidation/reduction.These interfacial reactions are influenced by the crystal facet of minerals with different atomic and electronic structures.This review starts with facets and examines As and Sb adsorption and transformation on mineral facets such hematite,titanium dioxide,andmanganese dioxide.Themain focus lies on three pressing issues that limit the understanding of the environmental fate of As and Sb:the facet-dependent intricacies of adsorption and transformation,the mechanisms underlying facet-dependent phenomena,and the impact of co-existing chemicals.We first discussed As and Sb adsorption behaviors,structures,and bonding chemistry on diverse mineral facets.Subsequently,the reactivity of various mineral facets was examined,with particular emphasis placed on their significance in the context of environmental catalysis for the oxidation of As(Ⅲ)and Sb(Ⅲ).Finally,the impact of co-existing cation,anion,or organic substances on the processes of adsorption and transport of As and Sb was reviewed.This comprehensive review enhances our understanding of the facet-dependent phenomena governing adsorption,transformation,and fate of contaminants.It underscores the critical role of mineral facets in dictating environmental reactions and paves the way for future research in this intriguing field.
基金funded by the 2023Laibin City Philosophy and Social Science Research Project(No.2023LBZS035)2024Guangxi Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project(No.S202411546046X)2025 Research Project of Guangxi Science&Technology Normal University(No.GXKS2025YB020).
文摘Objectives:Suicidal ideation is a strong predictor of suicide deaths,which refers to the consideration or desire to give up one's own life.Left-behind children in rural China are more vulnerable to psychological problems and suicidal ideation compared to their non-left-behind peers.The aim of the current study was to examine two potential protective factors,negotiable fate belief and coping self-efficacy,and to test the mediating role of coping self-efficacy in the relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation.We also analyzed gender differences in this mediation model.Methods:Across-sectional survey was conducted in rural areas ofChina.A sample of 526 left-behind children(285 males,54.18%;241 females,45.82%;Meanage=13.29 years,SD=0.97 years)was recruited to complete the Negotiable Fate Belief Scale,Coping Self-Efficacy Scale,and the Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation Inventory-Negative Scale.We used structural equation modeling to test the mediation model and multigroup analysis to test the moderation effect of gender.Results:Negotiable fate belief is negatively correlated with suicidal ideation(r=-0.13,p<0.01).Moreover,coping self-efficacy mediates the relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation(β=-0.06,95%confidence interval(CI)[-0.12,-0.02]),accounting for 35.29%of the total effect.Finally,the mediating effect of coping self-efficacy was found to be significant only for female left-behind children(male:95%CI[-0.09,0.07];female:95%CI[-0.16,-0.01]).For female left-behind children,the mediating effect was complete,with a coefficient of-0.06,accounting for 85.71%of the total effect.Conclusions:The relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation among rural left-behind children is mediated by coping self-efficacy,and this mediation effect was moderated by gender.This study provides a theoretical explanation for how cultivating the belief in negotiable fate and coping self-efficacy is effective for reducing suicidal ideation of rural left-behind children.
基金partially supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(2018YFA0801000,32270889,2019YFA0802800,32070824,2015CB942800,2016YFA0100500,31871458,31671500,and 81371264)supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation(5242009)a grant from the Fisheries Innovation Team of Beijing Agriculture Innovation Consortium(BAIC07-2023-02).
文摘The liver is a key endoderm-derived multifunctional organ within the digestive system.Prospero homeobox 1(Prox1)is an essential transcription factor for liver development,but its specific function is not well understood.Here,we show that hepatic development,including the formation of intrahepatic biliary and vascular networks,is severely disrupted in prox1a mutant zebrafish.We find that Prox1a is essential for liver growth and proper differentiation but not required for early hepatic cell fate specification.Intriguingly,prox1a depletion leads to ectopic initiation of a Cdx1b-mediated intestinal program and the formation of intestinal lumen-like structures within the liver.Morpholino knockdown of cdx1b alleviates liver defects in the prox1a mutant zebrafish.Finally,chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis reveals that Prox1a binds directly to the promoter region of cdx1b,thereby repressing its expression.Overall,our findings indicate that Prox1a is required to promote and protect hepatic development by repression of Cdx1b-mediated intestinal cell fate in zebrafish.
基金supported by the grants from the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.32170862)Major Scientific and Technological Projects for Collaborative Prevention and Control of Birth Defect in Hunan Province(No.2019SK1012)+1 种基金the Research Team for Reproduction Health and Translational Medicine of Hunan Normal University(No.2023JC101)Graduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province,China(No.CX2022520).
文摘Infertility has become one of the most serious diseases worldwide,and 50% of this disease can be attributed to male-related factors.Spermatogenesis,by definition,is a complex process by which spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs)self-renew to maintain stem cell population within the testes and differentiate into mature spermatids.It is of great significance to uncover gene regulation and signaling pathways that are involved in the fate determinations of SSCs with aims to better understand molecular mechanisms underlying human spermatogenesis and identify novel targets for gene therapy of male infertility.Significant achievement has recently been made in demonstrating the signaling molecules and pathways mediating the fate decisions of mammalian SSCs.In this review,we address key gene regulation and crucial signaling transduction pathways in controlling the self-renewal,differentiation,and apoptosis of SSCs,and we illustrate the networks of genes and signaling pathways in SSC fate determinations.We also highlight perspectives and future directions in SSC regulation by genes and their signaling pathways.This review could provide novel insights into the genetic regulation of normal and abnormal spermatogenesis and offer molecular targets to develop new approaches for gene therapy of male infertility.
文摘A recent study in the World Journal of Diabetes by Yang et al explored how Rheb1 signaling influenced pancreaticβcell fate and its potential as a therapeutic target.This invited commentary by a senior diabetes researcher discussed the findings of Yang et al in the context of current knowledge onβcell biology,providing critical insight into the role of Rheb1 inβcell survival and function and the prospects for diabetes treatment.Key outcomes of the study were interpreted alongside established literature on Rheb1-mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling in islet cells.Rheb1 emerges as a pivotal regulator ofβcell growth and insulin secretory function,aligning with evidence thatβcell-specific Rheb1 deletion impairsβcell mass and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.The commentary highlighted how modulating this pathway could preserve or restore theβcell population in diabetes while cautioning about potential off-target effects(e.g.inαcells).Targeting Rheb1 signaling represents a promising new frontier in diabetes therapy to enhanceβcell resilience;however,a balanced approach addressing both its benefits and risks is essential.This letter discussed the scientific implications and future research directions needed to translate Rheb1 modulation into clinical application for diabetes.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFE0201700)the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(No.XLYC1908031)。
文摘As one of the most common gynecological malignancies,peritoneal metastasis is a common feature and cause of high mortality in ovarian cancer(OC).Currently,the standard treatment for OC and its peritoneal metastasis is maximal cytoreductive surgery(CRS)combined with platinum-based chemotherapy.Compared with intravenous chemotherapy,traditional intraperitoneal(IP)chemotherapy exhibits obvious pharmacokinetic(PK)advantages and systemic safety and has shown significant survival benefits in several clinical studies of OC patients.However,there remain several challenges in traditional IP chemotherapy,such as insufficient drug retention,a lack of tumor targeting,inadequate drug penetration,gastrointestinal toxicity,and limited inhibition of tumor metastasis and chemoresistance.Nanomedicine-based IP targeting delivery systems,through specific drug carrier design with tumor cells and tumor environment(TME)targeting,make it possible to overcome these challenges and maximize local therapy efficacy while reducing side effects.In this review article,the rationale and challenges of nanomedicine-based IP chemotherapies,as well as their in vivo fate after IP administration,which are crucial for their rational design and clinical translation,are firstly discussed.Then,current strategies for nanomedicine-based targeting delivery systems and the relevant clinical trials in IP chemotherapy are summarized.Finally,the future directions of the nanomedicine-based IP targeting delivery system for OC and its peritoneal metastasis are proposed,expecting to improve the clinical development of IP chemotherapy.
文摘AIM:To explore the impact of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptorα(IGF-1Rα)on the differentiation fate of optic-cupderived retinal stem cells(OC-RSCs)into retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)in vitro.METHODS:OC-RSCs were isolated from optic cups of rats on embryonic day 12.5,and high-purity OC-RSCs were obtained by conditioned culture and passage.Differentiation of OC-RSCs into RGCs under different serum concentrations was examined using flow cytometry,and the serum concentration with high interference with differentiation ratio was selected.Furthermore,the effect of blocking IGF-1Rαon the differentiation of OC-RSCs into RGCs was analyzed through immunocytochemistry and Western blotting.RESULTS:Immunohistochemical analysis revealed IGF-1Rαwas highly expressed in rat embryos at day 12.5.OC-RSCs were isolated and purified,and high-purity OCRSCs were obtained.When 2.5%serum was administered,the ratio of differentiated RGCs(Thy-1.1 positive)decreased significantly,and the results of immunoblotting also confirmed the blockade of IGF-1Rαreduced Thy-1.1 protein expression.CONCLUSION:IGF-1Rαblocking can reduce the differentiation of OC-RSCs into RGCs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172114)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-03)Taishan scholar Project Special Funds(202211094).
文摘With the aim of maximizing nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)of wheat in the North China Plain by optimizing irrigation and nitrogen application,a field experiment with a split-plot design was conducted.The main plots were subjected to three irrigation levels:bringing soil water content in the 0–40 cm profile to 65%(I1),75%(I2)and 85%(I3)of field water capacity.The subplots were subjected to three nitrogen application rates:150(N150),210(N210)and 270(N270)kg N ha−1.Compared with the N270,N210 treatment enhanced grain yield,NUE,and net income by 4.5%,6.2%,and 5.8%,respectively(two-year averages).Additionally,it reduced soil nitrate reductase activity,the abundance of denitrification-related bacteria,and loss rate of fertilizer nitrogen by 12.9%,53.3%,and 16.3%,respectively.Compared with the N150,N210 treatment increased grain yield,grain nitrogen accumulation,and net income by 15.9%,14.2%,and 26.3%.Relative to I1 and I3,I2 treatment increased root length density in the 20–60 cm soil layer,uptake rate of fertilizer nitrogen,grain yield,and net income.Overall,the combination of irrigation to 75%of field capacity with nitrogen application at 210 kg N ha^(−1)increased wheat’s capacity for nitrogen uptake and remobilization and thereby grain nitrogen accumulation,and increased NUE by reducing nitrogen loss rate.
文摘The seed shadow of oak ( Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.) was investigated in a broad_leaved deciduous forest in Dongling Mountain in 1997. The seed rain patterns under oak tree crown for three out of four oak trees fit quadratic distribution, with high coefficients of determination. For each of the four trees selected in this study the seed rain size estimated from the viable acorns collected from the traps deployed under the crown was low, ranging from 26 to 259. For each of the four oak trees, the average density of the seed rain under oak tree crown ranged from 0.76 to 7.26 seeds/m 2. The average seed rain density estimated from the acorns in the traps deployed randomly in the field was 1.57 seeds/m 2. After all viable acorns fell, the acorn ground density estimated from the acorns in the quadrats was 0.13 seeds/m 2, but no viable acorns were found on the ground under the tree crown of the four oak trees, although the area under the crown was over 5 folds than the area of the combined quadrats. These results indicated that a large number of acorns was removed or predated by vertebrates once the acorns fell on the ground and acorns predation was more intensive in the sites directly under the parent trees than the sites away from the parent trees; this supports the distance_dependent hypothesis. Of the total acorns of all four oak trees, the viable acorns only accounted for 18.1%, and 17.8% for acorns infected by insect larvae, 12.1% for immature acorns, 3.6% for decayed acorns, and the acorns predated by rodent directly in the crown was the highest, accounting for 48.4%. The proportion of acorns predated by animals including vertebrates and invertebrates amounts up to 78.3%, indicating that acorn predation by animals is a limiting factor affecting acorn survival before seed dispersal. The sustained time of viable acorn fall ranged from September 8 to October 3 for the four oak trees, with the peak between 16th and 26th September. The number of acorns was not significantly different among the four directions around the trunk base.
基金Supported by the Financial Breeding Fund for Young Scholars in Sichuan Province(2008QNJJ-016)Financial Fund for Excellent Gene Engineering Papers in Sichuan Province (2010LWJJ-008)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim of this study was investigated the rice yield, nitrogen uptake and ^15-fertilizer fate at different transplanting density to provide scientific ba- sis for improving the yield of rice and applying reasonably fertilizer. [Method] A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of different transplanting density on rice yield, nitrogen （N） absorption, sources of N uptake by rice and the N balance in the plant-soil systems by using ^15-labelled urea. [Result] There were no significant differences in rice yields and total N uptakes by rice between treatments 30 cm × 30 cm and 40 cm × 40 cm, but the yield of rice and total N absorption in the two treatments were remarkably higher than those in 50 cm × 50 cm treatment. The amounts of total N uptake by rice were in the range of 112.3-162.7 kg/hm2 in the three transplanting densities. The result showed that about 1/3 of the total N uptake by rice was supplied by application fertilizer and the other 2/3 was obtained from the soil N pool. The ^15N-labelled urea absorbed by rice, residual in soil and lost accounted for 16.3%-26.1%, 17.0%-20.9% and 53.0%-66.7% of the total fertilizer, respectively. A great deal of ^15N-labelled urea was lost during the rice growing season. [Conclusion] Considering the rice yield and environmental protection, the transplanting density of 30 cm×30 cm was recommended in the hilly area of Sichuan basin in the southwest China.
文摘To understand the dynamics of added nitrogen (N) in alpine meadow and the role of alpine plants and soil microorganisms in the retention of deposited N, the fate of 15 N labeled nitrate and ammonium salts was determined in an alpine meadow for two months. Two weeks after 15 N application, total recovery of 15 N from NO - 3_ 15 N was 73.5% while it was 78% from NH + 4_ 15 N. More 15 N was recovered in plants than in soil organic matter or in microbial biomass, irrespective of forms of N added. After one month, 70.6% of added NO - 3_ 15 N and 57.4% of NH + 4_ 15 N were recovered in soils and plants. 15 N recovered in soil organic matter decreased greatly while that recovered in plants varied little, irrespective of the form N. Compared with the results of two weeks after 15 N application, more NO - 3_ 15 N than NH + 4_ 15 N was recovered in microbial biomass. Total recovery was 58.4% (six weeks) and 67% (eight weeks) from NO - 3_ 15 N, and 43.1% and 49% from NH + 4_ 15 N, respectively. Both plants and soil microorganism recovered more NO - 3_ 15 N than NH + 4_ 15 N. But plants recovered more 15 N than soil microorganisms. During the whole experiment plants retained more NO - 3_N and 15 N than soil microorganisms while 15 N recovered in inorganic N pool did not exceed 1% due to lower amount of inorganic N. This indicates that plants play more important roles in the retention of deposited N although microbial biomass can be an important sink for deposited N in early days after N application.
