In South Asia,Pakistan has a long and deadly history of floods that cause losses to various infrastructures,lives,and industries.This study aims to identify the most appropriate flood risk mitigation strategies that t...In South Asia,Pakistan has a long and deadly history of floods that cause losses to various infrastructures,lives,and industries.This study aims to identify the most appropriate flood risk mitigation strategies that the government of Pakistan should adopt.The assessment of flood risk mitigation strategies in this study is based on certain criteria,which are analyzed using the fuzzy full consistency method.Moreover,flood risk mitigation strategies are evaluated by using the fuzzy weighted aggregated sum product assessment(WASPAS)method,considering previously prioritized criteria.According to the results,lack of governance,lack of funding and resources,and lack of flood control infrastructure are the most significant flood intensifying factors and act as major criteria for assessing flood risk mitigation strategies in Pakistan.Adopting hard engineering strategies(e.g.,dams,reservoirs,river straightening and dredging,embankments,and flood relief channels),maintaining existing infrastructure,and adopting soft engineering strategies(flood plain zoning,comprehensive flood risk assessment,and sophisticated flood modeling)are identified as the top three flood risk mitigation strategies by the fuzzy WASPAS method.The highest weight(0.98)was assigned to the adoption of hard engineering strategies to mitigate flood risks.The study introduces a novel dimension by analyzing the real-time impact of the unprecedented 2022 floods,during which approximately one-third of the nation was submerged.This focus on a recent and highly significant event enhances the study’s relevance and contributes a unique perspective to the existing literature on flood risk management.The study recommends that the government of Pakistan should prioritize hard engineering strategies for effective flood risk mitigation.It also recommends that the government should incorporate these strategies in the national policy framework to reduce flood losses in the future.展开更多
Unlocking offshore wind farms’high energy generation potential requires a comprehensive multi-disciplinary analysis that consists of intensive technical,economic,logistical,and environmental investigations.Offshore w...Unlocking offshore wind farms’high energy generation potential requires a comprehensive multi-disciplinary analysis that consists of intensive technical,economic,logistical,and environmental investigations.Offshore wind energy projects have high investment volumes that make it essential to conduct extensive site selection to ensure feasible investment decisions that reduce the potential financial risks.Depending on the scenario and circumstances,a ranking of alternative offshore wind energy projects helps to prioritise the investment decisions.Decisionmaking algorithms based on expert knowledge can support the prioritisation and thus alleviate the work load for investment decisions in the future.The case study considered here is to find the best site for a floating offshore wind farm in Norway from four pre-selected alternatives:Utsira Nord,Stadthavet,Froyabanken,and Trana Vest.We propose a hybrid decisionmaking model as a combined compromised solution(CoCoSo)based on the q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets(q-ROFSs)including the weighted q-rung orthopair fuzzy Hamacher average(Wq-ROFHA)and the weighted q-rung orthopair fuzzy Hamacher geometric mean(Wq-ROFHGM)operators.In this model,the q-ROFSs based full consistency method(FUCOM)is introduced as a new methodology to determine the weights of the decision criteria.The results of the proposed model show that the best site among the investigated four alternatives is A1:Utsira Nord.A sensitivity analysis has verified the stability of the proposed decision-making model.展开更多
文摘In South Asia,Pakistan has a long and deadly history of floods that cause losses to various infrastructures,lives,and industries.This study aims to identify the most appropriate flood risk mitigation strategies that the government of Pakistan should adopt.The assessment of flood risk mitigation strategies in this study is based on certain criteria,which are analyzed using the fuzzy full consistency method.Moreover,flood risk mitigation strategies are evaluated by using the fuzzy weighted aggregated sum product assessment(WASPAS)method,considering previously prioritized criteria.According to the results,lack of governance,lack of funding and resources,and lack of flood control infrastructure are the most significant flood intensifying factors and act as major criteria for assessing flood risk mitigation strategies in Pakistan.Adopting hard engineering strategies(e.g.,dams,reservoirs,river straightening and dredging,embankments,and flood relief channels),maintaining existing infrastructure,and adopting soft engineering strategies(flood plain zoning,comprehensive flood risk assessment,and sophisticated flood modeling)are identified as the top three flood risk mitigation strategies by the fuzzy WASPAS method.The highest weight(0.98)was assigned to the adoption of hard engineering strategies to mitigate flood risks.The study introduces a novel dimension by analyzing the real-time impact of the unprecedented 2022 floods,during which approximately one-third of the nation was submerged.This focus on a recent and highly significant event enhances the study’s relevance and contributes a unique perspective to the existing literature on flood risk management.The study recommends that the government of Pakistan should prioritize hard engineering strategies for effective flood risk mitigation.It also recommends that the government should incorporate these strategies in the national policy framework to reduce flood losses in the future.
基金This work has been prepared as part of the Norwegian Research Centre on Wind Energy(NorthWind)and the project Research on Smart Operation Control Technologies for Offshore Wind Farms(CONWIND)NorthWind(2021-2029)is a Centre for Environmental-friendly Energy Research co-financed by the Research Council of Norway(contract 321954)CONWIND(2020-2022)is a Norwegian-Chinese collaboration project on offshore wind energy co-financed by the Research Council of Norway(contract 304229).
文摘Unlocking offshore wind farms’high energy generation potential requires a comprehensive multi-disciplinary analysis that consists of intensive technical,economic,logistical,and environmental investigations.Offshore wind energy projects have high investment volumes that make it essential to conduct extensive site selection to ensure feasible investment decisions that reduce the potential financial risks.Depending on the scenario and circumstances,a ranking of alternative offshore wind energy projects helps to prioritise the investment decisions.Decisionmaking algorithms based on expert knowledge can support the prioritisation and thus alleviate the work load for investment decisions in the future.The case study considered here is to find the best site for a floating offshore wind farm in Norway from four pre-selected alternatives:Utsira Nord,Stadthavet,Froyabanken,and Trana Vest.We propose a hybrid decisionmaking model as a combined compromised solution(CoCoSo)based on the q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets(q-ROFSs)including the weighted q-rung orthopair fuzzy Hamacher average(Wq-ROFHA)and the weighted q-rung orthopair fuzzy Hamacher geometric mean(Wq-ROFHGM)operators.In this model,the q-ROFSs based full consistency method(FUCOM)is introduced as a new methodology to determine the weights of the decision criteria.The results of the proposed model show that the best site among the investigated four alternatives is A1:Utsira Nord.A sensitivity analysis has verified the stability of the proposed decision-making model.
