Plant roots interact with diverse fungi that are essential for maintaining the productivity and sustainability of pasture ecosystems,but how these root-associated fungi(RAF)differ between forage species and how they r...Plant roots interact with diverse fungi that are essential for maintaining the productivity and sustainability of pasture ecosystems,but how these root-associated fungi(RAF)differ between forage species and how they respond to nutrient enrichment and fungicide application are not well understood.Here,we constructed an 11-year experiment involving fungicide application(with or without)nested within four levels of experimental nitrogen(N)addition treatments in an alpine pasture,and the RAF communities,root traits,tissue nutrients,and shoot biomass of two dominant forage species(Carex capillifolia and Elymus nutans)were analyzed.The RAF community composition showed striking differences between the plant species and was strongly affected by both N addition level and fungicide applications.Fungicide,but not N application,dramatically reduced the RAF richness of all functional guilds in both plant species,and fungicide also simplified the co-occurrence network of the RAF for C.capillifolia.The RAF community correlated strongly with root traits,whereas their relationships became weakened or even vanished at the level of the individual plant species.The importance of RAF to plant nutrients and productivity varied between plant species,with significant contributions in C.capillifolia but not in E.nutans.This is the first report elucidating the long-term effect of fungicides on RAF in alpine pastures,and our findings emphasize the host-specific responses of RAF community structure and function to anthropogenic disturbances.展开更多
Over the last few decades, dengue fever epidemics have increased in frequency and intensity worldwide, making it a major global concern for public health. Its prevention, which is essentially vector-based control, is ...Over the last few decades, dengue fever epidemics have increased in frequency and intensity worldwide, making it a major global concern for public health. Its prevention, which is essentially vector-based control, is already being compromised by reports of resistance of the main vector Aedes aegypti to insecticides. To tackle the rapid increase in insecticide resistance and outbreaks, the biological vector control is a promising approach. One of the strategies of this approach is the use of entomopathogenic fungi because of their great efficacy and their eco-friendly aspects. However, some aspects of their use, such as the low efficiency, the high cost of production and the sensitivity to various adverse conditions, need to be addressed for their successful large-scale application. Therefore, innovative technologies based on strains of transgenic fungi with improved biocontrol potentials by genetic engineering are actively pursued. Although these modified mycoinsecticides are acclaimed for their better effectiveness against target insects, the main concern remains their potential adverse effects on the environment and human health. The present review is dedicated to giving an update on recent developments in transgenic entomopathogenic fungi (TEF) for Aedes mosquito control. Future perspectives are also proposed to address the safety concerns related to the release of transgenic entomopathogenic fungi into the environment.展开更多
Fall Armyworms (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda, particularly in maize crops, is a major agricultural pest. Current control methods rely heavily on chemical pesticides, which are costly and harmful to non-target organisms....Fall Armyworms (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda, particularly in maize crops, is a major agricultural pest. Current control methods rely heavily on chemical pesticides, which are costly and harmful to non-target organisms. To provide a sustainable alternative, the research isolated indigenous Entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium sp. and Trichoderma sp., from FAW-infested areas. The fungi were tested for virulence against FAW and a non-target insect, Cirina butyrospermi. Results showed that Metarhizium sp. FAW was highly effective in killing FAW while sparing Cirina butyrospermi, demonstrating its potential as a biological control agent. In addition, FAW infected with Metarhizium sp. exhibited a significant reduction in food consumption. The study highlights the potential use of indigenous fungi in integrated pest management systems, reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides and supporting sustainable agriculture. Further research is needed to understand the interaction of these promising Metarhizum strains with soil microbiota and their long-term efficacy in field conditions.展开更多
Background The composition and relative abundances of intestinal microbiota are closely related to animal growth,development and health.This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the spatial distribution and temp...Background The composition and relative abundances of intestinal microbiota are closely related to animal growth,development and health.This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of intestinal fungi in pigs,with a focus on fungal alterations associated with diarrhea.Methods Intestinal digesta from duodenum,jejunum,ileum,cecum,colon and feces of 8 finishing pigs(180 days old)were collected.Fecal samples were also collected from 18 pigs across different growth stages,including lactation(3 d),nursery(26 d,35 d,49 d),growing(120 d)and finishing(180 d).Additionally,feces were collected from 32 diarrheal and 32 healthy piglets at 28 days old.Fungal community profiling in these samples was performed using internal transcribed spacer(ITS)sequencing.Results A total of 9,224 amplicon sequence variants(ASVs)were detected in all of 220 samples.Intestinal fungal diversity exhibited clear biogeographic patterns,with significantly lower richness and Shannon index in the ileum(P<0.05)and significantly higher richness in the large intestine and feces(P<0.05).The fungal community structure also varied significantly across intestinal segments,with Kazachstania dominating in the ileum and Geotrichum in the duodenum and jejunum.Across growth stages,fecal fungal diversity increased after weaning.PCoA results revealed that fungal structure exhibited significant temporal changes(R=0.7313,P=0.001),with the core fungal taxa dominated by Diutina catenulata,Aspergillus restrictus and Tahromyces munnarensis.In addition,by comparing the fungal community of piglets with and without diarrhea,the richness and Shannon index were significantly higher in the diarrheal piglets than those in healthy piglets(P<0.05)with Kazachstania,Diutina and Aspergillus enriched in diarrheal piglets and Geotrichum,Tahromyces and Piromyces in healthy piglets.Conclusions The intestinal fungal community in pigs shows distinct spatial variation,with greater diversity in the large intestine.Fungal composition shifts dynamically with age,particularly around the weaning transition.This study highlights specific fungal taxa associated with diarrhea caused by weaning stress,offering new insights into the interplay between gut fungi and pig health.展开更多
Tree endophytic fungi play an important role in reducing insect herbivory,either by repelling them or kill-ing them directly.Identifying which fungi show such activ-ity could lead to new environmentally friendly pesti...Tree endophytic fungi play an important role in reducing insect herbivory,either by repelling them or kill-ing them directly.Identifying which fungi show such activ-ity could lead to new environmentally friendly pesticides.In this study,the Mediterranean basin climate conditions are projected to harshen in the next decades,will increase vulnerability of tree species to pest invasions.Endophytic fungi were isolated from wood and leaves of Quercus pyr-enaica,Q.ilex and Q.suber and tested for virulence against adults of the mealworm beetle,Tenebrio molitor L.using a direct contact method.Only 3 of 111 sporulating isolates had entomopathogenic activity,all identified as Lecanicillium lecanii.The pathogenicity of L.lecanii on T.molitor resulted in a median lethal time(TL50)of 14-16 d.Compared with commercial products,L.lecanii caused faster insect death than the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae and nuclear polyhedrosis virus(no effect on T.molitor survival),and slower than Beauveria bassiana(TL50=5),Beauveria pseu-dobassiana(TL50=8d)and Bacillus thuriengensis(80%mortality first day after inoculation).Mortality was also accelerated under water stress,reducing TL50 by an addi-tional 33%.Remarkably,water stress alone had a comparable effect on mortality to that of L.lecanii isolates.This study confirms T.molitor as a good model insect for pathogenicity testing and agrees with management policies proposed in the EU Green Deal.展开更多
Background Coumarins are toxic phytochemicals found in a variety of plants and are known to limit microbial degradation and interfere with nutrient cycling.While the degradation of coumarins by fungi has been studied ...Background Coumarins are toxic phytochemicals found in a variety of plants and are known to limit microbial degradation and interfere with nutrient cycling.While the degradation of coumarins by fungi has been studied in an environmental context,little is known about their degradation in the gastrointestinal system of herbivores after ingestion.Results In this study,we investigated in vitro fermentation by microbial enrichment,transcriptome sequencing,and high-resolution mass spectrometry to evaluate the ability of rumen anaerobic fungi to degrade coumarins.The results showed that despite the low abundance of anaerobic fungi in the rumen microbiota,they were able to effectively degrade coumarins.Specifically,Pecoramyces ruminantium F1 could tolerate coumarin concentrations up to 3 mmol/L and degrade it efficiently via metabolic pathways involving alpha/beta hydrolases and NAD(P)H oxidoreductases within the late growth phase.The fungus metabolized coumarin to less toxic compounds,including o-coumaric acid and melilotic acid,highlighting the detoxification potential of anaerobic fungi.Conclusions This study is the first to demonstrate the ability of rumen anaerobic fungi to degrade coumarin,providing new insights into the use of anaerobic fungi in sustainable agricultural practices and environmental detoxification strategies.展开更多
The mutualistic symbiotic system formed by clumping arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and plants can remediate heavy metal-contaminated soils.However,the specific mechanisms underlying the interaction between AMF and i...The mutualistic symbiotic system formed by clumping arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and plants can remediate heavy metal-contaminated soils.However,the specific mechanisms underlying the interaction between AMF and inter-root microbial communities,particularly their impact on organic phosphorus(P)cycling,remain unclear.This study investigated the gene regulation processes involved in inter-root soil phosphorus cycling in wetland plants,specifically Iris tectorum,following inoculation with AMF under varying concentrations of chromium(Cr)stress.Through macro-genome sequencing,we analyzed the composition and structure of the inter-root soil microbial community associated with Iris tectorum under greenhouse pot conditions.The results demonstrated significant changes in the diversity and composition of the inter-root soil microbial community following AMF inoculation,with Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,Chloroflexi,Acidobacteria,and Bacteroidetes being the dominant taxa.Under Cr stress,species and gene co-occurrence network analysis revealed that AMF promoted the transformation process of organic phosphorus mineralization and facilitated inorganic phosphorus uptake.Additionally,network analysis of functional genes indicated strong aggregation of(pstS,pstA,pstC,TC.PIT,phoR,pp-gppA)genes,which collectively enhanced phosphorus uptake by plants.These findings shed light on the inter-root soil phosphorus cycling process during the co-remediation of Cr-contaminated soil by AMF-Iris tectorum symbiosis,providing valuable theoretical support for the application of AMF-wetland plant symbiosis systems to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soil.展开更多
To understand the roles of charcoal and ectomycorrhizal fungi(ECMF)on tree growth,which relates to the rehabilitation of forest ecosystems after forest fires,two experiments were set up in this study,the first was to ...To understand the roles of charcoal and ectomycorrhizal fungi(ECMF)on tree growth,which relates to the rehabilitation of forest ecosystems after forest fires,two experiments were set up in this study,the first was to determine the correct amount of charcoal for Japanese larch(Larix kaempferi Sarg.)seedling growth by applying oak charcoal to basic soil medium at ratios of 1:1,1:2,1:4 and 1:8 by volume.The second experiment investigated the combined effects of four types of charcoal:derived from oak wood,husks of buckwheat,rice and activated charcoal of larch wood,and two types of ECMF:Pt(Pisolithus tinctorius Pers.)and Ec(Pt+Rhizopogon spp.+Laccaria spp.+Scleroderma spp.)on the growth of Japanese larch seedlings.Our results show that growth was significantly stressed by large amounts charcoal applications.There were significant variations among the four types of charcoal on growth.We concluded that the addition of charcoal was the critical factor that influenced larch growth and ECMF formation.Rice charcoal and Ec stimulates the growth and nitrogen uptake of Japanese larch seedlings,thus the most suitable fungus and charcoal for practices is Ec-rice charcoal(1:8 charcoal to basic soil).展开更多
[Objectives] To investigate the species diversity of wood-decaying fungi in karst regions of southwest China. [Methods] The karst core regions of southwest China, specifically Guizhou, Guangxi, and Yunnan, were invest...[Objectives] To investigate the species diversity of wood-decaying fungi in karst regions of southwest China. [Methods] The karst core regions of southwest China, specifically Guizhou, Guangxi, and Yunnan, were investigated for the first time to analyze the species diversity characteristics of wood-decaying fungi in this area. This analysis was conducted through a comprehensive 5-year field investigation and systematic identification process. [Results] The wood-decaying fungi exhibited a distinctive species composition and distribution pattern within karst habitats, encompassing significant groups such as Polyporaceae and Hymenochaetaceae. Furthermore, these fungi demonstrated varying functional characteristics across the two ecological types of standing tree decay and wood decay. It was observed that wood-decaying fungi had a significant impact on the material cycle within karst ecosystems by degrading lignin and cellulose. Furthermore, the distribution of species diversity was closely associated with the characteristics of karst geomorphology and the types of vegetation. [Conclusions] This study not only addresses the lack of background data regarding wood-decaying fungi resources in karst regions, but also elucidates the maintenance mechanisms of fragile ecosystems from the perspective of decomposers. It provides a scientific foundation for biodiversity conservation, the prevention and control of forest diseases, and sustainable ecological management in karst regions.展开更多
Background Cotton(Gossypium spp.) is an important commercial crop being cultivated worldwide, but its production is hampered by many insect pests. The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, is a key pest with increasing...Background Cotton(Gossypium spp.) is an important commercial crop being cultivated worldwide, but its production is hampered by many insect pests. The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, is a key pest with increasing resistance to chemical insecticides. To explore eco-friendly management alternatives, this study evaluates the pathogenic potential of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi, isolated from cotton-growing regions of Tamil Nadu, India, via the ‘Galleria bait method'.Results Five entomopathogenic fungi were isolated and identified as Beauveria spp. based on cultural and morphological features. Molecular characterization by amplification of internal transcribed spacer-ribosomal DNA(ITS-rDNA) regions confirmed the isolates as B. bassiana. Among them, isolate B5(accession number: PP503009) exhibited the highest virulence, inducing 96.67% mortality at 7 days after treatment(DAT) with the concentration of 1 × 10^(8) spores·mL^(-1). The median lethal concentration(LC_(50)) and median lethal time(LT_(50)) values were 9.75 × 10^(4) spores·mL^(-1) at 7 DAT and 72.31 h at 1 × 10^(8) spores·mL^(-1), respectively. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images highlighted a progression of infection stages of B5, including spore attachment(24 h post infection(hpi)), hyphal penetration(48 hpi), and conidiogenesis(72 hpi).Conclusion The isolate B5 proved to be a promising candidate for the development of biopesticides for sustainable cotton aphid management in Tamil Nadu, India.展开更多
Enhanced silicate weathering(ESW)is a geoengineering method aimed at accelerating carbon dioxide(CO_(2))removal(CDR)from atmosphere by increasing the weathering flux of silicate rocks and minerals.It has emerged as a ...Enhanced silicate weathering(ESW)is a geoengineering method aimed at accelerating carbon dioxide(CO_(2))removal(CDR)from atmosphere by increasing the weathering flux of silicate rocks and minerals.It has emerged as a promising strategy for CDR.Theoretical studies underscore ESW’s substantial potential for CDR and its diverse benefits for crops when applied to croplands.However,the well-known significant discrepancies in silicate weathering rates between laboratory and field conditions introduce uncertainty in CDR through ESW.By compiling data from recent literature,we calculated and compared CDR efficiency(t CO_(2)t^(-1)_(silicate)ha^(-1)y^(-1))observed in mesocosm experiments and field trials.The findings indicate that CDR efficiencies in field trials are comparable to or exceeding that observed in mesocosm experiments by 1-3 orders of magnitude,particularly evident with wollastonite application.The hierarchy of CDR efficiency among silicates suitable for ESW is ranked as follows:olivine≥wollastonite>basalt>albite≥anorthite.We suggest the potential role of biota,especially fungi,in contributing to higher CDR efficiencies observed in field trials compared to mesocosm experiments.We further emphasize introducing fungi known for their effectiveness in silicate weathering could potentially enhance CDR efficiency through ESW in croplands.But before implementing fungal-facilitated ESW,three key questions need addressing:(i)How does the community of introduced fungi evolve over time?(ii)What is the long-term trajectory of CDR efficiency following fungal introduction?and(iii)Could fungal introduction lead to organic matter oxidation,resulting in elevated CO_(2)emissions?These investigations are crucial for optimizing the efficiency and sustainability of fungal-facilitated ESW strategy.展开更多
[Objectives]To investigate the mechanism of endophytic fungi mediating the plant growth and promoting the accumulation of secondary metabolites in Camellia oleifera.[Methods]Four strains of endophytic fungi isolated f...[Objectives]To investigate the mechanism of endophytic fungi mediating the plant growth and promoting the accumulation of secondary metabolites in Camellia oleifera.[Methods]Four strains of endophytic fungi isolated from the rhizomes of C.oleifera were co-cultured with C.oleifera seedlings individually in sterile soil for 49 d:Didymella sp.(DS),Fusarium sp.(FS),Penicillium sp.(PS),and Clonostachys rosea(CR).[Results]The biological activities of the four fungal strains differed,but all exhibited the ability to promote quercetin accumulation while simultaneously reducing quercetin glycosides after co-culture with C.oleifera seedlings.The DS,FS and PS treatments resulted in a significant increase in the leaf area of C.oleifera,with all of the experimental groups exhibiting a weight increase of over 50%compared to the control(CON)group.[Conclusions]Our findings demonstrate the potential utility of endophytic fungi in the production of C.oleifera,highlighting their capacity to enhance both productivity and the accumulation of plant metabolites.展开更多
Oat avenanthramides(AVNs)have been found to exhibit novel lipid-lowering effects.However,the mechanism remains unclear.In this study,the effect of avenanthramide B(AVN B),as one of the major AVNs,on highfat diet(HFD)-...Oat avenanthramides(AVNs)have been found to exhibit novel lipid-lowering effects.However,the mechanism remains unclear.In this study,the effect of avenanthramide B(AVN B),as one of the major AVNs,on highfat diet(HFD)-induced mice was investigated.Results showed that AVN B significantly inhibited weight gain and improved hepatic and serum lipid biochemical indices.Hepatic RNA-sequencing analysis suggested that AVN B significantly modulates fatty acid(FA)metabolism.Hepatic real-time qualitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-q PCR)and Western blot results indicated that AVN B could alleviate FA synthesis by activating the adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase(AMPK)-sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c(SREBP1c)-fatty acid synthase(FAS),and increase FA oxidation by activating the AMPK/carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A(CPT1A)and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorα(PPARα).Additionally,AVN B had a regulating effect on ileum lipid metabolism by inhibiting intestinal cell differentiation and downregulating the expression levels of FA absorption-related protein and gene.Moreover,AVN B promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria and fungi such as Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002,Parvibacter,Enterococcus,and Aspergillus,while decreasing the abundance of Roseburia,unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae,Cladosporium,Eurotium,unclassified_f_Aspergillaceae and unclassified_f_Ceratocystidaceae.All these results provided new points of the lipid-lowing mechanism of AVNs and oats via the gut-liver axis.展开更多
Plantshave evolvedvariousmechanismsto interact withmicroorganisms,which help them acquire nutrients from the soil and enhance their tolerance to environmental stresses.One of the most widespread mutualistic interactio...Plantshave evolvedvariousmechanismsto interact withmicroorganisms,which help them acquire nutrients from the soil and enhance their tolerance to environmental stresses.One of the most widespread mutualistic interactions is arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)symbiosis,which is formed by 80%-90%of terrestrial plants in association with AM fungi.In AM symbiosis,plants acquire mineral nutrients from the fungi in exchange for fatty acids and sugars that are produced during photosynthesis(Jiang et al.,2017).展开更多
Plant roots and their associated mycorrhizal fungi critically mediate the decomposition of soil organic carbon(C),but the general patterns of their impacts over a broad geographical range and the primary mediating fac...Plant roots and their associated mycorrhizal fungi critically mediate the decomposition of soil organic carbon(C),but the general patterns of their impacts over a broad geographical range and the primary mediating factors remain unclear.Based on a synthesis of 596 paired observations from both field and greenhouse experiments,we found that living roots and/or mycorrhizal fungi increased organic C decomposition by 30.9%,but low soil nitrogen(N)availability(i.e.,high soil C:N ratio)critically mitigated this promotion effect.In addition,the positive effects of living roots and/or mycorrhizal fungi on organic C decomposition were higher under herbaceous and leguminous plants than under woody and non-leguminous plants,respectively.Surprisingly,there was no significant difference between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi in their effects on organic C decomposition.Furthermore,roots and/or mycorrhizal fungi significantly enhanced the decomposition of leaf litter but not root litter.These findings advance our understanding of how roots and their symbiotic fungi modulate soil C dynamics in the rhizosphere or mycorrhizosphere and may help improve predictions of soil global C balance under a changing climate.展开更多
[Objectives]This paper was to figure out whether the dominant bacterial community has the role and effect of bacterial community and its defense mechanism against potential pathogenic fungi in Artemisia annua,and thus...[Objectives]This paper was to figure out whether the dominant bacterial community has the role and effect of bacterial community and its defense mechanism against potential pathogenic fungi in Artemisia annua,and thus establish a systematic model of bacteria-fungus-plant.[Methods]Fifty-eight strains of bacteria and one strain of pathogenic fungi,Globisporangium ultimatum,were used for the experiments.These 58 bacterial strains were assembled into a bacterial community,and the bacteria with abundance in the top 1%were reassembled into a dominant bacterial community as measured by 16S rDNA.[Results]The growth of A.annua seedlings inoculated with bacterial communities and pathogenic fungi or dominant bacterial communities and pathogenic fungi was significantly better than that of A.annua seedlings inoculated with pathogenic fungi during in vitro confrontation,which was evident in both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant assays.[Conclusions]The results suggest that the dominant bacterial community has a crucial role as a representative core microbial community of synthetic bacterial community,which can protect plants by interfering with the growth of phytopathogenic fungi mediated by chemical signals,and can be used as the main synthetic community of biocides to achieve the effect of biocontrol.展开更多
Forest trees can establish symbiotic associations with dark septate endophytes(DSEs)and ectomycorrhizal fungi(ECMF)simultaneously.However,the combined effects of these two fungi on the growth and cadmium(Cd)tolerance ...Forest trees can establish symbiotic associations with dark septate endophytes(DSEs)and ectomycorrhizal fungi(ECMF)simultaneously.However,the combined effects of these two fungi on the growth and cadmium(Cd)tolerance of host plants remain largely unexplored.To address this knowledge gap,a pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of the interaction between an ECMF strain(Suillus granulatus)and a DSE strain(Pseudopyrenochaeta sp.)on Pinus tabulaeformis under Cd stress,by assessing plant growth and physiological parameters,nutrient uptake,and soil properties.Notably,the colonization rates of both fungal strains were found to increase in response to Cd stress,with the extent of this increase being influenced by the specific fungal species and the Cd level in the soil.Compared to the non-inoculation treatment,single inoculation with fungal strain resulted in enhanced biomass,root development,and nutrient contents in P.tabulaeformis seedlings under Cd stress.Furthermore,a synergistic effect was observed when these seedlings were co-inoculated with S.granulatus and Pseudopyrenochaeta sp.,as indicated by significantly greater measurements in various indicators compared to both the single and non-inoculation treatments.Fungal inoculation effectively regulated the antioxidant defense responses and photosynthesis of P.tabulaeformis seedlings subjected to Cd stress,particularly in the co-inoculation treatment.In addition,fungal inoculation facilitated the Cd accumulation in P.tabulaeformis,suggesting a promising potential for the implementation of bioremediation strategies in the areas contaminated with heavy metals.The findings from this study indicate that the utilization of root symbiotic fungi obtained from stress environments could potentially enhance the growth performance and tolerance of P.tabulaeformis towards heavy metals,and co-inoculation of both fungal groups may result in even more pronounced synergistic effects on the overall fitness of the plant.展开更多
Microplastic pollution is a global and ubiquitous environmental problem in the oceans as well as in the terrestrial environment.We examined the fate of microplastic polystyrene(MPS)beads in experimental soil in the pr...Microplastic pollution is a global and ubiquitous environmental problem in the oceans as well as in the terrestrial environment.We examined the fate of microplastic polystyrene(MPS)beads in experimental soil in the presence and absence of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and simulated acid rain(SAR)to determine whether the combinations of these three factors altered the growth of white clover Trifolium repens.We found that MPS,SAR,or AMF added singly to soil did not alter T.repens growth or yields.In contrast,MPS and AMF together significantly reduced shoot biomass,while SAR and MPS together significantly reduced soil available phosphorus independent of AMF presence.Microplastic polystyrene,AMF,and SAR together significantly reduced soil NO_(3)^(-)-N.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi added singly also enriched the beneficial soil bacteria(genus Solirubrobacter),while MPS combined with AMF significantly enriched the potential plant pathogenic fungus Spiromastix.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation with MPS increased the abundance of soil hydrocarbon degraders independent of the presence of SAR.In addition,the abundance of soil nitrate reducers was increased by MPS,especially in the presence of AMF and SAR.Moreover,SAR alone increased the abundance of soil pathogens within the fungal community including antibiotic producers.These findings indicate that the coexistence of MPS,SAR,and AMF may exacerbate the adverse effects of MPS on soil and plant health.展开更多
Most studies on the human gut microbiome have focused on the bacterial fraction rather than fungal biomics,which as resulted in an incomplete understanding of the fungal microbiome.Recent advances in microbiota detect...Most studies on the human gut microbiome have focused on the bacterial fraction rather than fungal biomics,which as resulted in an incomplete understanding of the fungal microbiome.Recent advances in microbiota detection and next-generation sequencing technology have boosted an increase in research on fungi.Symbiotic fungi have become increasingly influential in health and disease and modulate various physiologic functions within the host.Fungal infections can result in high morbidity and mortality rates and are life-threatening in some immunocompromised patients.In addition to bacterial dysbiosis,alterations in fungal communities are important and have been linked to many diseases,including asthma,mental illness,and various cancers.When investigating cancer it is imperative to consider the role of fungi alongside viruses and bacteria.This review examined the impact of intestinal fungi and peri-tumor fungi on tumorigenesis,cancer progression,and response to anticancer therapies.The review highlights the specific involvement of some fungal species in cancers include digestive tract tumors such as colorectal,pancreatic,liver,and gastric cancers,as well as non-digestive tract tumors such as lung,melanoma,breast,and ovarian cancers.Furthermore,fungal mechanisms of action,including fungus-host recognition and immune regulation,biofilm formation,toxin and metabolite production in the tumor microenvironment,and the complex effects of fungus-bacteria interactions on tumorigenesis and development,highlight the significance of potential biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and treatment.展开更多
Nitrogen(N)is one of the most limited nutrients of terrestrial ecosystems,whose losses are prevented in tightly coupled cycles in finely tuned systems.Global change-induced N enrichment through atmospheric deposition ...Nitrogen(N)is one of the most limited nutrients of terrestrial ecosystems,whose losses are prevented in tightly coupled cycles in finely tuned systems.Global change-induced N enrichment through atmospheric deposition and application of vast amounts of fertilizer are now challenging the terrestrial N cycle.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)are known drivers of plant-soil nutrient fluxes,but a comprehensive assessment of AMF involvement in N cycling under global change is still lacking.Here,we simulated N enrichment by fertilization(low/high)in experimental grassland microcosms under greenhouse conditions in the presence or absence of AMF and continuously monitored different N pathways over nine months.We found that high N enrichment by fertilization decreased the relative abundance of legumes and the plant species dominating the plant community changed from grasses to forbs in the presence of AMF,based on aboveground biomass.The presence of AMF always maintained plant N:phosphorus(P)ratios between 14 and 16,no matter how the soil N availability changed.Shifts in plant N:P ratios due to the increased plant N and P uptake might thus be a primary pathway of AMF altering plant community composition.Furthermore,we constructed a comprehensive picture of AMF’s role in N cycling,highlighting that AMF reduced N losses primarily by mitigating N leaching,while N_(2)O emissions played a marginal role.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduced N_(2)O emissions directly through the promotion of N_(2)O-consuming denitrifiers.The underlying mechanism for reducing N leaching is mainly the AMF-mediated improved nutrient uptake and AMF-associated microbial immobilization.Our results indicate that synergies between AMF and other soil microorganisms cannot be ignored in N cycling and that the integral role of AMF in N cycling terrestrial ecosystems can buffer the upcoming global changes.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF0805602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20186,32171579,32371592 and 32471674)the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province,China(23JRRA1029 and 23JRRA1034)。
文摘Plant roots interact with diverse fungi that are essential for maintaining the productivity and sustainability of pasture ecosystems,but how these root-associated fungi(RAF)differ between forage species and how they respond to nutrient enrichment and fungicide application are not well understood.Here,we constructed an 11-year experiment involving fungicide application(with or without)nested within four levels of experimental nitrogen(N)addition treatments in an alpine pasture,and the RAF communities,root traits,tissue nutrients,and shoot biomass of two dominant forage species(Carex capillifolia and Elymus nutans)were analyzed.The RAF community composition showed striking differences between the plant species and was strongly affected by both N addition level and fungicide applications.Fungicide,but not N application,dramatically reduced the RAF richness of all functional guilds in both plant species,and fungicide also simplified the co-occurrence network of the RAF for C.capillifolia.The RAF community correlated strongly with root traits,whereas their relationships became weakened or even vanished at the level of the individual plant species.The importance of RAF to plant nutrients and productivity varied between plant species,with significant contributions in C.capillifolia but not in E.nutans.This is the first report elucidating the long-term effect of fungicides on RAF in alpine pastures,and our findings emphasize the host-specific responses of RAF community structure and function to anthropogenic disturbances.
文摘Over the last few decades, dengue fever epidemics have increased in frequency and intensity worldwide, making it a major global concern for public health. Its prevention, which is essentially vector-based control, is already being compromised by reports of resistance of the main vector Aedes aegypti to insecticides. To tackle the rapid increase in insecticide resistance and outbreaks, the biological vector control is a promising approach. One of the strategies of this approach is the use of entomopathogenic fungi because of their great efficacy and their eco-friendly aspects. However, some aspects of their use, such as the low efficiency, the high cost of production and the sensitivity to various adverse conditions, need to be addressed for their successful large-scale application. Therefore, innovative technologies based on strains of transgenic fungi with improved biocontrol potentials by genetic engineering are actively pursued. Although these modified mycoinsecticides are acclaimed for their better effectiveness against target insects, the main concern remains their potential adverse effects on the environment and human health. The present review is dedicated to giving an update on recent developments in transgenic entomopathogenic fungi (TEF) for Aedes mosquito control. Future perspectives are also proposed to address the safety concerns related to the release of transgenic entomopathogenic fungi into the environment.
文摘Fall Armyworms (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda, particularly in maize crops, is a major agricultural pest. Current control methods rely heavily on chemical pesticides, which are costly and harmful to non-target organisms. To provide a sustainable alternative, the research isolated indigenous Entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium sp. and Trichoderma sp., from FAW-infested areas. The fungi were tested for virulence against FAW and a non-target insect, Cirina butyrospermi. Results showed that Metarhizium sp. FAW was highly effective in killing FAW while sparing Cirina butyrospermi, demonstrating its potential as a biological control agent. In addition, FAW infected with Metarhizium sp. exhibited a significant reduction in food consumption. The study highlights the potential use of indigenous fungi in integrated pest management systems, reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides and supporting sustainable agriculture. Further research is needed to understand the interaction of these promising Metarhizum strains with soil microbiota and their long-term efficacy in field conditions.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372907)State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products(No.10417000023 CE0601G/004/002)。
文摘Background The composition and relative abundances of intestinal microbiota are closely related to animal growth,development and health.This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of intestinal fungi in pigs,with a focus on fungal alterations associated with diarrhea.Methods Intestinal digesta from duodenum,jejunum,ileum,cecum,colon and feces of 8 finishing pigs(180 days old)were collected.Fecal samples were also collected from 18 pigs across different growth stages,including lactation(3 d),nursery(26 d,35 d,49 d),growing(120 d)and finishing(180 d).Additionally,feces were collected from 32 diarrheal and 32 healthy piglets at 28 days old.Fungal community profiling in these samples was performed using internal transcribed spacer(ITS)sequencing.Results A total of 9,224 amplicon sequence variants(ASVs)were detected in all of 220 samples.Intestinal fungal diversity exhibited clear biogeographic patterns,with significantly lower richness and Shannon index in the ileum(P<0.05)and significantly higher richness in the large intestine and feces(P<0.05).The fungal community structure also varied significantly across intestinal segments,with Kazachstania dominating in the ileum and Geotrichum in the duodenum and jejunum.Across growth stages,fecal fungal diversity increased after weaning.PCoA results revealed that fungal structure exhibited significant temporal changes(R=0.7313,P=0.001),with the core fungal taxa dominated by Diutina catenulata,Aspergillus restrictus and Tahromyces munnarensis.In addition,by comparing the fungal community of piglets with and without diarrhea,the richness and Shannon index were significantly higher in the diarrheal piglets than those in healthy piglets(P<0.05)with Kazachstania,Diutina and Aspergillus enriched in diarrheal piglets and Geotrichum,Tahromyces and Piromyces in healthy piglets.Conclusions The intestinal fungal community in pigs shows distinct spatial variation,with greater diversity in the large intestine.Fungal composition shifts dynamically with age,particularly around the weaning transition.This study highlights specific fungal taxa associated with diarrhea caused by weaning stress,offering new insights into the interplay between gut fungi and pig health.
基金supported by LIFE project MYCORESTORE“Innovative use of mycological resources for resilient and productive Mediterranean forests threatened by climate change,LIFE18 CCA/ES/001110”projects VA178P23 and VA208P20 funded by JCYL(Spain),both co-financed by FEDER(UE)budget.
文摘Tree endophytic fungi play an important role in reducing insect herbivory,either by repelling them or kill-ing them directly.Identifying which fungi show such activ-ity could lead to new environmentally friendly pesticides.In this study,the Mediterranean basin climate conditions are projected to harshen in the next decades,will increase vulnerability of tree species to pest invasions.Endophytic fungi were isolated from wood and leaves of Quercus pyr-enaica,Q.ilex and Q.suber and tested for virulence against adults of the mealworm beetle,Tenebrio molitor L.using a direct contact method.Only 3 of 111 sporulating isolates had entomopathogenic activity,all identified as Lecanicillium lecanii.The pathogenicity of L.lecanii on T.molitor resulted in a median lethal time(TL50)of 14-16 d.Compared with commercial products,L.lecanii caused faster insect death than the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae and nuclear polyhedrosis virus(no effect on T.molitor survival),and slower than Beauveria bassiana(TL50=5),Beauveria pseu-dobassiana(TL50=8d)and Bacillus thuriengensis(80%mortality first day after inoculation).Mortality was also accelerated under water stress,reducing TL50 by an addi-tional 33%.Remarkably,water stress alone had a comparable effect on mortality to that of L.lecanii isolates.This study confirms T.molitor as a good model insect for pathogenicity testing and agrees with management policies proposed in the EU Green Deal.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1300302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20216 and 32372905)。
文摘Background Coumarins are toxic phytochemicals found in a variety of plants and are known to limit microbial degradation and interfere with nutrient cycling.While the degradation of coumarins by fungi has been studied in an environmental context,little is known about their degradation in the gastrointestinal system of herbivores after ingestion.Results In this study,we investigated in vitro fermentation by microbial enrichment,transcriptome sequencing,and high-resolution mass spectrometry to evaluate the ability of rumen anaerobic fungi to degrade coumarins.The results showed that despite the low abundance of anaerobic fungi in the rumen microbiota,they were able to effectively degrade coumarins.Specifically,Pecoramyces ruminantium F1 could tolerate coumarin concentrations up to 3 mmol/L and degrade it efficiently via metabolic pathways involving alpha/beta hydrolases and NAD(P)H oxidoreductases within the late growth phase.The fungus metabolized coumarin to less toxic compounds,including o-coumaric acid and melilotic acid,highlighting the detoxification potential of anaerobic fungi.Conclusions This study is the first to demonstrate the ability of rumen anaerobic fungi to degrade coumarin,providing new insights into the use of anaerobic fungi in sustainable agricultural practices and environmental detoxification strategies.
基金supported by 2024 Guizhou Basic Research Plan(Natural Science)Project,China(Foundation of Guizhou science cooperation-ZK[2024]General 490)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31560107).
文摘The mutualistic symbiotic system formed by clumping arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and plants can remediate heavy metal-contaminated soils.However,the specific mechanisms underlying the interaction between AMF and inter-root microbial communities,particularly their impact on organic phosphorus(P)cycling,remain unclear.This study investigated the gene regulation processes involved in inter-root soil phosphorus cycling in wetland plants,specifically Iris tectorum,following inoculation with AMF under varying concentrations of chromium(Cr)stress.Through macro-genome sequencing,we analyzed the composition and structure of the inter-root soil microbial community associated with Iris tectorum under greenhouse pot conditions.The results demonstrated significant changes in the diversity and composition of the inter-root soil microbial community following AMF inoculation,with Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,Chloroflexi,Acidobacteria,and Bacteroidetes being the dominant taxa.Under Cr stress,species and gene co-occurrence network analysis revealed that AMF promoted the transformation process of organic phosphorus mineralization and facilitated inorganic phosphorus uptake.Additionally,network analysis of functional genes indicated strong aggregation of(pstS,pstA,pstC,TC.PIT,phoR,pp-gppA)genes,which collectively enhanced phosphorus uptake by plants.These findings shed light on the inter-root soil phosphorus cycling process during the co-remediation of Cr-contaminated soil by AMF-Iris tectorum symbiosis,providing valuable theoretical support for the application of AMF-wetland plant symbiosis systems to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soil.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022 YFF 1303201)the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
文摘To understand the roles of charcoal and ectomycorrhizal fungi(ECMF)on tree growth,which relates to the rehabilitation of forest ecosystems after forest fires,two experiments were set up in this study,the first was to determine the correct amount of charcoal for Japanese larch(Larix kaempferi Sarg.)seedling growth by applying oak charcoal to basic soil medium at ratios of 1:1,1:2,1:4 and 1:8 by volume.The second experiment investigated the combined effects of four types of charcoal:derived from oak wood,husks of buckwheat,rice and activated charcoal of larch wood,and two types of ECMF:Pt(Pisolithus tinctorius Pers.)and Ec(Pt+Rhizopogon spp.+Laccaria spp.+Scleroderma spp.)on the growth of Japanese larch seedlings.Our results show that growth was significantly stressed by large amounts charcoal applications.There were significant variations among the four types of charcoal on growth.We concluded that the addition of charcoal was the critical factor that influenced larch growth and ECMF formation.Rice charcoal and Ec stimulates the growth and nitrogen uptake of Japanese larch seedlings,thus the most suitable fungus and charcoal for practices is Ec-rice charcoal(1:8 charcoal to basic soil).
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31900271,32160086)Key Technology Research for Identification of Toxic Fungi in Guizhou Province(GKHZC[2020]1Y065)+1 种基金Guizhou Grassroots Science Popularization Action Plan Project([2025]04)Study on Carbon Storage and Carbon Sink Value of Forest Vegetation in State-owned Shatang Forest Farms in Guangxi(2021KY02).
文摘[Objectives] To investigate the species diversity of wood-decaying fungi in karst regions of southwest China. [Methods] The karst core regions of southwest China, specifically Guizhou, Guangxi, and Yunnan, were investigated for the first time to analyze the species diversity characteristics of wood-decaying fungi in this area. This analysis was conducted through a comprehensive 5-year field investigation and systematic identification process. [Results] The wood-decaying fungi exhibited a distinctive species composition and distribution pattern within karst habitats, encompassing significant groups such as Polyporaceae and Hymenochaetaceae. Furthermore, these fungi demonstrated varying functional characteristics across the two ecological types of standing tree decay and wood decay. It was observed that wood-decaying fungi had a significant impact on the material cycle within karst ecosystems by degrading lignin and cellulose. Furthermore, the distribution of species diversity was closely associated with the characteristics of karst geomorphology and the types of vegetation. [Conclusions] This study not only addresses the lack of background data regarding wood-decaying fungi resources in karst regions, but also elucidates the maintenance mechanisms of fragile ecosystems from the perspective of decomposers. It provides a scientific foundation for biodiversity conservation, the prevention and control of forest diseases, and sustainable ecological management in karst regions.
文摘Background Cotton(Gossypium spp.) is an important commercial crop being cultivated worldwide, but its production is hampered by many insect pests. The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, is a key pest with increasing resistance to chemical insecticides. To explore eco-friendly management alternatives, this study evaluates the pathogenic potential of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi, isolated from cotton-growing regions of Tamil Nadu, India, via the ‘Galleria bait method'.Results Five entomopathogenic fungi were isolated and identified as Beauveria spp. based on cultural and morphological features. Molecular characterization by amplification of internal transcribed spacer-ribosomal DNA(ITS-rDNA) regions confirmed the isolates as B. bassiana. Among them, isolate B5(accession number: PP503009) exhibited the highest virulence, inducing 96.67% mortality at 7 days after treatment(DAT) with the concentration of 1 × 10^(8) spores·mL^(-1). The median lethal concentration(LC_(50)) and median lethal time(LT_(50)) values were 9.75 × 10^(4) spores·mL^(-1) at 7 DAT and 72.31 h at 1 × 10^(8) spores·mL^(-1), respectively. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images highlighted a progression of infection stages of B5, including spore attachment(24 h post infection(hpi)), hyphal penetration(48 hpi), and conidiogenesis(72 hpi).Conclusion The isolate B5 proved to be a promising candidate for the development of biopesticides for sustainable cotton aphid management in Tamil Nadu, India.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42173059 and 41991322)。
文摘Enhanced silicate weathering(ESW)is a geoengineering method aimed at accelerating carbon dioxide(CO_(2))removal(CDR)from atmosphere by increasing the weathering flux of silicate rocks and minerals.It has emerged as a promising strategy for CDR.Theoretical studies underscore ESW’s substantial potential for CDR and its diverse benefits for crops when applied to croplands.However,the well-known significant discrepancies in silicate weathering rates between laboratory and field conditions introduce uncertainty in CDR through ESW.By compiling data from recent literature,we calculated and compared CDR efficiency(t CO_(2)t^(-1)_(silicate)ha^(-1)y^(-1))observed in mesocosm experiments and field trials.The findings indicate that CDR efficiencies in field trials are comparable to or exceeding that observed in mesocosm experiments by 1-3 orders of magnitude,particularly evident with wollastonite application.The hierarchy of CDR efficiency among silicates suitable for ESW is ranked as follows:olivine≥wollastonite>basalt>albite≥anorthite.We suggest the potential role of biota,especially fungi,in contributing to higher CDR efficiencies observed in field trials compared to mesocosm experiments.We further emphasize introducing fungi known for their effectiveness in silicate weathering could potentially enhance CDR efficiency through ESW in croplands.But before implementing fungal-facilitated ESW,three key questions need addressing:(i)How does the community of introduced fungi evolve over time?(ii)What is the long-term trajectory of CDR efficiency following fungal introduction?and(iii)Could fungal introduction lead to organic matter oxidation,resulting in elevated CO_(2)emissions?These investigations are crucial for optimizing the efficiency and sustainability of fungal-facilitated ESW strategy.
基金Supported by the Key Field Project of Guizhou Provincial Education Department(KY[2021]044)Guizhou Forestry Science Research Project(QJH KY[2021]11)Guizhou Higher Education Characteristic Key Laboratory Construction Project(QJH KY[2021]002).
文摘[Objectives]To investigate the mechanism of endophytic fungi mediating the plant growth and promoting the accumulation of secondary metabolites in Camellia oleifera.[Methods]Four strains of endophytic fungi isolated from the rhizomes of C.oleifera were co-cultured with C.oleifera seedlings individually in sterile soil for 49 d:Didymella sp.(DS),Fusarium sp.(FS),Penicillium sp.(PS),and Clonostachys rosea(CR).[Results]The biological activities of the four fungal strains differed,but all exhibited the ability to promote quercetin accumulation while simultaneously reducing quercetin glycosides after co-culture with C.oleifera seedlings.The DS,FS and PS treatments resulted in a significant increase in the leaf area of C.oleifera,with all of the experimental groups exhibiting a weight increase of over 50%compared to the control(CON)group.[Conclusions]Our findings demonstrate the potential utility of endophytic fungi in the production of C.oleifera,highlighting their capacity to enhance both productivity and the accumulation of plant metabolites.
基金financially supported by the Major Project of Inner Mongolia Science and Technology Department,China(2021ZD0002)National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(32202054)Project Supported by the Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology,China(20DZ2202700)。
文摘Oat avenanthramides(AVNs)have been found to exhibit novel lipid-lowering effects.However,the mechanism remains unclear.In this study,the effect of avenanthramide B(AVN B),as one of the major AVNs,on highfat diet(HFD)-induced mice was investigated.Results showed that AVN B significantly inhibited weight gain and improved hepatic and serum lipid biochemical indices.Hepatic RNA-sequencing analysis suggested that AVN B significantly modulates fatty acid(FA)metabolism.Hepatic real-time qualitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-q PCR)and Western blot results indicated that AVN B could alleviate FA synthesis by activating the adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase(AMPK)-sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c(SREBP1c)-fatty acid synthase(FAS),and increase FA oxidation by activating the AMPK/carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A(CPT1A)and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorα(PPARα).Additionally,AVN B had a regulating effect on ileum lipid metabolism by inhibiting intestinal cell differentiation and downregulating the expression levels of FA absorption-related protein and gene.Moreover,AVN B promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria and fungi such as Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002,Parvibacter,Enterococcus,and Aspergillus,while decreasing the abundance of Roseburia,unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae,Cladosporium,Eurotium,unclassified_f_Aspergillaceae and unclassified_f_Ceratocystidaceae.All these results provided new points of the lipid-lowing mechanism of AVNs and oats via the gut-liver axis.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFF1001800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32088102)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0630103).
文摘Plantshave evolvedvariousmechanismsto interact withmicroorganisms,which help them acquire nutrients from the soil and enhance their tolerance to environmental stresses.One of the most widespread mutualistic interactions is arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)symbiosis,which is formed by 80%-90%of terrestrial plants in association with AM fungi.In AM symbiosis,plants acquire mineral nutrients from the fungi in exchange for fatty acids and sugars that are produced during photosynthesis(Jiang et al.,2017).
基金supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M741742)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFD1501600)+1 种基金Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent,China(No.2023ZB122)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32371626)。
文摘Plant roots and their associated mycorrhizal fungi critically mediate the decomposition of soil organic carbon(C),but the general patterns of their impacts over a broad geographical range and the primary mediating factors remain unclear.Based on a synthesis of 596 paired observations from both field and greenhouse experiments,we found that living roots and/or mycorrhizal fungi increased organic C decomposition by 30.9%,but low soil nitrogen(N)availability(i.e.,high soil C:N ratio)critically mitigated this promotion effect.In addition,the positive effects of living roots and/or mycorrhizal fungi on organic C decomposition were higher under herbaceous and leguminous plants than under woody and non-leguminous plants,respectively.Surprisingly,there was no significant difference between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi in their effects on organic C decomposition.Furthermore,roots and/or mycorrhizal fungi significantly enhanced the decomposition of leaf litter but not root litter.These findings advance our understanding of how roots and their symbiotic fungi modulate soil C dynamics in the rhizosphere or mycorrhizosphere and may help improve predictions of soil global C balance under a changing climate.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Plan Project of Guizhou Province,China(QKH JC[2020]1Y179)Key Field Project of Education Department of Guizhou Province(QJHKYZ[2021]044)+1 种基金Forestry Research Project of Guizhou Province(QLKH[2021]11)Project of Guizhou Provincial Characteristic Key Laboratory(QJHKY[2021]002).
文摘[Objectives]This paper was to figure out whether the dominant bacterial community has the role and effect of bacterial community and its defense mechanism against potential pathogenic fungi in Artemisia annua,and thus establish a systematic model of bacteria-fungus-plant.[Methods]Fifty-eight strains of bacteria and one strain of pathogenic fungi,Globisporangium ultimatum,were used for the experiments.These 58 bacterial strains were assembled into a bacterial community,and the bacteria with abundance in the top 1%were reassembled into a dominant bacterial community as measured by 16S rDNA.[Results]The growth of A.annua seedlings inoculated with bacterial communities and pathogenic fungi or dominant bacterial communities and pathogenic fungi was significantly better than that of A.annua seedlings inoculated with pathogenic fungi during in vitro confrontation,which was evident in both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant assays.[Conclusions]The results suggest that the dominant bacterial community has a crucial role as a representative core microbial community of synthetic bacterial community,which can protect plants by interfering with the growth of phytopathogenic fungi mediated by chemical signals,and can be used as the main synthetic community of biocides to achieve the effect of biocontrol.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32001112)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(Nos.C2020204169 and C2023204238)。
文摘Forest trees can establish symbiotic associations with dark septate endophytes(DSEs)and ectomycorrhizal fungi(ECMF)simultaneously.However,the combined effects of these two fungi on the growth and cadmium(Cd)tolerance of host plants remain largely unexplored.To address this knowledge gap,a pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of the interaction between an ECMF strain(Suillus granulatus)and a DSE strain(Pseudopyrenochaeta sp.)on Pinus tabulaeformis under Cd stress,by assessing plant growth and physiological parameters,nutrient uptake,and soil properties.Notably,the colonization rates of both fungal strains were found to increase in response to Cd stress,with the extent of this increase being influenced by the specific fungal species and the Cd level in the soil.Compared to the non-inoculation treatment,single inoculation with fungal strain resulted in enhanced biomass,root development,and nutrient contents in P.tabulaeformis seedlings under Cd stress.Furthermore,a synergistic effect was observed when these seedlings were co-inoculated with S.granulatus and Pseudopyrenochaeta sp.,as indicated by significantly greater measurements in various indicators compared to both the single and non-inoculation treatments.Fungal inoculation effectively regulated the antioxidant defense responses and photosynthesis of P.tabulaeformis seedlings subjected to Cd stress,particularly in the co-inoculation treatment.In addition,fungal inoculation facilitated the Cd accumulation in P.tabulaeformis,suggesting a promising potential for the implementation of bioremediation strategies in the areas contaminated with heavy metals.The findings from this study indicate that the utilization of root symbiotic fungi obtained from stress environments could potentially enhance the growth performance and tolerance of P.tabulaeformis towards heavy metals,and co-inoculation of both fungal groups may result in even more pronounced synergistic effects on the overall fitness of the plant.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31971745 and 32171688)Jiangsu Qinglan Project。
文摘Microplastic pollution is a global and ubiquitous environmental problem in the oceans as well as in the terrestrial environment.We examined the fate of microplastic polystyrene(MPS)beads in experimental soil in the presence and absence of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and simulated acid rain(SAR)to determine whether the combinations of these three factors altered the growth of white clover Trifolium repens.We found that MPS,SAR,or AMF added singly to soil did not alter T.repens growth or yields.In contrast,MPS and AMF together significantly reduced shoot biomass,while SAR and MPS together significantly reduced soil available phosphorus independent of AMF presence.Microplastic polystyrene,AMF,and SAR together significantly reduced soil NO_(3)^(-)-N.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi added singly also enriched the beneficial soil bacteria(genus Solirubrobacter),while MPS combined with AMF significantly enriched the potential plant pathogenic fungus Spiromastix.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation with MPS increased the abundance of soil hydrocarbon degraders independent of the presence of SAR.In addition,the abundance of soil nitrate reducers was increased by MPS,especially in the presence of AMF and SAR.Moreover,SAR alone increased the abundance of soil pathogens within the fungal community including antibiotic producers.These findings indicate that the coexistence of MPS,SAR,and AMF may exacerbate the adverse effects of MPS on soil and plant health.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82373113 to XJ)Shenyang Public Health R&D Special Project(Grant No.22-321-31-04 to ST)+3 种基金Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(Grant No.XLYC1907160 to XJ)Beijing Medical Award Foundation(Grant Nos.YXJL-2020-0941-0752 to ST and CORP239-N27 to CH)Wu Jieping Medical Foundation(Grant Nos.320.6750.2020-12-21 and 320.6750.2020-6-30 to ST)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.202229 to ST and 202230 to XJ)。
文摘Most studies on the human gut microbiome have focused on the bacterial fraction rather than fungal biomics,which as resulted in an incomplete understanding of the fungal microbiome.Recent advances in microbiota detection and next-generation sequencing technology have boosted an increase in research on fungi.Symbiotic fungi have become increasingly influential in health and disease and modulate various physiologic functions within the host.Fungal infections can result in high morbidity and mortality rates and are life-threatening in some immunocompromised patients.In addition to bacterial dysbiosis,alterations in fungal communities are important and have been linked to many diseases,including asthma,mental illness,and various cancers.When investigating cancer it is imperative to consider the role of fungi alongside viruses and bacteria.This review examined the impact of intestinal fungi and peri-tumor fungi on tumorigenesis,cancer progression,and response to anticancer therapies.The review highlights the specific involvement of some fungal species in cancers include digestive tract tumors such as colorectal,pancreatic,liver,and gastric cancers,as well as non-digestive tract tumors such as lung,melanoma,breast,and ovarian cancers.Furthermore,fungal mechanisms of action,including fungus-host recognition and immune regulation,biofilm formation,toxin and metabolite production in the tumor microenvironment,and the complex effects of fungus-bacteria interactions on tumorigenesis and development,highlight the significance of potential biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32101304 and 32160281)the Key Laboratory Project,Xinjiang,China(No.2021D04006)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021M692707)supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation(No.31003A-166079)。
文摘Nitrogen(N)is one of the most limited nutrients of terrestrial ecosystems,whose losses are prevented in tightly coupled cycles in finely tuned systems.Global change-induced N enrichment through atmospheric deposition and application of vast amounts of fertilizer are now challenging the terrestrial N cycle.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)are known drivers of plant-soil nutrient fluxes,but a comprehensive assessment of AMF involvement in N cycling under global change is still lacking.Here,we simulated N enrichment by fertilization(low/high)in experimental grassland microcosms under greenhouse conditions in the presence or absence of AMF and continuously monitored different N pathways over nine months.We found that high N enrichment by fertilization decreased the relative abundance of legumes and the plant species dominating the plant community changed from grasses to forbs in the presence of AMF,based on aboveground biomass.The presence of AMF always maintained plant N:phosphorus(P)ratios between 14 and 16,no matter how the soil N availability changed.Shifts in plant N:P ratios due to the increased plant N and P uptake might thus be a primary pathway of AMF altering plant community composition.Furthermore,we constructed a comprehensive picture of AMF’s role in N cycling,highlighting that AMF reduced N losses primarily by mitigating N leaching,while N_(2)O emissions played a marginal role.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduced N_(2)O emissions directly through the promotion of N_(2)O-consuming denitrifiers.The underlying mechanism for reducing N leaching is mainly the AMF-mediated improved nutrient uptake and AMF-associated microbial immobilization.Our results indicate that synergies between AMF and other soil microorganisms cannot be ignored in N cycling and that the integral role of AMF in N cycling terrestrial ecosystems can buffer the upcoming global changes.
