This paper examines national urban agglomerations by taking factor flows as the focal point as the research subject.By dividing the stages of urban agglomeration development,a comprehensive framework of urban shrinkag...This paper examines national urban agglomerations by taking factor flows as the focal point as the research subject.By dividing the stages of urban agglomeration development,a comprehensive framework of urban shrinkage is constructed,encompassing economic,population,and social shrinkage.The study explores the spatial distribution characteristics of urban shrinkage during different stages of urban agglomeration and investigates the influencing factors using a geographic detector model.The findings reveal that urban shrinkage within urban agglomerations is widely spread,predominantly in peripheral areas.During the diffusion stage,urban shrinkage is scattered,with population shrinkage concentrated in peripheral regions,economic shrinkage concentrated on old industrial cities,and social shrinkage concentrated on the northeast.The outcomes of the geographic detector model indicate that traffic flow,capital flow,information flow,node importance,network connectivity,government investment,openness,and environmental regulations all play significant roles in shaping the spatial distribution of urban shrinkage.展开更多
Abies georgei var. smithii is a dominant species playing an important role in protecting biodiversity and sustaining the forestry ecosystems in Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Stem sap flows of five different diameters ...Abies georgei var. smithii is a dominant species playing an important role in protecting biodiversity and sustaining the forestry ecosystems in Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Stem sap flows of five different diameters at the breast height(DBH) A. georgei var. smithii samples were monitored continuously with the thermal dissipation probe for the entire growing period in order to understand the water transportation mechanism and the effects of environmental factors on its transpiration and growth. Relative environment factors, temperature and humidity of air, photosynthetically active radiation, rainfall, and wind speed, soil moisture, etc. were measured by the automatic weather stations. Diurnal and seasonal variations in sap flow rate with the different stem diameters and their correlations with meteorological factors were analyzed. The diurnal change in sap flow velocity showed a single-peak curve at the daily time scale, whereas a lower sap flow velocity can be observed in the largest DBH sample tree at night. The maximum average velocity was observed in August, whereas the minimum velocity was observed in January, and a large amount of water evaporated in summer owing to the higher sap flow velocity. In addition, sap flow velocity was closely related to changes in the micrometeorological factors, with average sap flow velocity showing significant linear correlations with air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, rainfall, and vapor pressure deficit of air and soil moisture. Therefore, some measures, improving the light and temperature conditions, should be taken for protecting A. georgei var. smithii population in the Tibetan Plateau.展开更多
Every year, a large amount of silt is generated by river dredging. For the characteristics of dredging silt, such as high moisture content, low strength and high compressibility, the traditional solidification method ...Every year, a large amount of silt is generated by river dredging. For the characteristics of dredging silt, such as high moisture content, low strength and high compressibility, the traditional solidification method can no longer better solve this kind of silt problem.?This paper mainly studies the fluidized solidification treatment of high water content sludge, not only makes the silt soil achieve a good solidification effect, but also the project cost is lower, the construction method is more environmentally friendly and green. The influencing factors of the solidified soil are mainly investigated by the unconfined compression test and the fluidity test. The experiment result shows?1)When the cement to sludge mass ratio (RCS) is 0.09?-?0.16 and the fly ash to cement mass ratio (RFC) is 0.35?-?0.80, as the amount of?RFC?increases, the flow rate of the solidified soil gradually decreases. With the increase of time, the liquidity is significantly reduced, and the influence of cement on the fluidity is greater than that of fly ash.?2) When?RCS?= 0.09?-?0.16, the strength of the sludge solidified soil at 28?d age increased by 4.5?-?6 times. 3)?When?RCS?= 0.09?-?0.16 and?RFC?= 35%?-?80%, the intensity of 14?d increased by 1.23 times than that of 7?d, and the intensity of 28 days increased by 1.29 times than that of 14?d. This experiment can provide the mix ratio design of solidified materials for different needs of the project, which can better provide a basis for engineering application and strength prediction.展开更多
Direct calculations of unsteady-state Weymouth equations for gas volumetric flow rate occur more frequently in the design and operation analysis of natural gas systems. Most of the existing gas pipelines design proced...Direct calculations of unsteady-state Weymouth equations for gas volumetric flow rate occur more frequently in the design and operation analysis of natural gas systems. Most of the existing gas pipelines design procedures are based on a particular friction factor and steady-state flow analysis. This paper examined the behavior of different friction factors and the need to develop model analysis capable of calculating unsteady-state gas flow rate in horizontal and inclined pipes. The results show different variation in flow rate with Panhandle A and Panhandle B attaining stability in accurate time with initial unsteadiness at the instance of flow. Chen and Jain friction factors have opposition to flow with high flow rate: The prediction also reveals that Colebrook-White degenerated to Nikuradse friction factor at high Reynolds number. The horizontal and inclined flow equations are considerably enhanced on the usage of different friction factors with the aid of Matlab to handle these calculations.展开更多
This article describes an experimental study on friction and heat transfer performances of a transitional airflow in a rectangular channel with stagger-arrayed short pin fins. Friction factors, average Nusselt numbers...This article describes an experimental study on friction and heat transfer performances of a transitional airflow in a rectangular channel with stagger-arrayed short pin fins. Friction factors, average Nusselt numbers and overall thermal performances of the transitional flow are obtained. The experimental study has showed that the pin fins enhance the heat transfer performance sig- nificantly, however increasing the flow frictional resistance considerably. After comparing the experimental results with the p...展开更多
BACKGROUND： Mechanical ventilation is a double-edged sword to acute respiratory distress syndrome （ARDS） including lung injury, and systemic inflammatory response high tidal volumes are thought to increase mortalit...BACKGROUND： Mechanical ventilation is a double-edged sword to acute respiratory distress syndrome （ARDS） including lung injury, and systemic inflammatory response high tidal volumes are thought to increase mortality. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of dynamic ventilatory factors on ventilator induced lung injury in a dog model of ARDS induced by hydrochloric acid instillation under volume controlled ventilation and to investigate the relationship between the dynamic factors and ventilator-induced lung injuries （VILI） and to explore its potential mechanisms.METHODS： Thirty-six healthy dogs were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. Subjects in the experimental group were then further divided into four groups by different inspiratory stages of flow. Two mL of alveolar fluid was aspirated for detection of IL-8 and TNF-α. Lung tissue specimens were also extracted for total RNA, IL-8 by western blot and observed under an electronic microscope.RESULTS： IL-8 protein expression was significantly higher in group B than in groups A and D. Although the IL-8 protein expression was decreased in group C compared with group B, the difference was not statistically significant. The TNF-a ray degree of group B was significantly higher than that in the other groups （P〈0.01）, especially in group C （P〉0.05）. The alveolar volume of subjects in group B was significantly smaller, and cavity infiltration and cell autolysis were marked with a significant thicker alveolar septa, disorder of interval structures, and blurring of collagenous and elastic fiber structures. A large number of necrotic debris tissue was observed in group B.CONCLUSION： Mechanical ventilation with a large tidal volume, a high inspiratory flow and a high ventilation frequency can cause significant damage to lung tissue structure. It can significantly increase the expression of TNF-α and IL-8 as well as their mRNA expression. Furthermore, the results of our study showed that small tidal ventilation significantly reduces the release of proinflammatory media. This finding suggests that greater deterioration in lung injury during ARDS is associated with high inspiratory flow and high ventilation rate.展开更多
基金National Social Science Fund Project(22BZ039)Henan Province Science and Technology Tackling Key Problems Soft Science Project(222400410186)。
文摘This paper examines national urban agglomerations by taking factor flows as the focal point as the research subject.By dividing the stages of urban agglomeration development,a comprehensive framework of urban shrinkage is constructed,encompassing economic,population,and social shrinkage.The study explores the spatial distribution characteristics of urban shrinkage during different stages of urban agglomeration and investigates the influencing factors using a geographic detector model.The findings reveal that urban shrinkage within urban agglomerations is widely spread,predominantly in peripheral areas.During the diffusion stage,urban shrinkage is scattered,with population shrinkage concentrated in peripheral regions,economic shrinkage concentrated on old industrial cities,and social shrinkage concentrated on the northeast.The outcomes of the geographic detector model indicate that traffic flow,capital flow,information flow,node importance,network connectivity,government investment,openness,and environmental regulations all play significant roles in shaping the spatial distribution of urban shrinkage.
基金supported by the Tibetan Natural Scientific Foundation of China (13-28)Tibetan Linzhi National Forest Ecological Research Station (2012-LYPT-DW-016)+1 种基金Promotion Plan of Plateau Basic Ecological Academic Team Abilitysupported by CFERN&GENE Award funds on ecological paper
文摘Abies georgei var. smithii is a dominant species playing an important role in protecting biodiversity and sustaining the forestry ecosystems in Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Stem sap flows of five different diameters at the breast height(DBH) A. georgei var. smithii samples were monitored continuously with the thermal dissipation probe for the entire growing period in order to understand the water transportation mechanism and the effects of environmental factors on its transpiration and growth. Relative environment factors, temperature and humidity of air, photosynthetically active radiation, rainfall, and wind speed, soil moisture, etc. were measured by the automatic weather stations. Diurnal and seasonal variations in sap flow rate with the different stem diameters and their correlations with meteorological factors were analyzed. The diurnal change in sap flow velocity showed a single-peak curve at the daily time scale, whereas a lower sap flow velocity can be observed in the largest DBH sample tree at night. The maximum average velocity was observed in August, whereas the minimum velocity was observed in January, and a large amount of water evaporated in summer owing to the higher sap flow velocity. In addition, sap flow velocity was closely related to changes in the micrometeorological factors, with average sap flow velocity showing significant linear correlations with air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, rainfall, and vapor pressure deficit of air and soil moisture. Therefore, some measures, improving the light and temperature conditions, should be taken for protecting A. georgei var. smithii population in the Tibetan Plateau.
文摘Every year, a large amount of silt is generated by river dredging. For the characteristics of dredging silt, such as high moisture content, low strength and high compressibility, the traditional solidification method can no longer better solve this kind of silt problem.?This paper mainly studies the fluidized solidification treatment of high water content sludge, not only makes the silt soil achieve a good solidification effect, but also the project cost is lower, the construction method is more environmentally friendly and green. The influencing factors of the solidified soil are mainly investigated by the unconfined compression test and the fluidity test. The experiment result shows?1)When the cement to sludge mass ratio (RCS) is 0.09?-?0.16 and the fly ash to cement mass ratio (RFC) is 0.35?-?0.80, as the amount of?RFC?increases, the flow rate of the solidified soil gradually decreases. With the increase of time, the liquidity is significantly reduced, and the influence of cement on the fluidity is greater than that of fly ash.?2) When?RCS?= 0.09?-?0.16, the strength of the sludge solidified soil at 28?d age increased by 4.5?-?6 times. 3)?When?RCS?= 0.09?-?0.16 and?RFC?= 35%?-?80%, the intensity of 14?d increased by 1.23 times than that of 7?d, and the intensity of 28 days increased by 1.29 times than that of 14?d. This experiment can provide the mix ratio design of solidified materials for different needs of the project, which can better provide a basis for engineering application and strength prediction.
文摘Direct calculations of unsteady-state Weymouth equations for gas volumetric flow rate occur more frequently in the design and operation analysis of natural gas systems. Most of the existing gas pipelines design procedures are based on a particular friction factor and steady-state flow analysis. This paper examined the behavior of different friction factors and the need to develop model analysis capable of calculating unsteady-state gas flow rate in horizontal and inclined pipes. The results show different variation in flow rate with Panhandle A and Panhandle B attaining stability in accurate time with initial unsteadiness at the instance of flow. Chen and Jain friction factors have opposition to flow with high flow rate: The prediction also reveals that Colebrook-White degenerated to Nikuradse friction factor at high Reynolds number. The horizontal and inclined flow equations are considerably enhanced on the usage of different friction factors with the aid of Matlab to handle these calculations.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (50806045)
文摘This article describes an experimental study on friction and heat transfer performances of a transitional airflow in a rectangular channel with stagger-arrayed short pin fins. Friction factors, average Nusselt numbers and overall thermal performances of the transitional flow are obtained. The experimental study has showed that the pin fins enhance the heat transfer performance sig- nificantly, however increasing the flow frictional resistance considerably. After comparing the experimental results with the p...
基金supported by grants from the Shanghai Health Bureau issues(2007102)
文摘BACKGROUND： Mechanical ventilation is a double-edged sword to acute respiratory distress syndrome （ARDS） including lung injury, and systemic inflammatory response high tidal volumes are thought to increase mortality. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of dynamic ventilatory factors on ventilator induced lung injury in a dog model of ARDS induced by hydrochloric acid instillation under volume controlled ventilation and to investigate the relationship between the dynamic factors and ventilator-induced lung injuries （VILI） and to explore its potential mechanisms.METHODS： Thirty-six healthy dogs were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. Subjects in the experimental group were then further divided into four groups by different inspiratory stages of flow. Two mL of alveolar fluid was aspirated for detection of IL-8 and TNF-α. Lung tissue specimens were also extracted for total RNA, IL-8 by western blot and observed under an electronic microscope.RESULTS： IL-8 protein expression was significantly higher in group B than in groups A and D. Although the IL-8 protein expression was decreased in group C compared with group B, the difference was not statistically significant. The TNF-a ray degree of group B was significantly higher than that in the other groups （P〈0.01）, especially in group C （P〉0.05）. The alveolar volume of subjects in group B was significantly smaller, and cavity infiltration and cell autolysis were marked with a significant thicker alveolar septa, disorder of interval structures, and blurring of collagenous and elastic fiber structures. A large number of necrotic debris tissue was observed in group B.CONCLUSION： Mechanical ventilation with a large tidal volume, a high inspiratory flow and a high ventilation frequency can cause significant damage to lung tissue structure. It can significantly increase the expression of TNF-α and IL-8 as well as their mRNA expression. Furthermore, the results of our study showed that small tidal ventilation significantly reduces the release of proinflammatory media. This finding suggests that greater deterioration in lung injury during ARDS is associated with high inspiratory flow and high ventilation rate.
