The gross alpha (α) and beta (β) activities and trace heavy elemental concentrations have been determined in Single Super Phosphate (SSP) and Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium (NPK) fertilizers samples used for agricul...The gross alpha (α) and beta (β) activities and trace heavy elemental concentrations have been determined in Single Super Phosphate (SSP) and Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium (NPK) fertilizers samples used for agricultural purposes in Nigeria. Cultivated farm soil samples from two regions (north and south) in the country and samples of phosphate rocks were also analyzed for gross α and β radioactivity and elemental concentrations. The beta activity concentration in the NPK (15-15-15) fertilizers was found to vary from 2410.0 ± 80.0 Bq·kg–1 to 4560 ± 140.0 Bq·kg–1, between 1340.0 ± 70.0 Bq·kg–1 and 1440.0 ± 70.0 Bq·kg–1 in the Single Super phosphate fertilizers while in the farm soil it ranged between 360.0 ± 40.0 Bq·kg–1 to 570.0 ± 50.0 for the north samples and 200.0 ± 50.0 to 230.0 ± 20 Bq·kg–1 for the south samples. The alpha activities in the NPK fertilizers was found to vary from 20.0 ± 10.0 to 90.0 ± 20.0 Bq·kg–1, in the SSP it varied from 60.0 ± 20.0 to 100.0 ± 20.0 Bq·kg–1 while in the soil samples it varied from 8.0 ± 6.0 to 40.0 ± 10.0展开更多
Several studies have been done to isolate probiotic bacteria from different sources. In this present study, an attempt was made to isolate, screen and identify potential probiotic bacteria from cattle farm soil in Dib...Several studies have been done to isolate probiotic bacteria from different sources. In this present study, an attempt was made to isolate, screen and identify potential probiotic bacteria from cattle farm soil in Dibrugarh district, Assam, India. At the level of screening, the result showed the isolates designated as DUA4, DUD3 and DUE2 showed a percent survival rate of 75.36, 69.14 and 52.36 respectively at a pH of 2.5. Similarly survival rate of the same isolates in 0.5% bile salt condition was found to be 117.17%, 144.59% and 118.10% for the isolates DUA4, DUD3 and DUE2 respectively. Antimicrobial activity of the isolates towards the indicator organisms tested showed that DUA4 inhibited gram positive organisms while DUD3 showed activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. All the three isolates showed activity against L. monocytogenes. Autoaggregation ability of the isolates DUA4, DUD3 and DUE2 was found to be 44.15%, 54.11% and 9.42% respectively. The adhesion ability of the isolates DUD3, DUA4 and DUE2 to xylene was 61.78%, 45.37% and 14.83% respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility test of the isolates showed that the isolates are in general sensitive to antibiotics tested. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolates DUA4, DUD3 and DUE2 resulted in the identification and designation of the isolate DUA4 as Bacillus spp., DUD3 as Enterococcus faecium and DUE2 as Enterobacter sp. In conclusion, the study has indicated the possibility of isolating potential probiotic bacterial strains from cattle farm soil.展开更多
Improving crop productivity and soil fertility through the balanced application of inorganic and organic nutrient sources is a sustainable approach in modern agriculture.Char land soils,widely distributed in riverine ...Improving crop productivity and soil fertility through the balanced application of inorganic and organic nutrient sources is a sustainable approach in modern agriculture.Char land soils,widely distributed in riverine Bangladesh,are generally low in organic matter status and deficient in necessary nutrient elements for crop production.Addressing this challenge,the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of various organic nutrient sources with inorganic fertilizers on crop yields,nutrient uptake,and soil fertility in farm(L1)and char land(L2)of Brahmaputra River in Mymensingh,Bangladesh from 2022(Y1)to 2023(Y2).For each location,eight treatments viz.T1(Control),T2[100%recommended fertilizer dose(RFD)],T3(75%RFD),T4(75%N from RFD 25%N from cow dung),T5(75%+N from RFD 25%N from poultry manure),T6(75%N from RFD 25%N from vermicompost),T7(75%N from++RFD 25%N from household compost)and T8(75%N from RFD 25%N from rice straw compost)were arranged in++a randomized complete block design with three replications using Wheat–Mungbean–T.Aman rice cropping pattern where three way interaction was considered for results.Treatment T5 performed the best in both years in both locations as it enhanced the yield components(p 0.05)and caused yield increment over control.The yield improvement in<Char land soils was higher than that in farm soils.For all three crops,treatment T5 consistently augmented the uptake of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,and sulphur by different parts of the crops and improved soil fertility properties such as organic matter status,cation exchange capacity,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and sulphur as well as exchangeable potassium in both locations in both years.Cost and return analysis of different treatments for the whole cropping system showed that the highest marginal benefit-cost ratio(16.35 and 15.07)and gross return(about Tk 768,595/ha and 728,341/ha)were obtained from the T5 treatment in farm soils and Char land soils,respectively.Followed by poultry manure,vermicompost performed well in addition to mineral fertilizers for improving crop yield and soil fertility but its economic efficiency was less due to high input cost.These findings may be useful to the smallholder farmers in char areas,who could benefit from increased productivity,reduced reliance on chemical fertilizers,and improved soil health,contributing to the long-term sustainability of char land agriculture.展开更多
There were 4 Acinetobacter lwoffii obtained from soil samples.The antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains to 16 antimicrobial agents was investigated using K-B method.Three isolates showed the multi-drug resistanc...There were 4 Acinetobacter lwoffii obtained from soil samples.The antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains to 16 antimicrobial agents was investigated using K-B method.Three isolates showed the multi-drug resistance.The presence of resistance genes and integrons was determined using PCR.The aadA 1,aac（3＇）-IIc,aph（3＇）-VII,aac（6＇）-Ib,sul2,cat2,floR,and tet（K）genes were detected,respectively.展开更多
Soil water is strongly affected by land use/cover in the Loess Plateau in China. Water stored in thick loessal soils is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth. However, soil water in the deep...Soil water is strongly affected by land use/cover in the Loess Plateau in China. Water stored in thick loessal soils is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth. However, soil water in the deep loess proifle, which is critical for maintaining the function of the“soil water pool”is rarely studied because deep proifle soil samples are dififcult to collect. In this study, four experimental plots were established in 2005 to represent different farming systems on the Changwu Tableland：fallow land, fertilized cropland, unfertilized cropland, and continuous alfalfa. The soil water content in the 15-m-deep loess proifles was monitored continuously from 2007 to 2012 with the neutron probe technique. The results showed that temporal variations in soil water proifles differed among the four farming systems. Under fallow land, the soil water content increased gradually over time, ifrst in the surface layers and later in the deep soil layers. In contrast, the soil water content decreased gradually under continuous alfalfa. The distributions of soil water in deep soil layers under both fertilized and unfertilized cropland were relatively stable over time. Thus farming system signiifcantly affected soil water content. Seven years after the start of the experiment, the soil water contents in the 15-m-deep proifles averaged 23.4%under fallow land, 20.3%under fertilized cropland, 21.6%under unfertilized cropland, and 16.0%under continuous alfalfa. Compared to measurements at the start of the experiment, both fallow land and unfertilized cropland increased soil water storage in the 15-m loess proifles. In contrast, continuous alfalfa reduced soil water storage. Fertilized cropland has no signiifcant effect on soil water storage. These results suggest that deep soil water can be replenished under the fallow and unfertilized farming systems. Dry soil layers （i.e., those which have soil water content less than the stable ifeld water capacity） in the subsoil of the Changwu Tableland region can be classiifed as either temporary dry soil layers or persistent dry soil layers. Temporary dry soil layers, which typically form under annual crops, often disappear during wet years. Persistent dry soil layers generally develop under perennial vegetation. Even after removing the vegetation, persistent dry soil layers remain for several decades. This study provides information useful for the conservation and utilization of soil water resources in the Loess Tableland.展开更多
Soil fertility management （SFM） has important implications for sustaining agricultural development and food self-sufifciency. Better understanding the determinants of farmers’ SFM can be a great help to the adoptio...Soil fertility management （SFM） has important implications for sustaining agricultural development and food self-sufifciency. Better understanding the determinants of farmers’ SFM can be a great help to the adoption of effective SFM practices. Based on a dataset of 315 plots collected from a typical rice growing area of South China, this study applied statistical method and econometric models to examine the impacts of land characteristics on farmers’ SFM practices at plot scale. Main results showed that in general land characteristics affected SFM behaviors. Securer land tenure arrangements facilitated effective practices of SFM through more diversiifed and more soil-friendly cropping pattern choices. Plot size signiifcantly reduced the intensities of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application. Given other factors, 1 ha increase in plot size might reduce 3.0 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 1.8 kg ha-1 K2O. Plots far from the homestead were paid less attention in terms of both chemical fertilizers and manure applications. Besides, plots with better quality were put more efforts on management by applying more nitrogen and manure, and by planting green manure crops. Signiifcant differences existed in SFM practices between the surveyed villages with different socio-economic conditions. The ifndings are expected to provide important references to the policy-making incentive for improving soil quality and crop productivity.展开更多
There has been a rapidly increasing urbanization and industrialization as well as increased usage of agrochemicals in the recent few years which have resulted in accumulation of heavy metals in cultivated food, soils ...There has been a rapidly increasing urbanization and industrialization as well as increased usage of agrochemicals in the recent few years which have resulted in accumulation of heavy metals in cultivated food, soils and water. This research aimed at establishing the levels of Zn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr2+, Mn2+, Fe2+ and Pb2+ metal ions in kales, soil and irrigation water on farms along river Moiben. Twenty seven samples of vegetables, soil and water samples were collected using purposive sampling method, that is, the samples were collected from the households who had kales in their farms. Samples were then dried, grounded, digested and analyzed using Inductive Couple Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results showed that the Fe had the highest mean in soil and water with the values of 250.22 ± 85.37 and 0.72 ± 0.33 mg/kg respectively, while in kales Zn value was highest with a value of 0.0154 ± 0.007 mg/kg. The metal ion concentrations in the soils and the irrigation water were higher than in kales. The concentrations on the metal ions were following this order Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd for soil as well as for water but for the kales sample it followed slightly different order Zn > Fe > Mn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd. In soil samples, metal ions concentrations (mg/kg) were found to be high compared to the levels in water and kales. ANOVA tests revealed that the mean difference in heavy metals concentration from different stations within the area was insignificant (p > 0.05) with an exception of Cd (p = 0.001) in water samples, Fe (p = 0.007) in kales samples, Zn (p = 0.016) and Cd (p = 0.011) in the samples of soil. Results were compared to the acceptable levels set by World Health Organization (WHO) and the study showed that for kales, concentrations of the metal ions were all lower than the (WHO) set standards. For water samples, Fe, Pb, Mn metal ions were above the WHO set standards. The presence of the investigated heavy metals in the samples could be pointed to excessive use of agrochemicals as indicated by our earlier survey on the use of agrochemicals. We therefore recommend thorough investigations and monitoring of the said heavy metals in the commercially distributed agrochemicals.展开更多
Apples in Japan are generally cultivated under management systems that use chemical fertilizers and synthetic chemical pesticides. However, the continuous use of these fertilizers and pesticides damages the soil envir...Apples in Japan are generally cultivated under management systems that use chemical fertilizers and synthetic chemical pesticides. However, the continuous use of these fertilizers and pesticides damages the soil environment and reduces the number of soil microorganisms. In this study, we compared the chemical and biological properties of 12 soils from apple orchards in Aomori and Nagano Prefectures under four types of management systems, namely, natural conditions, with no cultivation, fertilizers, or pesticides;</span><a name="_Hlk37437201"></a><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">organic farming methods, using organic materials and pesticides approved </span><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">by the Japanese Agricultural Standard organic certification system;hybrid farming methods, using a mix of organic and chemical fertilizers;and conventional farming, using chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Soil total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), nitrate-nitrogen (NO? 3), and available phosphoric acid (SP) contents were generally found to be the highest where organic farming methods were used. Similarly, bacterial biomass, nitrification (N) circulation activity, ammonia (NH+ 4) oxidation activity, nitrite (NO? 2) oxidation activity, and phosphoric (P) circulation activity were the highest under organic farming, especially in comparison with conventional farming. This study indicated that the differences in apple sugar content, acidity, and sugar/acidity ratio between different orchard management systems were due to different soil conditions, and soil conditions under organic farming management system in apple cultivation increased bacterial biomass while enhancing N and P circulation activity and high TC. On the other hand, the soil of conventional farming has the lowest total number of bacterial biomass and lowest material cycle such as N</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:""> </span><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">and P circulation activity. Analysis of the chemical and biological properties of these orchard soils indicated that soil conditions under organic farming management are the most suitable for increasing microbial numbers and enhancing N and P circulation activity.展开更多
In order to further optimize the cultivation and agronomic technology of Guilin Maojian tea gardens, the effects, efficiencies and costs of different farming methods and their effects on the physiochemical properties ...In order to further optimize the cultivation and agronomic technology of Guilin Maojian tea gardens, the effects, efficiencies and costs of different farming methods and their effects on the physiochemical properties of tea garden soil were studied through the modification of the test sites with the non-farming land as the control. The results showed that human farming, mini-tiller farming and crawler tractor farming could improve the physical and chemical properties of soil. After farming, the soil had good water retention but low moisture content compared to the control group, while the soil bulk density and hardness value were significantly lower than those of the control, and the porosity of soil was significantly higher than that of contrast. With the passage of time, soil bulk density and hardness value gradually increased after farming, while the porosity of soil decreased gradually. There were great differences in the effects, efficiencies and costs of different farming methods. Crawler tractor had the best and most stable farming effect, and the operation efficiency was 10 times that of human farming while the cost was only 0.39 times of human farming. Therefore, it was feasible to adopt mini-tiller or crawler tractor to carry out mechanical farming of Guilin Maojian tea garden, which provided theoretical references for the soil property improvement using mechanical farming and was favorable for promoting the popularization of farming machines and the acceleration of mechanization of tea gardens. But for tea plantations that are intended to be mechanized, apart from the mechanical and technical personnel to be configured in place, the site conditions, planting modes and mechanical way reservation of tea garden should be planned accordingly. It is recommended to select flat or gentle slope for reclamation, and preference is given to non-sexual tea tree varieties with big line spacing over 180 cm long. Moreover, the main road construction should be more than 3.0 m, and trunk road 2.0 m or above. And isolation ditch and drain should be set between the tea garden and the surrounding mountain forests and farmland.展开更多
A crucial region for China's ‘Grain-forGreen Policy' is located within a traditional farmpastoral area, between 2000 to 3000 m above sea level, on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.However, the responses of...A crucial region for China's ‘Grain-forGreen Policy' is located within a traditional farmpastoral area, between 2000 to 3000 m above sea level, on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.However, the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) to different land-use patterns in this region are unclear. Here, we determined the SOC(0–20 cm) content of grasslands and forests that are being converted from farmlands, as well as in abandoned arable land and arable land in this region. The factors influencing the reclaimed lands were analyzed along altitudes from 2030 to 3132 m. Our results showed that SOC content was higher for grassland and abandoned arable land than forest and arable land. The SOC content increased with the increase in altitude for total land-use patterns. Further, the grassland and abandoned arable land had higher SOC content than the forest with almost parallel trends along the increase in altitude. However, the proportion of regulated factors of altitude and species richness varied among forest, grassland, and abandoned arable land. Our results indicated that the land-use pattern of returning farmland to grassland and abandoned arable land was more effective in terms of the SOC storage in the superficial layer in this altitude range in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, thereby being beneficial to optimizing land management in this region.展开更多
In Thailand, the site-specific nutrient management technology, known as “Tailor-made Fertilizer Technology (TFT)”, for rice, maize and sugarcane in the Northeastern region was developed between 1997-2007, using the ...In Thailand, the site-specific nutrient management technology, known as “Tailor-made Fertilizer Technology (TFT)”, for rice, maize and sugarcane in the Northeastern region was developed between 1997-2007, using the concepts of precision agriculture together with an approach of building capacity of small farmers. TFT, also called Smart-farming, comprises four components, namely 1) soil series identification, 2) N-P-K testing by soil test kit, 3) fertilizer recommendations using decision-aids and a simplified version of a complex model and 4) farmer empowerment. The benefit of TFT at the rice field of the Huay Kamin chairman farmer group was one example, the technology has been disseminated to the 80 members with a total planting area of about 320 ha. The results revealed chemical fertilizer reduction of 69%, and rice yield increased some 10% - 20% with the improved fertilizer application method. The farmers were encouraged to establish “Soil Clinics” in their communities. In a Soil Clinic, designated and trained farmer leaders analyze soil samples for member farmers and provide TFT recommendations while providing access to fertilizer materials available for sale at competitive prices. At present, there are about 70 soil clinics in 20 provinces with the support of many government and private sectors.展开更多
This study examined changes in some soil hydrophysical, chemical properties and wheat yield (grain;straw yield, N, P, K, Protein and carbohydrates contents) as trends under two cultivated period 10 and 25 year and Far...This study examined changes in some soil hydrophysical, chemical properties and wheat yield (grain;straw yield, N, P, K, Protein and carbohydrates contents) as trends under two cultivated period 10 and 25 year and Farm Yard manure (FYM) addition under sprinkler irrigation system on a newly reclaimed soils, Nubaria, Beheira Governorate, Egypt. Obtained results noticed that cultivation period has more pronounced effect than FYM addition on soil water content at field capacity, wilting point and available water with increase percent 15.1%, 9.3%;19.0% and 25.7%, 19.5% and 30.0% for FYM and cultivation period comparing with control one. Hydraulic conductivity values were strongly affected by cultivation period and FYM addition and significantly decreased values by about 18.9% and 12.1% in same sequences. Wheat straw content from protein had a superior effect under 25 than 10 years cultivated periods with values 61.9 and 6.7 comparing with control, respectively as affected by FYM addition, while FYM alone improved protein content in straw by about 31.9% comparing with untreated one. Slightly increase in straw protein content was attained relative to the increase of cultivated period by about 7.8%. Nutrients content in grain is more than FYM, where the increase percentage were 5.2%, 13.5%;3.8% and 26.5, 21.3;22.6 comparing cultivated periods 25 with 10 years and FYM addition with control, respectively. FYM individually under two studied cultivated periods is more effective under 10 years (28.0%, 25.2%;15.1%) than the 2nd one (25.1%, 25.2%;15.1%) comparing with untreated FYM plots. While N, P and K content in wheat straw had unclear trend and the increase were 6.8, 23.23;56.5% and 62.9, 6.0;29.8 as a result of FYM addition under 10 and 25 years cultivated periods, respectively. The highest values of protein and carbohydrates content in wheat grains as affected by studied factors were 12.86% and 67.43%) were obtained under cultivated period 25 years after FYM addition. Cultivated periods had a highly significant effect on the field water use efficiency values of grain more than the effect of FYM. The highest values of grain and straw yield were recorded at 10 years cultivated periods + treated FYM (2966.8 kg/fed) and 25 years cultivated periods treated with FYM (3835.6 kg/fed). Cultivated periods increased grain and straw yield of wheat crop by about 57.6% and 8.3%. Whereas, FYM increased grain and straw yield by about 39.8% and 58.8% relative to the control, respectively.展开更多
In order to optimise land use systems, to prevent erosion-induced degradation and to restore the degradedred soils in subtropical China, five cropping systems and four agroforestry systems were conducted in red soilsw...In order to optimise land use systems, to prevent erosion-induced degradation and to restore the degradedred soils in subtropical China, five cropping systems and four agroforestry systems were conducted in red soilswith a slope of 7° from 1993 to 1995. The results showed that erosion risk period occurred from April to June,and the annual runoff and the losses of soil and nutrients with sediment were alarming for two conventionalfarming systems, whereas they were negligible for the farming systems with ridge tillage. Enrichment ratiosof the lost soils from erosion were more than 1 .20 for all nutrients with much higher values for hydrolysable Nand organic matter. Compared with the control, the alley cropping systems also distinctly decreased runoffby 30% or 50%. However, the coverage of soil surface varied with alley cropping systems for the competitionof nutrients and soil water, which made a profound difference in runoff. The cropping systems of sweet potatointercropped with soybean, the alley cropping systems and the measures of mulching and ridge tillage werethe alternatives for red soil reclamation so as to prevent erosion-induced degradation.展开更多
文摘The gross alpha (α) and beta (β) activities and trace heavy elemental concentrations have been determined in Single Super Phosphate (SSP) and Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium (NPK) fertilizers samples used for agricultural purposes in Nigeria. Cultivated farm soil samples from two regions (north and south) in the country and samples of phosphate rocks were also analyzed for gross α and β radioactivity and elemental concentrations. The beta activity concentration in the NPK (15-15-15) fertilizers was found to vary from 2410.0 ± 80.0 Bq·kg–1 to 4560 ± 140.0 Bq·kg–1, between 1340.0 ± 70.0 Bq·kg–1 and 1440.0 ± 70.0 Bq·kg–1 in the Single Super phosphate fertilizers while in the farm soil it ranged between 360.0 ± 40.0 Bq·kg–1 to 570.0 ± 50.0 for the north samples and 200.0 ± 50.0 to 230.0 ± 20 Bq·kg–1 for the south samples. The alpha activities in the NPK fertilizers was found to vary from 20.0 ± 10.0 to 90.0 ± 20.0 Bq·kg–1, in the SSP it varied from 60.0 ± 20.0 to 100.0 ± 20.0 Bq·kg–1 while in the soil samples it varied from 8.0 ± 6.0 to 40.0 ± 10.0
文摘Several studies have been done to isolate probiotic bacteria from different sources. In this present study, an attempt was made to isolate, screen and identify potential probiotic bacteria from cattle farm soil in Dibrugarh district, Assam, India. At the level of screening, the result showed the isolates designated as DUA4, DUD3 and DUE2 showed a percent survival rate of 75.36, 69.14 and 52.36 respectively at a pH of 2.5. Similarly survival rate of the same isolates in 0.5% bile salt condition was found to be 117.17%, 144.59% and 118.10% for the isolates DUA4, DUD3 and DUE2 respectively. Antimicrobial activity of the isolates towards the indicator organisms tested showed that DUA4 inhibited gram positive organisms while DUD3 showed activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. All the three isolates showed activity against L. monocytogenes. Autoaggregation ability of the isolates DUA4, DUD3 and DUE2 was found to be 44.15%, 54.11% and 9.42% respectively. The adhesion ability of the isolates DUD3, DUA4 and DUE2 to xylene was 61.78%, 45.37% and 14.83% respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility test of the isolates showed that the isolates are in general sensitive to antibiotics tested. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolates DUA4, DUD3 and DUE2 resulted in the identification and designation of the isolate DUA4 as Bacillus spp., DUD3 as Enterococcus faecium and DUE2 as Enterobacter sp. In conclusion, the study has indicated the possibility of isolating potential probiotic bacterial strains from cattle farm soil.
基金funded by Taif University,Saudi Arabia,Project No.(TU-DSPP-2025-30)The Science and Technology Fellowship Trust(SL No.39.00.0000.035.22.013.19.144)under the Ministry of Science and Technology of Bangladesh partially financed the current research。
文摘Improving crop productivity and soil fertility through the balanced application of inorganic and organic nutrient sources is a sustainable approach in modern agriculture.Char land soils,widely distributed in riverine Bangladesh,are generally low in organic matter status and deficient in necessary nutrient elements for crop production.Addressing this challenge,the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of various organic nutrient sources with inorganic fertilizers on crop yields,nutrient uptake,and soil fertility in farm(L1)and char land(L2)of Brahmaputra River in Mymensingh,Bangladesh from 2022(Y1)to 2023(Y2).For each location,eight treatments viz.T1(Control),T2[100%recommended fertilizer dose(RFD)],T3(75%RFD),T4(75%N from RFD 25%N from cow dung),T5(75%+N from RFD 25%N from poultry manure),T6(75%N from RFD 25%N from vermicompost),T7(75%N from++RFD 25%N from household compost)and T8(75%N from RFD 25%N from rice straw compost)were arranged in++a randomized complete block design with three replications using Wheat–Mungbean–T.Aman rice cropping pattern where three way interaction was considered for results.Treatment T5 performed the best in both years in both locations as it enhanced the yield components(p 0.05)and caused yield increment over control.The yield improvement in<Char land soils was higher than that in farm soils.For all three crops,treatment T5 consistently augmented the uptake of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,and sulphur by different parts of the crops and improved soil fertility properties such as organic matter status,cation exchange capacity,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and sulphur as well as exchangeable potassium in both locations in both years.Cost and return analysis of different treatments for the whole cropping system showed that the highest marginal benefit-cost ratio(16.35 and 15.07)and gross return(about Tk 768,595/ha and 728,341/ha)were obtained from the T5 treatment in farm soils and Char land soils,respectively.Followed by poultry manure,vermicompost performed well in addition to mineral fertilizers for improving crop yield and soil fertility but its economic efficiency was less due to high input cost.These findings may be useful to the smallholder farmers in char areas,who could benefit from increased productivity,reduced reliance on chemical fertilizers,and improved soil health,contributing to the long-term sustainability of char land agriculture.
基金supported by the Innovation Project Foundation of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(20140204066NY)Development Plan of Science and Technology in Jilin Province(20150520128JH)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest from the Ministry of Agriculture,China(201303042)
文摘There were 4 Acinetobacter lwoffii obtained from soil samples.The antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains to 16 antimicrobial agents was investigated using K-B method.Three isolates showed the multi-drug resistance.The presence of resistance genes and integrons was determined using PCR.The aadA 1,aac（3＇）-IIc,aph（3＇）-VII,aac（6＇）-Ib,sul2,cat2,floR,and tet（K）genes were detected,respectively.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41171033,51179161 and 41101025)
文摘Soil water is strongly affected by land use/cover in the Loess Plateau in China. Water stored in thick loessal soils is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth. However, soil water in the deep loess proifle, which is critical for maintaining the function of the“soil water pool”is rarely studied because deep proifle soil samples are dififcult to collect. In this study, four experimental plots were established in 2005 to represent different farming systems on the Changwu Tableland：fallow land, fertilized cropland, unfertilized cropland, and continuous alfalfa. The soil water content in the 15-m-deep loess proifles was monitored continuously from 2007 to 2012 with the neutron probe technique. The results showed that temporal variations in soil water proifles differed among the four farming systems. Under fallow land, the soil water content increased gradually over time, ifrst in the surface layers and later in the deep soil layers. In contrast, the soil water content decreased gradually under continuous alfalfa. The distributions of soil water in deep soil layers under both fertilized and unfertilized cropland were relatively stable over time. Thus farming system signiifcantly affected soil water content. Seven years after the start of the experiment, the soil water contents in the 15-m-deep proifles averaged 23.4%under fallow land, 20.3%under fertilized cropland, 21.6%under unfertilized cropland, and 16.0%under continuous alfalfa. Compared to measurements at the start of the experiment, both fallow land and unfertilized cropland increased soil water storage in the 15-m loess proifles. In contrast, continuous alfalfa reduced soil water storage. Fertilized cropland has no signiifcant effect on soil water storage. These results suggest that deep soil water can be replenished under the fallow and unfertilized farming systems. Dry soil layers （i.e., those which have soil water content less than the stable ifeld water capacity） in the subsoil of the Changwu Tableland region can be classiifed as either temporary dry soil layers or persistent dry soil layers. Temporary dry soil layers, which typically form under annual crops, often disappear during wet years. Persistent dry soil layers generally develop under perennial vegetation. Even after removing the vegetation, persistent dry soil layers remain for several decades. This study provides information useful for the conservation and utilization of soil water resources in the Loess Tableland.
基金partly funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71273268)
文摘Soil fertility management （SFM） has important implications for sustaining agricultural development and food self-sufifciency. Better understanding the determinants of farmers’ SFM can be a great help to the adoption of effective SFM practices. Based on a dataset of 315 plots collected from a typical rice growing area of South China, this study applied statistical method and econometric models to examine the impacts of land characteristics on farmers’ SFM practices at plot scale. Main results showed that in general land characteristics affected SFM behaviors. Securer land tenure arrangements facilitated effective practices of SFM through more diversiifed and more soil-friendly cropping pattern choices. Plot size signiifcantly reduced the intensities of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application. Given other factors, 1 ha increase in plot size might reduce 3.0 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 1.8 kg ha-1 K2O. Plots far from the homestead were paid less attention in terms of both chemical fertilizers and manure applications. Besides, plots with better quality were put more efforts on management by applying more nitrogen and manure, and by planting green manure crops. Signiifcant differences existed in SFM practices between the surveyed villages with different socio-economic conditions. The ifndings are expected to provide important references to the policy-making incentive for improving soil quality and crop productivity.
文摘There has been a rapidly increasing urbanization and industrialization as well as increased usage of agrochemicals in the recent few years which have resulted in accumulation of heavy metals in cultivated food, soils and water. This research aimed at establishing the levels of Zn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr2+, Mn2+, Fe2+ and Pb2+ metal ions in kales, soil and irrigation water on farms along river Moiben. Twenty seven samples of vegetables, soil and water samples were collected using purposive sampling method, that is, the samples were collected from the households who had kales in their farms. Samples were then dried, grounded, digested and analyzed using Inductive Couple Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results showed that the Fe had the highest mean in soil and water with the values of 250.22 ± 85.37 and 0.72 ± 0.33 mg/kg respectively, while in kales Zn value was highest with a value of 0.0154 ± 0.007 mg/kg. The metal ion concentrations in the soils and the irrigation water were higher than in kales. The concentrations on the metal ions were following this order Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd for soil as well as for water but for the kales sample it followed slightly different order Zn > Fe > Mn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd. In soil samples, metal ions concentrations (mg/kg) were found to be high compared to the levels in water and kales. ANOVA tests revealed that the mean difference in heavy metals concentration from different stations within the area was insignificant (p > 0.05) with an exception of Cd (p = 0.001) in water samples, Fe (p = 0.007) in kales samples, Zn (p = 0.016) and Cd (p = 0.011) in the samples of soil. Results were compared to the acceptable levels set by World Health Organization (WHO) and the study showed that for kales, concentrations of the metal ions were all lower than the (WHO) set standards. For water samples, Fe, Pb, Mn metal ions were above the WHO set standards. The presence of the investigated heavy metals in the samples could be pointed to excessive use of agrochemicals as indicated by our earlier survey on the use of agrochemicals. We therefore recommend thorough investigations and monitoring of the said heavy metals in the commercially distributed agrochemicals.
文摘Apples in Japan are generally cultivated under management systems that use chemical fertilizers and synthetic chemical pesticides. However, the continuous use of these fertilizers and pesticides damages the soil environment and reduces the number of soil microorganisms. In this study, we compared the chemical and biological properties of 12 soils from apple orchards in Aomori and Nagano Prefectures under four types of management systems, namely, natural conditions, with no cultivation, fertilizers, or pesticides;</span><a name="_Hlk37437201"></a><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">organic farming methods, using organic materials and pesticides approved </span><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">by the Japanese Agricultural Standard organic certification system;hybrid farming methods, using a mix of organic and chemical fertilizers;and conventional farming, using chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Soil total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), nitrate-nitrogen (NO? 3), and available phosphoric acid (SP) contents were generally found to be the highest where organic farming methods were used. Similarly, bacterial biomass, nitrification (N) circulation activity, ammonia (NH+ 4) oxidation activity, nitrite (NO? 2) oxidation activity, and phosphoric (P) circulation activity were the highest under organic farming, especially in comparison with conventional farming. This study indicated that the differences in apple sugar content, acidity, and sugar/acidity ratio between different orchard management systems were due to different soil conditions, and soil conditions under organic farming management system in apple cultivation increased bacterial biomass while enhancing N and P circulation activity and high TC. On the other hand, the soil of conventional farming has the lowest total number of bacterial biomass and lowest material cycle such as N</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:""> </span><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">and P circulation activity. Analysis of the chemical and biological properties of these orchard soils indicated that soil conditions under organic farming management are the most suitable for increasing microbial numbers and enhancing N and P circulation activity.
基金Supported by the Planned Project for Science and Technology Development of Guilin City,China(20150117-2)the Special Fund for the Basic Research Operating Expenses Program of Public Welfare Research Institute Directly Subordinate to Guangxi,China(GCJB-16-18)
文摘In order to further optimize the cultivation and agronomic technology of Guilin Maojian tea gardens, the effects, efficiencies and costs of different farming methods and their effects on the physiochemical properties of tea garden soil were studied through the modification of the test sites with the non-farming land as the control. The results showed that human farming, mini-tiller farming and crawler tractor farming could improve the physical and chemical properties of soil. After farming, the soil had good water retention but low moisture content compared to the control group, while the soil bulk density and hardness value were significantly lower than those of the control, and the porosity of soil was significantly higher than that of contrast. With the passage of time, soil bulk density and hardness value gradually increased after farming, while the porosity of soil decreased gradually. There were great differences in the effects, efficiencies and costs of different farming methods. Crawler tractor had the best and most stable farming effect, and the operation efficiency was 10 times that of human farming while the cost was only 0.39 times of human farming. Therefore, it was feasible to adopt mini-tiller or crawler tractor to carry out mechanical farming of Guilin Maojian tea garden, which provided theoretical references for the soil property improvement using mechanical farming and was favorable for promoting the popularization of farming machines and the acceleration of mechanization of tea gardens. But for tea plantations that are intended to be mechanized, apart from the mechanical and technical personnel to be configured in place, the site conditions, planting modes and mechanical way reservation of tea garden should be planned accordingly. It is recommended to select flat or gentle slope for reclamation, and preference is given to non-sexual tea tree varieties with big line spacing over 180 cm long. Moreover, the main road construction should be more than 3.0 m, and trunk road 2.0 m or above. And isolation ditch and drain should be set between the tea garden and the surrounding mountain forests and farmland.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China (Grant Nos. 2016YFC0501903, 2016YFC0501901)Province Natural Foundation of Qinghai (Grant Nos. 2016-ZJ-910, 2017-S-1-04)+2 种基金the Qinghai Provincial High-end and Innovative 1000 Talents PlanQinghai Innovation Platform Construction Project (Grant Nos. 2017-ZJ-Y20, 2017-ZJ-Y13)National Natural Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31572354, 31472135)
文摘A crucial region for China's ‘Grain-forGreen Policy' is located within a traditional farmpastoral area, between 2000 to 3000 m above sea level, on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.However, the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) to different land-use patterns in this region are unclear. Here, we determined the SOC(0–20 cm) content of grasslands and forests that are being converted from farmlands, as well as in abandoned arable land and arable land in this region. The factors influencing the reclaimed lands were analyzed along altitudes from 2030 to 3132 m. Our results showed that SOC content was higher for grassland and abandoned arable land than forest and arable land. The SOC content increased with the increase in altitude for total land-use patterns. Further, the grassland and abandoned arable land had higher SOC content than the forest with almost parallel trends along the increase in altitude. However, the proportion of regulated factors of altitude and species richness varied among forest, grassland, and abandoned arable land. Our results indicated that the land-use pattern of returning farmland to grassland and abandoned arable land was more effective in terms of the SOC storage in the superficial layer in this altitude range in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, thereby being beneficial to optimizing land management in this region.
文摘In Thailand, the site-specific nutrient management technology, known as “Tailor-made Fertilizer Technology (TFT)”, for rice, maize and sugarcane in the Northeastern region was developed between 1997-2007, using the concepts of precision agriculture together with an approach of building capacity of small farmers. TFT, also called Smart-farming, comprises four components, namely 1) soil series identification, 2) N-P-K testing by soil test kit, 3) fertilizer recommendations using decision-aids and a simplified version of a complex model and 4) farmer empowerment. The benefit of TFT at the rice field of the Huay Kamin chairman farmer group was one example, the technology has been disseminated to the 80 members with a total planting area of about 320 ha. The results revealed chemical fertilizer reduction of 69%, and rice yield increased some 10% - 20% with the improved fertilizer application method. The farmers were encouraged to establish “Soil Clinics” in their communities. In a Soil Clinic, designated and trained farmer leaders analyze soil samples for member farmers and provide TFT recommendations while providing access to fertilizer materials available for sale at competitive prices. At present, there are about 70 soil clinics in 20 provinces with the support of many government and private sectors.
文摘This study examined changes in some soil hydrophysical, chemical properties and wheat yield (grain;straw yield, N, P, K, Protein and carbohydrates contents) as trends under two cultivated period 10 and 25 year and Farm Yard manure (FYM) addition under sprinkler irrigation system on a newly reclaimed soils, Nubaria, Beheira Governorate, Egypt. Obtained results noticed that cultivation period has more pronounced effect than FYM addition on soil water content at field capacity, wilting point and available water with increase percent 15.1%, 9.3%;19.0% and 25.7%, 19.5% and 30.0% for FYM and cultivation period comparing with control one. Hydraulic conductivity values were strongly affected by cultivation period and FYM addition and significantly decreased values by about 18.9% and 12.1% in same sequences. Wheat straw content from protein had a superior effect under 25 than 10 years cultivated periods with values 61.9 and 6.7 comparing with control, respectively as affected by FYM addition, while FYM alone improved protein content in straw by about 31.9% comparing with untreated one. Slightly increase in straw protein content was attained relative to the increase of cultivated period by about 7.8%. Nutrients content in grain is more than FYM, where the increase percentage were 5.2%, 13.5%;3.8% and 26.5, 21.3;22.6 comparing cultivated periods 25 with 10 years and FYM addition with control, respectively. FYM individually under two studied cultivated periods is more effective under 10 years (28.0%, 25.2%;15.1%) than the 2nd one (25.1%, 25.2%;15.1%) comparing with untreated FYM plots. While N, P and K content in wheat straw had unclear trend and the increase were 6.8, 23.23;56.5% and 62.9, 6.0;29.8 as a result of FYM addition under 10 and 25 years cultivated periods, respectively. The highest values of protein and carbohydrates content in wheat grains as affected by studied factors were 12.86% and 67.43%) were obtained under cultivated period 25 years after FYM addition. Cultivated periods had a highly significant effect on the field water use efficiency values of grain more than the effect of FYM. The highest values of grain and straw yield were recorded at 10 years cultivated periods + treated FYM (2966.8 kg/fed) and 25 years cultivated periods treated with FYM (3835.6 kg/fed). Cultivated periods increased grain and straw yield of wheat crop by about 57.6% and 8.3%. Whereas, FYM increased grain and straw yield by about 39.8% and 58.8% relative to the control, respectively.
文摘In order to optimise land use systems, to prevent erosion-induced degradation and to restore the degradedred soils in subtropical China, five cropping systems and four agroforestry systems were conducted in red soilswith a slope of 7° from 1993 to 1995. The results showed that erosion risk period occurred from April to June,and the annual runoff and the losses of soil and nutrients with sediment were alarming for two conventionalfarming systems, whereas they were negligible for the farming systems with ridge tillage. Enrichment ratiosof the lost soils from erosion were more than 1 .20 for all nutrients with much higher values for hydrolysable Nand organic matter. Compared with the control, the alley cropping systems also distinctly decreased runoffby 30% or 50%. However, the coverage of soil surface varied with alley cropping systems for the competitionof nutrients and soil water, which made a profound difference in runoff. The cropping systems of sweet potatointercropped with soybean, the alley cropping systems and the measures of mulching and ridge tillage werethe alternatives for red soil reclamation so as to prevent erosion-induced degradation.
