Background: Wrinkles, pigmented spots, and roughness are representative parameters reflecting facial skin aging. Sulci cutis connecting to follicular orifices frequently form perifollicular cracks, which join together...Background: Wrinkles, pigmented spots, and roughness are representative parameters reflecting facial skin aging. Sulci cutis connecting to follicular orifices frequently form perifollicular cracks, which join together adjacent sulci. This follicle-sulcus-crack complex (FSCC) is exacerbated by dehydration. Purpose: Although dehydration is associated with facial skin aging, FSCC’s implications in facial skin aging remain unresolved. Method: We measured facial skin parameters in 1999 and 2010 in 108 Japanese women, and in 2006 and 2016 in 182 Chinese women. We addressed whether expansion of FSCC is associated with other skin aging parameters. We also examined whether skin moisturizer can reverse the expanded FSCC. Results: In both clinical studies, FSCC severity as well as wrinkles, spots, and roughness significantly deteriorated with age. Notably, FSCC significantly increased as early as in subjects in their 20s, whereas wrinkles, spots, and roughness became conspicuous in those in their 40s or older. Moreover, subjects with more severe FSCC in the initial measurement exhibited significantly worse wrinkles, spots, and roughness in the second measurement a decade later. Dehydration was significantly correlated with expanded FSCC. Furthermore, FSCC expansion was reversed after appropriate moisturization by daily application of Galactomyces ferment filtrate (GFF)-containing skincare product (SK-II Skin Power Cream) for 4 weeks in 37 women. Conclusion: The expanded FSCC is likely to be an early indicator of facial skin aging. Appropriate moisturization may reduce FSCC formation and decelerate facial skin aging.展开更多
Background: Aged skin exhibits visual alterations such as wrinkles, rough texture, pore dilation, and dull skin tone, as well as physiological aging, namely, decreased hydration and increased transepidermal water loss...Background: Aged skin exhibits visual alterations such as wrinkles, rough texture, pore dilation, and dull skin tone, as well as physiological aging, namely, decreased hydration and increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Recent advances in coherence tomography have also revealed that skin aging affects in vivo epidermal keratinocyte architecture. However, the interconnectivity between spatial architectural aging and visual/physiological aging parameters remains largely unknown. Purpose: To elucidate whether the tomographic keratinocyte architectural aging is correlated with visual and physiological skin aging parameters and to quantitatively evaluate the improvements of the architectural, visual, and physiological aging parameters by the daily treatment of the skin care formula containing Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate (GFF, 8X Pitera<sup>TM</sup>). Method: We measured the in vivo keratinocyte cellular architecture with two-photon stereoscopic tomography obtaining by-layer epidermal section images in 78 Asian females of various ages. Visual aging parameters were analyzed using a portable image capture system. Hydration and TEWL were also assessed. The anti-aging effects of GFF-containing skin moisturizer (SK-II LXP Cream<sup>TM</sup>) were also examined in two studies after twice-daily application for 2 (N = 35) and 4 (N = 32) weeks. Results: As for the keratinocyte cellular architecture, skin aging was significantly associated with decreased cell density and increased cell uniformity. These architectural aging parameters were significantly correlated with visual and physiological aging parameters, namely, rough texture, wrinkles, pore dilation, dull skin tone, dehydration, and increased TEWL. The strong interconnectivity allowed us to develop formulae to estimate the keratinocyte architecture from visual aging parameters. Moreover, twice-daily application of SK-II significantly improved the keratinocyte architecture associated with multiple skin aging visual and physiological parameters. Conclusion: Skin aging is a process involving mutual interconnections among epidermal keratinocyte cellular architecture, visual, and physiological parameters. The GFF-containing moisturizer SK-II effectively improves spatial architecture of keratinocytes in epidermis and these evaluated skin aging parameters in a new trajectory over the course of treatment. .展开更多
Background: Facial skin aging is a major concern, especially among women. For many, it is important to limit facial skin aging and maintain youthful healthy skin for as long as possible. However, little research has l...Background: Facial skin aging is a major concern, especially among women. For many, it is important to limit facial skin aging and maintain youthful healthy skin for as long as possible. However, little research has longitudinally investigated the efficacy of skincare product usage on facial skin aging. Therefore, we conducted a quantitative survey to longitudinally compare the skin of individuals with continuous long-term use of the same skincare formula to that of control participants. Purpose: To elucidate anti skin aging benefit by longitudinal usage of the same skin care formula, and whether skin aging-related SNPs variation influenced on the skin aging. Method: We measured facial skin aging parameters of texture, pore, wrinkles and tone together with skin hydration and elasticity in 141 East Asian females (mean age 47.1, SD 7.81) who had continually used the same anti-aging skincare formula (SK-II Facial Treatment Essence: FTE) containing Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate (Pitera) from a young age. The average duration of FTE use in this group was 13.1 ± 7.81 years. As a control, we also included 137 Asian females (mean age 47.3, SD 9.51) with no history of using the FTE product. In addition, the skin aging-related SNPs [GPX1 (rs1050450), SOD2 (rs4880), and MMP1 (rs1799750)] were determined using oral cavity swab samples and PCR to understand the genetic potential or predisposition for skin aging. Result: The findings demonstrated that the Long-term FTE group had excellent skin appearance and physical properties for all measured variables, namely, skin texture, pores, wrinkles, tone, spots, hydration, TEWL, and mechanical elasticity, which were significantly better than those of the Control group. There were significant relationships between the parameters of skin aging appearance and skin aging-related SNPs in the Control group, however, not in the Long-term FTE group. Moreover, the frequencies of genotypes of skin aging-related SNPs did not differ significantly between the two groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that longitudinal usage of an appropriate cosmetic agent from a younger age is beneficial and decelerates facial skin aging.展开更多
文摘Background: Wrinkles, pigmented spots, and roughness are representative parameters reflecting facial skin aging. Sulci cutis connecting to follicular orifices frequently form perifollicular cracks, which join together adjacent sulci. This follicle-sulcus-crack complex (FSCC) is exacerbated by dehydration. Purpose: Although dehydration is associated with facial skin aging, FSCC’s implications in facial skin aging remain unresolved. Method: We measured facial skin parameters in 1999 and 2010 in 108 Japanese women, and in 2006 and 2016 in 182 Chinese women. We addressed whether expansion of FSCC is associated with other skin aging parameters. We also examined whether skin moisturizer can reverse the expanded FSCC. Results: In both clinical studies, FSCC severity as well as wrinkles, spots, and roughness significantly deteriorated with age. Notably, FSCC significantly increased as early as in subjects in their 20s, whereas wrinkles, spots, and roughness became conspicuous in those in their 40s or older. Moreover, subjects with more severe FSCC in the initial measurement exhibited significantly worse wrinkles, spots, and roughness in the second measurement a decade later. Dehydration was significantly correlated with expanded FSCC. Furthermore, FSCC expansion was reversed after appropriate moisturization by daily application of Galactomyces ferment filtrate (GFF)-containing skincare product (SK-II Skin Power Cream) for 4 weeks in 37 women. Conclusion: The expanded FSCC is likely to be an early indicator of facial skin aging. Appropriate moisturization may reduce FSCC formation and decelerate facial skin aging.
文摘Background: Aged skin exhibits visual alterations such as wrinkles, rough texture, pore dilation, and dull skin tone, as well as physiological aging, namely, decreased hydration and increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Recent advances in coherence tomography have also revealed that skin aging affects in vivo epidermal keratinocyte architecture. However, the interconnectivity between spatial architectural aging and visual/physiological aging parameters remains largely unknown. Purpose: To elucidate whether the tomographic keratinocyte architectural aging is correlated with visual and physiological skin aging parameters and to quantitatively evaluate the improvements of the architectural, visual, and physiological aging parameters by the daily treatment of the skin care formula containing Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate (GFF, 8X Pitera<sup>TM</sup>). Method: We measured the in vivo keratinocyte cellular architecture with two-photon stereoscopic tomography obtaining by-layer epidermal section images in 78 Asian females of various ages. Visual aging parameters were analyzed using a portable image capture system. Hydration and TEWL were also assessed. The anti-aging effects of GFF-containing skin moisturizer (SK-II LXP Cream<sup>TM</sup>) were also examined in two studies after twice-daily application for 2 (N = 35) and 4 (N = 32) weeks. Results: As for the keratinocyte cellular architecture, skin aging was significantly associated with decreased cell density and increased cell uniformity. These architectural aging parameters were significantly correlated with visual and physiological aging parameters, namely, rough texture, wrinkles, pore dilation, dull skin tone, dehydration, and increased TEWL. The strong interconnectivity allowed us to develop formulae to estimate the keratinocyte architecture from visual aging parameters. Moreover, twice-daily application of SK-II significantly improved the keratinocyte architecture associated with multiple skin aging visual and physiological parameters. Conclusion: Skin aging is a process involving mutual interconnections among epidermal keratinocyte cellular architecture, visual, and physiological parameters. The GFF-containing moisturizer SK-II effectively improves spatial architecture of keratinocytes in epidermis and these evaluated skin aging parameters in a new trajectory over the course of treatment. .
文摘Background: Facial skin aging is a major concern, especially among women. For many, it is important to limit facial skin aging and maintain youthful healthy skin for as long as possible. However, little research has longitudinally investigated the efficacy of skincare product usage on facial skin aging. Therefore, we conducted a quantitative survey to longitudinally compare the skin of individuals with continuous long-term use of the same skincare formula to that of control participants. Purpose: To elucidate anti skin aging benefit by longitudinal usage of the same skin care formula, and whether skin aging-related SNPs variation influenced on the skin aging. Method: We measured facial skin aging parameters of texture, pore, wrinkles and tone together with skin hydration and elasticity in 141 East Asian females (mean age 47.1, SD 7.81) who had continually used the same anti-aging skincare formula (SK-II Facial Treatment Essence: FTE) containing Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate (Pitera) from a young age. The average duration of FTE use in this group was 13.1 ± 7.81 years. As a control, we also included 137 Asian females (mean age 47.3, SD 9.51) with no history of using the FTE product. In addition, the skin aging-related SNPs [GPX1 (rs1050450), SOD2 (rs4880), and MMP1 (rs1799750)] were determined using oral cavity swab samples and PCR to understand the genetic potential or predisposition for skin aging. Result: The findings demonstrated that the Long-term FTE group had excellent skin appearance and physical properties for all measured variables, namely, skin texture, pores, wrinkles, tone, spots, hydration, TEWL, and mechanical elasticity, which were significantly better than those of the Control group. There were significant relationships between the parameters of skin aging appearance and skin aging-related SNPs in the Control group, however, not in the Long-term FTE group. Moreover, the frequencies of genotypes of skin aging-related SNPs did not differ significantly between the two groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that longitudinal usage of an appropriate cosmetic agent from a younger age is beneficial and decelerates facial skin aging.
