Fusarium ear rot(FER),caused by Fusarium verticillioides,is a destructive fungal disease of maize.FER resistance is a complex,quantitatively inherited trait controlled by multiple minor-effect genes.In this study,we e...Fusarium ear rot(FER),caused by Fusarium verticillioides,is a destructive fungal disease of maize.FER resistance is a complex,quantitatively inherited trait controlled by multiple minor-effect genes.In this study,we employed two recombinant inbred line(RIL)populations with the common resistant parental line CML304 to identify FER-resistance loci.Initial QTL analysis identified 23 FER-resistance QTL,each explaining 5.21%-30.51%of the total phenotypic variation.Notably,one major QTL,qRfv2,on chromosome 2 was repeatedly detected,accounting for 11.92%-30.51%of the total phenotypic variation.qRfv2 was fine mapped to an interval of 1.01 Mb,flanked by the markers IDP8 and IDP10.qRfv2 is a semidominant resistance gene that could reduce the disease severity index(DSI)by 12.4%-20%,suggesting its potential for enhancing FER resistance in maize.Transcriptome analysis showed that 22 of the 28 annotated functional genes in the qRfv2 region displayed differential expression between parental lines in response to FER.One of the candidate genes,ZmLOX6,was validated to presumably provide a positive effect on FER resistance.Our study provides a basis for the potential cloning and application of FER resistance genes in maize breeding.展开更多
In order to elucidate the relationship between the pathogen carriage rate in seeds of muskmelon(Cucumis melo L.)and the incidence rate of Fusarium wilt of muskmelon(FWM),as well as to identify potential biological con...In order to elucidate the relationship between the pathogen carriage rate in seeds of muskmelon(Cucumis melo L.)and the incidence rate of Fusarium wilt of muskmelon(FWM),as well as to identify potential biological control agents against FWM,this study conducted both pot and field experiments to evaluate the efficacy of Gongzhulingmycin on FWM and its impact on muskmelon yield.The results indicated that the pathogen carriage rates of different species in muskmelon seeds varied significantly,showing a positive correlation with disease incidence during the seedling stage.The results from pot tests indicated that in comparison to the control,disease indices were significantly reduced following treatment with prochloraz and 100 times Gongzhulingmycin at both 7 days and 14 days post-emergence of FWM symptoms.Concurrently,root growth was enhanced.Field experiment outcomes demonstrated that relative to the control,there was a decrease in FWM incidence during the fruit-setting stage,along with an increase in theoretical output per square kilometer for muskmelon.Although the efficacy of Gongzhulingmycin against FWM was lower than that observed for prochloraz,it exhibited significant effects on biomass enhancement and disease resistance.Therefore,it showed promise as a potential biological control agent for managing FWM.展开更多
Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.batatas(Fob)is a devastating disease threatening global sweet potato production.To elucidate Fob’s pathogenicitymechanisms and informeffective control strategies,we gen...Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.batatas(Fob)is a devastating disease threatening global sweet potato production.To elucidate Fob’s pathogenicitymechanisms and informeffective control strategies,we generated a green fluorescent protein(GFP)-tagged Fob strain to track infection dynamics in sweet potato susceptible cultivar Xinzhonghua and resistant cultivar Xiangshu75-55,respectively.Through cytological observation,we found in the susceptible Xinzhonghua,Fob predominantly colonized stem villi,injured root growth points,and directly invaded vascular bundles through stemwounds.Spore germination peaked at 2-3 h post-inoculation(hpi),followed by cyclical mycelial expansion and sporulation within vascular tissues with sustaining infection.In contrast,the resistant Xiangshu75-55 exhibited strong suppression of Fob:spores rarely germinated in vascular bundles or on trichomes by 3 hpi,and mature hyphae were absent in stems at 24 hpi.Quantitative reverse transcription PCR(qRT-PCR)confirmed significantly higher Fob biomass in Xinzhonghua than in Xiangshu75-55 by 16 hpi.Additionally,transcriptional profiling revealed distinct pathogen-host interactions during the compatible and incompatible reactions.In Xinzhonghua,Fob virulence genes FobPGX1,FobICL1,FobCTF2,FobFUB5 and FobFUB6 were upregulated within 16 hpi.Conversely,host defense genes IbMAPKK9,IbWRKY61,IbWRKY75,IbSWEET10,IbBBX24 and IbPIF4 were activated in Xiangshu75-55 during the same period.This study provides spatiotemporal cytological and molecular insights into Fob pathogenicity and host resistance,offering a foundation for early disease detection and improved Fusarium wilt management in sweet potato.展开更多
Yellow rust(Puccinia striiformis f.sp.Tritici,YR)and fusarium head blight(Fusarium graminearum,FHB)are the two main diseases affecting wheat in the main grain-producing areas of East China,which is common for the two ...Yellow rust(Puccinia striiformis f.sp.Tritici,YR)and fusarium head blight(Fusarium graminearum,FHB)are the two main diseases affecting wheat in the main grain-producing areas of East China,which is common for the two diseases to appear simultaneously in some main production areas.It is necessary to discriminate wheat YR and FHB at the regional scale to accurately locate the disease in space,conduct detailed disease severity monitoring,and scientific control.Four images on different dates were acquired from Sentinel-2,Landsat-8,and Gaofen-1 during the critical period of winter wheat,and 22 remote sensing features that characterize the wheat growth status were then calculated.Meanwhile,6 meteorological parameters that reflect the wheat phenological information were also obtained by combining the site meteorological data and spatial interpolation technology.Then,the principal components(PCs)of comprehensive remote sensing and meteorological features were extracted with principal component analysis(PCA).The PCs-based discrimination models were established to map YR and FHB damage using the random forest(RF)and backpropagation neural network(BPNN).The models’performance was verified based on the disease field truth data(57 plots during the filling period)and 5-fold cross-validation.The results revealed that the PCs obtained after PCA dimensionality reduction outperformed the initial features(IFs)from remote sensing and meteorology in discriminating between the two diseases.Compared to the IFs,the average area under the curve for both micro-average and macro-average ROC curves increased by 0.07 in the PCs-based RF models and increased by 0.16 and 0.13,respectively,in the PCs-based BPNN models.Notably,the PCs-based BPNN discrimination model emerged as the most effective,achieving an overall accuracy of 83.9%.Our proposed discrimination model for wheat YR and FHB,coupled with multi-source remote sensing images and meteorological data,overcomes the limitations of a single-sensor and single-phase remote sensing information in multiple stress discrimination in cloudy and rainy areas.It performs well in revealing the damage spatial distribution of the two diseases at a regional scale,providing a basis for detailed disease severity monitoring,and scientific prevention and control.展开更多
Mycotoxins,toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungus including Aspergillus,Penicillium,and Fusarium,pose considerable threats to food safety and human health worldwide.This review analyzes the main categories of ...Mycotoxins,toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungus including Aspergillus,Penicillium,and Fusarium,pose considerable threats to food safety and human health worldwide.This review analyzes the main categories of mycotoxins—namely aflatoxins,ochratoxins,and fusarium toxins(zearalenone and fumonisins)—along with their health implications,sources of contamination,and environmental circumstances conducive to their production.The document highlights the pressing necessity for efficient management techniques and investigates the use of food polymer-based nanotechnology as an innovative solution.Biopolymeric nanoparticles produced from natural food materials exhibit notable antibacterial characteristics,biodegradability,and the ability to enhance mycotoxin detection and management.This review emphasizes the transformative capacity of nanotechnology based innovative strategies in improving mycotoxin control,providing insights into emerging research avenues and practical applications to bolster food safety systems and keyword co-occurrence analysis,limitations and future perspectives.展开更多
Apple replant disease is a complex soil syndrome that occurs when the same fields are repeatedly utilized for apple orchard cultivation.It can be caused by various pathogens,and Fusarium solani is the main pathogen.Fu...Apple replant disease is a complex soil syndrome that occurs when the same fields are repeatedly utilized for apple orchard cultivation.It can be caused by various pathogens,and Fusarium solani is the main pathogen.Fusarium solani disrupts the structure and function of the orchard soil ecosystem and inhibits the growth and development of apple trees,significantly impacting the quality and yield of apples.In this study,we conducted a transcriptome comparison between uninoculated apple saplings and those inoculated with F:solani.The differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in processes such as response to symbiotic fungus.Plant defensins are antimicrobial peptides,but their roles during F.solani infection remain unclear.We performed a genome-wide identification of apple defensin genes and identified 25 genes with the conserved motif of eight cysteine residues.In wildtype apple rootstock inoculated with F.solani,the root surface cells experienced severe damage,and showed significant differences in the total root length,total root projection area,root tips,root forks,and total root surface area compared to the control group.qRT-PCR analysis revealed that MdDEF3 and MdDEF25 were triggered in response to F.solani infection in apples.Subcellular localization showed specific expression of the MdDEF3-YFP and MdDEF25-YFP proteins on the cell membrane.Overexpressing theMdDEF25-YFP fusiongene enhanced resistance against F.solani in apple,providing a new strategy for the future prevention and biological control of apple replantdisease.展开更多
In yeast,the stress-responsive protein Whi2 interacts with phosphatase Psr1 to form a complex that regulates cell growth,reproduction,infection,and the stress response.However,the roles of Whi2 and Psr1 in Fusarium gr...In yeast,the stress-responsive protein Whi2 interacts with phosphatase Psr1 to form a complex that regulates cell growth,reproduction,infection,and the stress response.However,the roles of Whi2 and Psr1 in Fusarium graminearum remain unclear.In this study,we identified homologous genes of WHI2 and PSR1 in F.graminearum and evaluated their functions by constructing deletion mutants.By comparing the responses of the mutants to different stressors,we found that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 were involved in responding to osmotic,cell wall and cell membrane stresses,while also affecting the sexual and asexual reproduction in F.graminearum.Our studies demonstrated that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 regulate the biosynthesis of ergosterol and the transcriptional level of FgCYP51C,which is a CYP51 paralogues unique to Fusarium species.This study also found that the deoxynivalenol(DON)production of FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 deletion mutants was reduced by≥90%and DON production was positively correlated with the transcriptional levels of FgWHI2 and FgPSR1.In addition,we observed that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 were involved in regulating the sensitivity of F.graminearum to chlorothalonil,fluazinam,azoxystrobin,phenamacril,and oligomycin.This study revealed cross-resistance between chlorothalonil and fluazinam.Meanwhile,chlorothalonil and fluazinam inhibited DON biosynthesis by altering the normal expression of FgWhi2 and FgPsr1.Interestingly,the subcellular localization of FgWhi2 and FgPsr1 was significantly altered after treatment with chlorothalonil and fluazinam,with increased co-localization.Collectively,these findings indicate that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 play crucial roles in stress response mechanisms,reproductive processes,secondary metabolite synthesis,and fungicide sensitivity in F.graminearum.展开更多
Elucidating the microbial mechanisms that trigger Fusarium wilt represents a key step in addressing the barriers to sustainable cropping.However,from the perspective of the complete microbiome,the integrated role of s...Elucidating the microbial mechanisms that trigger Fusarium wilt represents a key step in addressing the barriers to sustainable cropping.However,from the perspective of the complete microbiome,the integrated role of soil nutrients and microbial community in the fields with different rates of wilt disease remains unclear.In this study,we examined the potential interrelationships among the nutrients,bacteria,fungi,and protists in rhizospheric soils collected from the fields with watermelon cropping for 7 years at the Zhuanghang Experimental Station of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China.The soils collected were characterized by a high(HW,81.25%)or low(LW,6.25%)wilting rate.The HW soil was found to contain a higher abundance of Fusarium oxysporum(1.30-fold higher)than the LW soil,along with higher contents of available phosphorus(1.31-fold higher)and available potassium(2.39-fold higher).In addition,the interkingdom correlation between protists and bacteria in the HW soil was 2.08-fold higher than that in the LW soil.Furthermore,structural equation modeling revealed that an excess of soil available potassium enhanced the predation by potentially detrimental phagotrophic protists on potentially beneficial bacteria.In summary,our findings indicated that a balanced nutrient input and the interactions between protists(Cercomonas and Colpoda)and beneficial bacteria(Bacillus)played important roles in controlling the incidence of watermelon Fusarium wilt.展开更多
The use of RNA interference(RNAi)technology to control pests is explored by researchers globally.Even though RNA is a new class of pest control compound unlike conventional chemical pesticides,the evolution of pest re...The use of RNA interference(RNAi)technology to control pests is explored by researchers globally.Even though RNA is a new class of pest control compound unlike conventional chemical pesticides,the evolution of pest resistance needs to be considered.Here,we first investigate RNAi-based biopesticide resistance of Fusarium asiaticum,which is responsible for devastating diseases of plants,for example,Fusarium head blight.Five resistant strains were isolated from 500 strains that treated with UV-mutagenesis.The mutation common to all of the five resistant mutants occurred in the gene encoding Dicer2(point mutations at codon 1005 and 1007),which were under strong purifying selection pressure.To confirm whether the mutations in Dicer2 confer resistance to RNAi,we exchanged the Dicer2 locus between the sensitive strain and the resistant strain by homologous double exchange.The transformed mutants,Dicer2^(R1005D)and Dicer2^(E1007H),exhibited resistance to dsRNA in vitro.Further study showed that mutations of R1005D and E1007H affected the intramolecular interactions of Dicer2,resulting in the dysfunction of RNase III domain of Dicer2.The amount of sRNAs produced by Dicer2^(R1005D)and Dicer2^(E1007H)was extremely reduced along with variation of sRNA length.Together,these findings revealed a new potential mechanism of RNAi resistance and provided insight into RNAi-related biopesticide deployment for fungal control.展开更多
Fusarium graminearum(F.graminearum)is a severe phytopathogen threatening agriculture production and food security.Paeonol,serves as a plant-derived natural component,is a promising antifungal agent.At a concentration ...Fusarium graminearum(F.graminearum)is a severe phytopathogen threatening agriculture production and food security.Paeonol,serves as a plant-derived natural component,is a promising antifungal agent.At a concentration of 0.3125 mg/mL,paeonol was adequate to fully inhibit the growth of F.graminearum mycelia within 3 days.Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FT-IR)analysis showed that paeonol had no impact on the outer surface of F.graminearum cell walls.While propidium iodide staining,extracellular conductivity,and pH value measurements demonstrated that paeonol disrupted the cell membrane.Furthermore,lipid oxidation and osmotic stress responses were observed in F.graminearum treated with paeonol,resulting in a 47.23%rise in malondialdehyde(MDA)levels and a 515.43%increase in glycerol levels.Moreover,on the 7th day after exposure to paeonol treatment,the deoxynivalenol(DON)level was significantly reduced,measuring only onefifth of that in the control group.Finally,paeonol was shown to inhibit F.graminearum on wheat grains and steamed bread slices.These results,for the first time,revealed the inhibitory mode of action of paeonol against F.graminearum as reflected by disruption of cell membrane integrity,induction of lipid oxidation and osmotic pressure,as well as DON biosynthesis.Furthermore,this study provided scientific evidence for the potential applications of paeonol in agriculture and food industry.展开更多
The natural curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation(PDI)was developed,and its inactivation potency against Fusarium graminearum in vitro and in vivo was systematically investigated by fluorescence probe assay,tryp...The natural curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation(PDI)was developed,and its inactivation potency against Fusarium graminearum in vitro and in vivo was systematically investigated by fluorescence probe assay,trypan blue staining,scanning electron microscope(SEM),confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM),etc.Results showed that under the irradiation of blue LED,the photosensitizer of curcumin was excited to generate massive reactive oxygen species(ROS)in the cells of F.graminearum,and the PDI completely inactivated their mycelia and spores under the treatment of 150μM curcumin and 10.8 J/cm^(2)irradiation.Further analysis found that the PDI ruptured the cellular microstructures,damaged the cell membrane by increasing its permeability and oxidizing the lipids,degraded the intracellular DNA and proteins inside the spores of F.graminearum.Meanwhile,the PDI also potently killed>99.99%spores of F.graminearum on maize under the treatment of 200μM curcumin and 10.8 J/cm^(2)irradiation.Moreover,the PDI suppressed the production of zearalenone(ZEN),and residual ZEN could not be detected after the storage of maize for 10 days.Therefore,this study systematically explored the inactivation efficiency of curcumin-mediated PDI against both the mycelia and spores of F.graminearum,which provides a valid and promising method to control the fungal hazards in grains.展开更多
Fusarium head blight(FHB)is a serious fungal disease that affect small grain cereals,causing significant wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)yield and quality losses globally.Breeding disease-resistant wheat varieties is key t...Fusarium head blight(FHB)is a serious fungal disease that affect small grain cereals,causing significant wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)yield and quality losses globally.Breeding disease-resistant wheat varieties is key to address FHB-related challenges,but its progress is delayed by traditional methods due to the small-scale,laborious and relatively subjective nature of manual assessment.This study presents a new approach that combines ultralow-altitude drone phenotyping with an optimized You Only Look Once(YOLO)model to examine FHB in wheat,enabling us to perform large-scale and automated symptomatic analysis of this disease.We first established an Open FHB(OFHB)training dataset,consisting of 4867 diseased and 106,801 healthy spikes collected from 132 commercial breeding lines during FHB progression.Then,a deep learning model called YOLOv8-WFD was trained for detecting healthy and diseased spikes,followed by an adaptive Excess Green method to identify symptomatic regions and thus FHBrelated traits on spikes.To study resistance levels,we employed an unsupervised SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)method to pinpoint key traits between 10 and 20 d after inoculation(DAIs),resulting in the classification of 423 varieties trialed during the 2023–2024 growing seasons into four resistance levels(i.e.,highly and moderately susceptible,and moderately and highly resistant),which were highly correlated with field specialists’evaluations.Finally,we derived disease developmental curves based on measures of key traits during 10–20 DAI,quantifying varietal disease progression patterns over time.To our knowledge,this work represents a significant advancement in large-scale disease phenotyping and automated analysis of FHB in wheat,providing a valuable toolkit for breeders and plant researchers to assess resistance levels,select disease-resistant varieties,and understand dynamics of the fungal disease.展开更多
Fusarium head blight(FHB),mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum,is one of the most destructive fungal diseases affecting global wheat production.Elymus repens(2n=6×=42,StStStStHH),a wild relative of wheat,exhibit...Fusarium head blight(FHB),mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum,is one of the most destructive fungal diseases affecting global wheat production.Elymus repens(2n=6×=42,StStStStHH),a wild relative of wheat,exhibits numerous biotic and abiotic stress resistance characteristics.In previous studies,FHB resistance of E.repens has been transferred into common wheat through a wheat-E.repens partial amphidiploid and derivative lines.This study reports the development,characterization,and breeding utilization of K140-7,a novel wheat-E.repens translocation line conferring resistance to FHB.Genomic in situ hybridization(GISH)and fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)analyses demonstrated that K140-7 contained 40 common wheat chromosomes and two 7D·St translocation chromosomes.Subsequent characterization using oligonucleotide-FISH painting and single-gene FISH markers confirmed that the 7D fragment was a 7D short arm and the St fragment was a 7St long arm.Therefore,K140-7 was further identified as a 7DS·7StL translocation line with genetic compensation.Wheat 55K SNP array analysis of K140-7 demonstrated the 7DS·7StL translocation event.Field evaluations demonstrated that K140-7 exhibits agronomic performance comparable to its wheat parent.Based on St reference genome of Pseudoroegneria libanotica,21 simple sequence repeats(SSR)markers specific to 7StL were developed.Genetic analysis established that 7StL confers FHB resistance and carries the dominant FHB resistance locus,designated as QFhb.Er-7StL.Introgression of QFhb.Er-7StL into elite wheat cultivars has generated three second-generation 7DS·7StL translocation lines with enhanced agronomic traits.This study provides valuable novel germplasms and specific molecular markers for FHB resistance breeding in wheat.展开更多
Fusarium graminearum is a fungal plant pathogen which causes Fusarium head blight(FHB), a devastating diseaseon cereal crops. Here we report that FgPMA1 could be a new target to control FHB by the application of doubl...Fusarium graminearum is a fungal plant pathogen which causes Fusarium head blight(FHB), a devastating diseaseon cereal crops. Here we report that FgPMA1 could be a new target to control FHB by the application of double-stranded RNA(dsRNA) of FgPMA1. FgPMA1 was divided into 6 segments to generated RNA interference(RNAi)constructs(FgPMA1RNAi-1,-2,-3,-4,-5, and-6), and these constructs were transformed in F. graminearum strainPH-1. The expression of FgPMA1 reduced by 18.48, 33.48 and 56.93% in FgPMA1RNAi-1, FgPMA1RNAi-2 and FgPMA1RNAi-5, respectively. FgPMA1RNAi-1,-2, and-5 mutants inhibited fungal development, including mycelium growth, mycelial morphology, asexual and sexual development, and toxin production. The length of lesions on wheat leaves, wheat coleoptiles and wheat ears were shorter after infection with FgPMA1RNAi-1,-2, and-5 mutants thanwild type PH-1. These results showed that three segments(FgPMA1RNAi-1,-2, and-5) exhibited effective silencing effects. After treatment with 25 ng μL^(–1)dsRNA of these segments in vitro, the growth rate of mycelium growth was significant decreased, mycelium became deformed with bulbous structure at the tip, and the mycelium lost the ability to produce conidia in F. graminearum strain PH-1, Fusarium asiacitum strain 2021 and phenamacril-resistant strainYP-1. After application of FgPMA1RNAi-1-dsRNA and FgPMA1RNAi-2-dsRNA to wheat ears, pathogenicity reduced 34.21–35.40%.展开更多
Fusarium head blight(FHB),mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum,is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat worldwide.Identification and validation of major quantitative trait loci(QTLs)for FHB resistance without...Fusarium head blight(FHB),mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum,is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat worldwide.Identification and validation of major quantitative trait loci(QTLs)for FHB resistance without negative effects on agronomic traits is critical to success in breeding FHB-resistant cultivars.In this study,a stable major QTL on chromosome arm 2DL was identified by evaluating a recombinant inbred line(RIL)population derived from Shi4185×Shijiazhuang 8 in both field and greenhouse experiments.QTL mapping and pedigree analyses indicated that the 2DL QTL is the same as QFhb-2DL previously identified in Ji5265;therefore,it was designated Fhb9.Four kompetitive amplicon sequence polymorphism(KASP)markers were developed based on exome capture sequencing data to enhance marker density in the Fhb9 region,and it was delimited to an interval between single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers KASP-12056(533.8 Mb)and KASP-525(525.9 Mb)explained 26.0-30.1%of the phenotypic variation.Analysis of the geographic distribution of the Fhb9 resistance allele suggests that it originated from the Huang-Huai winter wheat region in China.The very low frequency of Fhb9 in modern Chinese cultivars reveals that it has not been widely deployed in breeding programs.Field and greenhouse evaluations of yield-related traits in near-isogenic lines(NILs)contrasting in Fhb9 alleles reveal that the Fhb9 resistance allele have no adverse effects on these traits.Fhb9 showed an additive effect on enhancing FHB resistance with Fhb1.Therefore,Fhb9 is a valuable major QTL for improving FHB resistance in wheat,and the near-diagnostic markers developed in this study will facilitate its deployment in wheat breeding programs.展开更多
Rice bakanae disease(RBD)is a devastating plant disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi.This study aimed to evaluate the potential of cyclobutrifuram,a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor(SDHI),to control RBD,and det...Rice bakanae disease(RBD)is a devastating plant disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi.This study aimed to evaluate the potential of cyclobutrifuram,a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor(SDHI),to control RBD,and determine the risk and mechanism of resistance to cyclobutrifuram in F.fujikuroi.In vitro experiments showed that cyclobutrifuram significantly inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination,and altered the morphology of mycelia and conidia.Treatment with cyclobutrifuram signifcantly decreased mycotoxin production and increased cell membrane permeability in F.fujikuroi.The baseline sensitivity of 72 F.fujikuroi isolates to cyclobutrifuram was determined using mycelial growth and spore germination inhibition assays,which revealed EC50values of 0.0114-0.1304 and 0.0012-0.016μg mL^(-1),with mean EC50values of(0.0410±0.0470)and(0.0038±0.0015)μg mL^(-1),respectively.Pot experiments demonstrated that the protective effect of cyclobutrifluram against F.fujikuroi was more significant than that of phenamacril and azoxystrobin,indicating that cyclobutrifuram is a promising antifungal agent for the control of RBD.Six cyclobutrifuramresistant mutants of F.fujikuroi were obtained via fungicide adaptation.Moreover,these mutants exhibited weaker ftness than their parental isolate and positive cross-resistance with other SDHI fungicides,including pydifumetofen and penfufen;however,no cross-resistance was detected with other classes of fungicides,including phenamacril,fudioxonil,prochloraz,or azoxystrobin.These results indicated that the resistance risk of F.fujikuroi to cyclobutrifuram might be moderate.Sequencing analysis revealed that mutations,including H248D in Ff Sdh B,A83V in Ff Sdh C2,and S106F and E166K in Ff Sdh D,contributed to resistance,which was confrmed by molecular docking and homologous replacement experiments.The results suggest a high potential for cyclobutrifuram to control RBD and a moderate resistance risk of F.fujikuroi to cyclobutrifuram,which are meaningful fndings for the scientifc application of cyclobutrifuram.展开更多
The velvet protein family serves as a crucial factor in coordinating development and secondary metabolism in numerous pathogenic fungi.However,no previous research has examined the function of the velvet protein famil...The velvet protein family serves as a crucial factor in coordinating development and secondary metabolism in numerous pathogenic fungi.However,no previous research has examined the function of the velvet protein family in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum(FON),a pathogen causing a highly destructive disease in watermelon.In this study,∆fovel1 and∆folae1 deletion mutants and∆fovel1-C and∆folae1-C corresponding complementation mutants of FON were validated.Additionally,the phenotypic,biochemical,and virulence effects of the deletion mutants were investigated.Compared to the wild-type strains,the∆fovel1 and∆folae1 mutants exhibited altered mycelial phenotype,reduced conidiation,and decreased production of bikaverin and fusaric acid.Furthermore,their virulence on watermelon plant roots significantly decreased.All these alterations in mutants were restored in corresponding complementation strains.Notably,yeast two-hybrid results demonstrated an interaction between FoVel1 and FoLae1.This study reveals that FoVEL1 and FoLAE1 play essential roles in secondary metabolism,conidiation,and virulence in FON.These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic and functional roles of VEL1 and LAE1 in pathogenic fungi.展开更多
基金financially funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2004205)the China Agricultural University-Syngenta Project.
文摘Fusarium ear rot(FER),caused by Fusarium verticillioides,is a destructive fungal disease of maize.FER resistance is a complex,quantitatively inherited trait controlled by multiple minor-effect genes.In this study,we employed two recombinant inbred line(RIL)populations with the common resistant parental line CML304 to identify FER-resistance loci.Initial QTL analysis identified 23 FER-resistance QTL,each explaining 5.21%-30.51%of the total phenotypic variation.Notably,one major QTL,qRfv2,on chromosome 2 was repeatedly detected,accounting for 11.92%-30.51%of the total phenotypic variation.qRfv2 was fine mapped to an interval of 1.01 Mb,flanked by the markers IDP8 and IDP10.qRfv2 is a semidominant resistance gene that could reduce the disease severity index(DSI)by 12.4%-20%,suggesting its potential for enhancing FER resistance in maize.Transcriptome analysis showed that 22 of the 28 annotated functional genes in the qRfv2 region displayed differential expression between parental lines in response to FER.One of the candidate genes,ZmLOX6,was validated to presumably provide a positive effect on FER resistance.Our study provides a basis for the potential cloning and application of FER resistance genes in maize breeding.
基金Supported by the Key Research and Development Project of the Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province(20230203175SF)。
文摘In order to elucidate the relationship between the pathogen carriage rate in seeds of muskmelon(Cucumis melo L.)and the incidence rate of Fusarium wilt of muskmelon(FWM),as well as to identify potential biological control agents against FWM,this study conducted both pot and field experiments to evaluate the efficacy of Gongzhulingmycin on FWM and its impact on muskmelon yield.The results indicated that the pathogen carriage rates of different species in muskmelon seeds varied significantly,showing a positive correlation with disease incidence during the seedling stage.The results from pot tests indicated that in comparison to the control,disease indices were significantly reduced following treatment with prochloraz and 100 times Gongzhulingmycin at both 7 days and 14 days post-emergence of FWM symptoms.Concurrently,root growth was enhanced.Field experiment outcomes demonstrated that relative to the control,there was a decrease in FWM incidence during the fruit-setting stage,along with an increase in theoretical output per square kilometer for muskmelon.Although the efficacy of Gongzhulingmycin against FWM was lower than that observed for prochloraz,it exhibited significant effects on biomass enhancement and disease resistance.Therefore,it showed promise as a potential biological control agent for managing FWM.
基金supported by the following grants,Earmarked fund for CARS-10-Sweet potato,High-quality development of agriculture“5511”collaborative innovation project(XTCXGC2021005)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian province(2021J01495)+1 种基金Basic Scientific Research Special Project for Fujian Provincial Public Research Institutes(2021R1031008)Science and Technology Innovation Team of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CXTD2021012-1).
文摘Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.batatas(Fob)is a devastating disease threatening global sweet potato production.To elucidate Fob’s pathogenicitymechanisms and informeffective control strategies,we generated a green fluorescent protein(GFP)-tagged Fob strain to track infection dynamics in sweet potato susceptible cultivar Xinzhonghua and resistant cultivar Xiangshu75-55,respectively.Through cytological observation,we found in the susceptible Xinzhonghua,Fob predominantly colonized stem villi,injured root growth points,and directly invaded vascular bundles through stemwounds.Spore germination peaked at 2-3 h post-inoculation(hpi),followed by cyclical mycelial expansion and sporulation within vascular tissues with sustaining infection.In contrast,the resistant Xiangshu75-55 exhibited strong suppression of Fob:spores rarely germinated in vascular bundles or on trichomes by 3 hpi,and mature hyphae were absent in stems at 24 hpi.Quantitative reverse transcription PCR(qRT-PCR)confirmed significantly higher Fob biomass in Xinzhonghua than in Xiangshu75-55 by 16 hpi.Additionally,transcriptional profiling revealed distinct pathogen-host interactions during the compatible and incompatible reactions.In Xinzhonghua,Fob virulence genes FobPGX1,FobICL1,FobCTF2,FobFUB5 and FobFUB6 were upregulated within 16 hpi.Conversely,host defense genes IbMAPKK9,IbWRKY61,IbWRKY75,IbSWEET10,IbBBX24 and IbPIF4 were activated in Xiangshu75-55 during the same period.This study provides spatiotemporal cytological and molecular insights into Fob pathogenicity and host resistance,offering a foundation for early disease detection and improved Fusarium wilt management in sweet potato.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD2000100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42401400)Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Program(2023C02018).
文摘Yellow rust(Puccinia striiformis f.sp.Tritici,YR)and fusarium head blight(Fusarium graminearum,FHB)are the two main diseases affecting wheat in the main grain-producing areas of East China,which is common for the two diseases to appear simultaneously in some main production areas.It is necessary to discriminate wheat YR and FHB at the regional scale to accurately locate the disease in space,conduct detailed disease severity monitoring,and scientific control.Four images on different dates were acquired from Sentinel-2,Landsat-8,and Gaofen-1 during the critical period of winter wheat,and 22 remote sensing features that characterize the wheat growth status were then calculated.Meanwhile,6 meteorological parameters that reflect the wheat phenological information were also obtained by combining the site meteorological data and spatial interpolation technology.Then,the principal components(PCs)of comprehensive remote sensing and meteorological features were extracted with principal component analysis(PCA).The PCs-based discrimination models were established to map YR and FHB damage using the random forest(RF)and backpropagation neural network(BPNN).The models’performance was verified based on the disease field truth data(57 plots during the filling period)and 5-fold cross-validation.The results revealed that the PCs obtained after PCA dimensionality reduction outperformed the initial features(IFs)from remote sensing and meteorology in discriminating between the two diseases.Compared to the IFs,the average area under the curve for both micro-average and macro-average ROC curves increased by 0.07 in the PCs-based RF models and increased by 0.16 and 0.13,respectively,in the PCs-based BPNN models.Notably,the PCs-based BPNN discrimination model emerged as the most effective,achieving an overall accuracy of 83.9%.Our proposed discrimination model for wheat YR and FHB,coupled with multi-source remote sensing images and meteorological data,overcomes the limitations of a single-sensor and single-phase remote sensing information in multiple stress discrimination in cloudy and rainy areas.It performs well in revealing the damage spatial distribution of the two diseases at a regional scale,providing a basis for detailed disease severity monitoring,and scientific prevention and control.
基金Financial support for this study is acknowledged by the University of Sri Jayewardenepura,Sri Lanka under the research grant number RC/URG/SCI/2024/12。
文摘Mycotoxins,toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungus including Aspergillus,Penicillium,and Fusarium,pose considerable threats to food safety and human health worldwide.This review analyzes the main categories of mycotoxins—namely aflatoxins,ochratoxins,and fusarium toxins(zearalenone and fumonisins)—along with their health implications,sources of contamination,and environmental circumstances conducive to their production.The document highlights the pressing necessity for efficient management techniques and investigates the use of food polymer-based nanotechnology as an innovative solution.Biopolymeric nanoparticles produced from natural food materials exhibit notable antibacterial characteristics,biodegradability,and the ability to enhance mycotoxin detection and management.This review emphasizes the transformative capacity of nanotechnology based innovative strategies in improving mycotoxin control,providing insights into emerging research avenues and practical applications to bolster food safety systems and keyword co-occurrence analysis,limitations and future perspectives.
基金supported by a project grant from the Key Research and Development and Promotion Projects of Henan Province,China(212102110113)the Special Fund for Henan Agriculture Research System,China(HARS-22-09-Z2).
文摘Apple replant disease is a complex soil syndrome that occurs when the same fields are repeatedly utilized for apple orchard cultivation.It can be caused by various pathogens,and Fusarium solani is the main pathogen.Fusarium solani disrupts the structure and function of the orchard soil ecosystem and inhibits the growth and development of apple trees,significantly impacting the quality and yield of apples.In this study,we conducted a transcriptome comparison between uninoculated apple saplings and those inoculated with F:solani.The differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in processes such as response to symbiotic fungus.Plant defensins are antimicrobial peptides,but their roles during F.solani infection remain unclear.We performed a genome-wide identification of apple defensin genes and identified 25 genes with the conserved motif of eight cysteine residues.In wildtype apple rootstock inoculated with F.solani,the root surface cells experienced severe damage,and showed significant differences in the total root length,total root projection area,root tips,root forks,and total root surface area compared to the control group.qRT-PCR analysis revealed that MdDEF3 and MdDEF25 were triggered in response to F.solani infection in apples.Subcellular localization showed specific expression of the MdDEF3-YFP and MdDEF25-YFP proteins on the cell membrane.Overexpressing theMdDEF25-YFP fusiongene enhanced resistance against F.solani in apple,providing a new strategy for the future prevention and biological control of apple replantdisease.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1400100)the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund,China(CX(21)2037)+1 种基金the Guidance Foundation of the Hainan Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University,China(NAUSY-MS03)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,China(KYCX20_0596)。
文摘In yeast,the stress-responsive protein Whi2 interacts with phosphatase Psr1 to form a complex that regulates cell growth,reproduction,infection,and the stress response.However,the roles of Whi2 and Psr1 in Fusarium graminearum remain unclear.In this study,we identified homologous genes of WHI2 and PSR1 in F.graminearum and evaluated their functions by constructing deletion mutants.By comparing the responses of the mutants to different stressors,we found that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 were involved in responding to osmotic,cell wall and cell membrane stresses,while also affecting the sexual and asexual reproduction in F.graminearum.Our studies demonstrated that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 regulate the biosynthesis of ergosterol and the transcriptional level of FgCYP51C,which is a CYP51 paralogues unique to Fusarium species.This study also found that the deoxynivalenol(DON)production of FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 deletion mutants was reduced by≥90%and DON production was positively correlated with the transcriptional levels of FgWHI2 and FgPSR1.In addition,we observed that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 were involved in regulating the sensitivity of F.graminearum to chlorothalonil,fluazinam,azoxystrobin,phenamacril,and oligomycin.This study revealed cross-resistance between chlorothalonil and fluazinam.Meanwhile,chlorothalonil and fluazinam inhibited DON biosynthesis by altering the normal expression of FgWhi2 and FgPsr1.Interestingly,the subcellular localization of FgWhi2 and FgPsr1 was significantly altered after treatment with chlorothalonil and fluazinam,with increased co-localization.Collectively,these findings indicate that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 play crucial roles in stress response mechanisms,reproductive processes,secondary metabolite synthesis,and fungicide sensitivity in F.graminearum.
基金supported by Ningbo Science and Technology Bureau,China(Nos.2021Z0472021Z04)+3 种基金the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Zhejiang Province,China(No.2022SNJF024)the Outstanding Team Program of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science 425,China(No.Hu-Nong-Ke-Zhuo 2022(008))the National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment,Fengxian,China(No.NAES035AE03)the K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University,China。
文摘Elucidating the microbial mechanisms that trigger Fusarium wilt represents a key step in addressing the barriers to sustainable cropping.However,from the perspective of the complete microbiome,the integrated role of soil nutrients and microbial community in the fields with different rates of wilt disease remains unclear.In this study,we examined the potential interrelationships among the nutrients,bacteria,fungi,and protists in rhizospheric soils collected from the fields with watermelon cropping for 7 years at the Zhuanghang Experimental Station of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China.The soils collected were characterized by a high(HW,81.25%)or low(LW,6.25%)wilting rate.The HW soil was found to contain a higher abundance of Fusarium oxysporum(1.30-fold higher)than the LW soil,along with higher contents of available phosphorus(1.31-fold higher)and available potassium(2.39-fold higher).In addition,the interkingdom correlation between protists and bacteria in the HW soil was 2.08-fold higher than that in the LW soil.Furthermore,structural equation modeling revealed that an excess of soil available potassium enhanced the predation by potentially detrimental phagotrophic protists on potentially beneficial bacteria.In summary,our findings indicated that a balanced nutrient input and the interactions between protists(Cercomonas and Colpoda)and beneficial bacteria(Bacillus)played important roles in controlling the incidence of watermelon Fusarium wilt.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372585)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20231471)the National Training Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates,China(202210307013Z)。
文摘The use of RNA interference(RNAi)technology to control pests is explored by researchers globally.Even though RNA is a new class of pest control compound unlike conventional chemical pesticides,the evolution of pest resistance needs to be considered.Here,we first investigate RNAi-based biopesticide resistance of Fusarium asiaticum,which is responsible for devastating diseases of plants,for example,Fusarium head blight.Five resistant strains were isolated from 500 strains that treated with UV-mutagenesis.The mutation common to all of the five resistant mutants occurred in the gene encoding Dicer2(point mutations at codon 1005 and 1007),which were under strong purifying selection pressure.To confirm whether the mutations in Dicer2 confer resistance to RNAi,we exchanged the Dicer2 locus between the sensitive strain and the resistant strain by homologous double exchange.The transformed mutants,Dicer2^(R1005D)and Dicer2^(E1007H),exhibited resistance to dsRNA in vitro.Further study showed that mutations of R1005D and E1007H affected the intramolecular interactions of Dicer2,resulting in the dysfunction of RNase III domain of Dicer2.The amount of sRNAs produced by Dicer2^(R1005D)and Dicer2^(E1007H)was extremely reduced along with variation of sRNA length.Together,these findings revealed a new potential mechanism of RNAi resistance and provided insight into RNAi-related biopesticide deployment for fungal control.
基金support from the Grain,Oil,and Food Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Grain and Reserves Administration/Key Laboratory of Henan Province(GO202206)the Cultivation Program for Young Backbone Teachers at Henan University of Technology+3 种基金the Key R&D Projects in Henan Province(231111113300)Double First-Class Discipline Construction Program of Henan University of Technology(0517-24410014)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF1104600)Joint Research Fund for science and technology R&D Projects of Henan Province(225200810066).
文摘Fusarium graminearum(F.graminearum)is a severe phytopathogen threatening agriculture production and food security.Paeonol,serves as a plant-derived natural component,is a promising antifungal agent.At a concentration of 0.3125 mg/mL,paeonol was adequate to fully inhibit the growth of F.graminearum mycelia within 3 days.Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FT-IR)analysis showed that paeonol had no impact on the outer surface of F.graminearum cell walls.While propidium iodide staining,extracellular conductivity,and pH value measurements demonstrated that paeonol disrupted the cell membrane.Furthermore,lipid oxidation and osmotic stress responses were observed in F.graminearum treated with paeonol,resulting in a 47.23%rise in malondialdehyde(MDA)levels and a 515.43%increase in glycerol levels.Moreover,on the 7th day after exposure to paeonol treatment,the deoxynivalenol(DON)level was significantly reduced,measuring only onefifth of that in the control group.Finally,paeonol was shown to inhibit F.graminearum on wheat grains and steamed bread slices.These results,for the first time,revealed the inhibitory mode of action of paeonol against F.graminearum as reflected by disruption of cell membrane integrity,induction of lipid oxidation and osmotic pressure,as well as DON biosynthesis.Furthermore,this study provided scientific evidence for the potential applications of paeonol in agriculture and food industry.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFE0139500)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32102105)+3 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A15150130262023A1515140136)Special Projects in Key Areas of Higher Education Institution in Guangdong Province(2024ZDZX2090)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing(2022B1212010015)。
文摘The natural curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation(PDI)was developed,and its inactivation potency against Fusarium graminearum in vitro and in vivo was systematically investigated by fluorescence probe assay,trypan blue staining,scanning electron microscope(SEM),confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM),etc.Results showed that under the irradiation of blue LED,the photosensitizer of curcumin was excited to generate massive reactive oxygen species(ROS)in the cells of F.graminearum,and the PDI completely inactivated their mycelia and spores under the treatment of 150μM curcumin and 10.8 J/cm^(2)irradiation.Further analysis found that the PDI ruptured the cellular microstructures,damaged the cell membrane by increasing its permeability and oxidizing the lipids,degraded the intracellular DNA and proteins inside the spores of F.graminearum.Meanwhile,the PDI also potently killed>99.99%spores of F.graminearum on maize under the treatment of 200μM curcumin and 10.8 J/cm^(2)irradiation.Moreover,the PDI suppressed the production of zearalenone(ZEN),and residual ZEN could not be detected after the storage of maize for 10 days.Therefore,this study systematically explored the inactivation efficiency of curcumin-mediated PDI against both the mycelia and spores of F.graminearum,which provides a valid and promising method to control the fungal hazards in grains.
基金supported by the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZD04025 to Xiu’e Wang)the Seed Industry Revitalization Project of Jiangsu Province(JBGS(2021)006 to Xiu’e Wang)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070400 to Ji Zhou)Ji Zhou,Robert Jackson,and Greg Deakin were partially supported by the Allan&Gill Gray Foundation’Sustainable Productivity for Crop Improvement(G118688 to the University of Cambridge and Q-20-0370 to NIAB)Ji Zhou was supported by the United Kingdom Research and Innovation’s(UKRI)Biotechnology and Bio logical Sciences Research Council(BBSRC)AI in Bioscience Grant(BB/Y513969/1 to Ji Zhou)The UK-China research activities were supported by the BBSRC’s International Partnership Grant(BB/Y514081/1 to NIAB)
文摘Fusarium head blight(FHB)is a serious fungal disease that affect small grain cereals,causing significant wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)yield and quality losses globally.Breeding disease-resistant wheat varieties is key to address FHB-related challenges,but its progress is delayed by traditional methods due to the small-scale,laborious and relatively subjective nature of manual assessment.This study presents a new approach that combines ultralow-altitude drone phenotyping with an optimized You Only Look Once(YOLO)model to examine FHB in wheat,enabling us to perform large-scale and automated symptomatic analysis of this disease.We first established an Open FHB(OFHB)training dataset,consisting of 4867 diseased and 106,801 healthy spikes collected from 132 commercial breeding lines during FHB progression.Then,a deep learning model called YOLOv8-WFD was trained for detecting healthy and diseased spikes,followed by an adaptive Excess Green method to identify symptomatic regions and thus FHBrelated traits on spikes.To study resistance levels,we employed an unsupervised SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)method to pinpoint key traits between 10 and 20 d after inoculation(DAIs),resulting in the classification of 423 varieties trialed during the 2023–2024 growing seasons into four resistance levels(i.e.,highly and moderately susceptible,and moderately and highly resistant),which were highly correlated with field specialists’evaluations.Finally,we derived disease developmental curves based on measures of key traits during 10–20 DAI,quantifying varietal disease progression patterns over time.To our knowledge,this work represents a significant advancement in large-scale disease phenotyping and automated analysis of FHB in wheat,providing a valuable toolkit for breeders and plant researchers to assess resistance levels,select disease-resistant varieties,and understand dynamics of the fungal disease.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971883 and 32200180)the Major Program of National Agricultural Science and Technology of China(NK20220607)+2 种基金the Special Projects of the Central Government in Guidance of Local Science and Technology Development,China(2023ZYD0088)the Science and Technology Bureau of Sichuan Province,China(2021YFYZ0002,2022ZDZX0014,2023NSFSC1995,and 2022YFSY0035)the Science and Technology Bureau of Chengdu City,China(2022-YF05-00449-SN).
文摘Fusarium head blight(FHB),mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum,is one of the most destructive fungal diseases affecting global wheat production.Elymus repens(2n=6×=42,StStStStHH),a wild relative of wheat,exhibits numerous biotic and abiotic stress resistance characteristics.In previous studies,FHB resistance of E.repens has been transferred into common wheat through a wheat-E.repens partial amphidiploid and derivative lines.This study reports the development,characterization,and breeding utilization of K140-7,a novel wheat-E.repens translocation line conferring resistance to FHB.Genomic in situ hybridization(GISH)and fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)analyses demonstrated that K140-7 contained 40 common wheat chromosomes and two 7D·St translocation chromosomes.Subsequent characterization using oligonucleotide-FISH painting and single-gene FISH markers confirmed that the 7D fragment was a 7D short arm and the St fragment was a 7St long arm.Therefore,K140-7 was further identified as a 7DS·7StL translocation line with genetic compensation.Wheat 55K SNP array analysis of K140-7 demonstrated the 7DS·7StL translocation event.Field evaluations demonstrated that K140-7 exhibits agronomic performance comparable to its wheat parent.Based on St reference genome of Pseudoroegneria libanotica,21 simple sequence repeats(SSR)markers specific to 7StL were developed.Genetic analysis established that 7StL confers FHB resistance and carries the dominant FHB resistance locus,designated as QFhb.Er-7StL.Introgression of QFhb.Er-7StL into elite wheat cultivars has generated three second-generation 7DS·7StL translocation lines with enhanced agronomic traits.This study provides valuable novel germplasms and specific molecular markers for FHB resistance breeding in wheat.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32272585)the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFD1400900)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (KYCXJC2023003)。
文摘Fusarium graminearum is a fungal plant pathogen which causes Fusarium head blight(FHB), a devastating diseaseon cereal crops. Here we report that FgPMA1 could be a new target to control FHB by the application of double-stranded RNA(dsRNA) of FgPMA1. FgPMA1 was divided into 6 segments to generated RNA interference(RNAi)constructs(FgPMA1RNAi-1,-2,-3,-4,-5, and-6), and these constructs were transformed in F. graminearum strainPH-1. The expression of FgPMA1 reduced by 18.48, 33.48 and 56.93% in FgPMA1RNAi-1, FgPMA1RNAi-2 and FgPMA1RNAi-5, respectively. FgPMA1RNAi-1,-2, and-5 mutants inhibited fungal development, including mycelium growth, mycelial morphology, asexual and sexual development, and toxin production. The length of lesions on wheat leaves, wheat coleoptiles and wheat ears were shorter after infection with FgPMA1RNAi-1,-2, and-5 mutants thanwild type PH-1. These results showed that three segments(FgPMA1RNAi-1,-2, and-5) exhibited effective silencing effects. After treatment with 25 ng μL^(–1)dsRNA of these segments in vitro, the growth rate of mycelium growth was significant decreased, mycelium became deformed with bulbous structure at the tip, and the mycelium lost the ability to produce conidia in F. graminearum strain PH-1, Fusarium asiacitum strain 2021 and phenamacril-resistant strainYP-1. After application of FgPMA1RNAi-1-dsRNA and FgPMA1RNAi-2-dsRNA to wheat ears, pathogenicity reduced 34.21–35.40%.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1201502)partially funded by the Talent Funds of China Agricultural University(2021RC009)the US Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative.
文摘Fusarium head blight(FHB),mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum,is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat worldwide.Identification and validation of major quantitative trait loci(QTLs)for FHB resistance without negative effects on agronomic traits is critical to success in breeding FHB-resistant cultivars.In this study,a stable major QTL on chromosome arm 2DL was identified by evaluating a recombinant inbred line(RIL)population derived from Shi4185×Shijiazhuang 8 in both field and greenhouse experiments.QTL mapping and pedigree analyses indicated that the 2DL QTL is the same as QFhb-2DL previously identified in Ji5265;therefore,it was designated Fhb9.Four kompetitive amplicon sequence polymorphism(KASP)markers were developed based on exome capture sequencing data to enhance marker density in the Fhb9 region,and it was delimited to an interval between single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers KASP-12056(533.8 Mb)and KASP-525(525.9 Mb)explained 26.0-30.1%of the phenotypic variation.Analysis of the geographic distribution of the Fhb9 resistance allele suggests that it originated from the Huang-Huai winter wheat region in China.The very low frequency of Fhb9 in modern Chinese cultivars reveals that it has not been widely deployed in breeding programs.Field and greenhouse evaluations of yield-related traits in near-isogenic lines(NILs)contrasting in Fhb9 alleles reveal that the Fhb9 resistance allele have no adverse effects on these traits.Fhb9 showed an additive effect on enhancing FHB resistance with Fhb1.Therefore,Fhb9 is a valuable major QTL for improving FHB resistance in wheat,and the near-diagnostic markers developed in this study will facilitate its deployment in wheat breeding programs.
基金the National Natural Science Fundation of China(32302392)the Key Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Provincial Department of Education,China(2022AH050877 and 2023AH040129)+4 种基金the Programs for the Scientific Research Activities of Academic and Technical Leaders of Anhui Province,China(2020D251)the Development Fund for Talent Personnel of Anhui Agricultural University,China(rc342006 and rc342008)the University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province,China(GXXT-2021-059)the Grants from Anhui Agricultural University,China(2020zd27)the Anhui Province Agricultural Eco-Environmental Protection and Quality Safety Industry Technology System,China。
文摘Rice bakanae disease(RBD)is a devastating plant disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi.This study aimed to evaluate the potential of cyclobutrifuram,a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor(SDHI),to control RBD,and determine the risk and mechanism of resistance to cyclobutrifuram in F.fujikuroi.In vitro experiments showed that cyclobutrifuram significantly inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination,and altered the morphology of mycelia and conidia.Treatment with cyclobutrifuram signifcantly decreased mycotoxin production and increased cell membrane permeability in F.fujikuroi.The baseline sensitivity of 72 F.fujikuroi isolates to cyclobutrifuram was determined using mycelial growth and spore germination inhibition assays,which revealed EC50values of 0.0114-0.1304 and 0.0012-0.016μg mL^(-1),with mean EC50values of(0.0410±0.0470)and(0.0038±0.0015)μg mL^(-1),respectively.Pot experiments demonstrated that the protective effect of cyclobutrifluram against F.fujikuroi was more significant than that of phenamacril and azoxystrobin,indicating that cyclobutrifuram is a promising antifungal agent for the control of RBD.Six cyclobutrifuramresistant mutants of F.fujikuroi were obtained via fungicide adaptation.Moreover,these mutants exhibited weaker ftness than their parental isolate and positive cross-resistance with other SDHI fungicides,including pydifumetofen and penfufen;however,no cross-resistance was detected with other classes of fungicides,including phenamacril,fudioxonil,prochloraz,or azoxystrobin.These results indicated that the resistance risk of F.fujikuroi to cyclobutrifuram might be moderate.Sequencing analysis revealed that mutations,including H248D in Ff Sdh B,A83V in Ff Sdh C2,and S106F and E166K in Ff Sdh D,contributed to resistance,which was confrmed by molecular docking and homologous replacement experiments.The results suggest a high potential for cyclobutrifuram to control RBD and a moderate resistance risk of F.fujikuroi to cyclobutrifuram,which are meaningful fndings for the scientifc application of cyclobutrifuram.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072461)the Open Foundation of Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Nematology,China(2021-SKL-01).
文摘The velvet protein family serves as a crucial factor in coordinating development and secondary metabolism in numerous pathogenic fungi.However,no previous research has examined the function of the velvet protein family in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum(FON),a pathogen causing a highly destructive disease in watermelon.In this study,∆fovel1 and∆folae1 deletion mutants and∆fovel1-C and∆folae1-C corresponding complementation mutants of FON were validated.Additionally,the phenotypic,biochemical,and virulence effects of the deletion mutants were investigated.Compared to the wild-type strains,the∆fovel1 and∆folae1 mutants exhibited altered mycelial phenotype,reduced conidiation,and decreased production of bikaverin and fusaric acid.Furthermore,their virulence on watermelon plant roots significantly decreased.All these alterations in mutants were restored in corresponding complementation strains.Notably,yeast two-hybrid results demonstrated an interaction between FoVel1 and FoLae1.This study reveals that FoVEL1 and FoLAE1 play essential roles in secondary metabolism,conidiation,and virulence in FON.These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic and functional roles of VEL1 and LAE1 in pathogenic fungi.
