Flowering time(or heading date)is a crucial agronomic trait for the adaptation of rice to specific growing regions and seasons.Although many flowering time-related rice genes have been identified and functionally char...Flowering time(or heading date)is a crucial agronomic trait for the adaptation of rice to specific growing regions and seasons.Although many flowering time-related rice genes have been identified and functionally characterized,continuing in-depth research is revealing how transcription of these genes is regulated.In this study,we determined that a basic leucine zipper transcription factor(OsbZIP40)and its homologous protein(OsbZIP12)participate in the control of flowering time.Overexpression of OsbZIP40 delayed flowering.Double mutants in which both OsbZIP40 and OsbZIP12 were knocked out exhibited an early-flowering phenotype under both long-day and short-day conditions.However,there was no difference in the heading date between the wild-type and each single mutant.These results suggest that OsbZIP40 functions as a flowering suppressor.Both OsbZIP40 and OsbZIP12 bound directly to the Ehd1 promoter and repressed its expression.Furthermore,MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1(Os MFT1)interacted with OsbZIP40/OsbZIP12 and enhanced their repressive effects on Ehd1 expression.Based on the data,we present a transcriptional regulatory mechanism in which OsbZIP40 and OsbZIP12 interact with Os MFT1 and modulate Ehd1 expression to delay flowering.Our findings provide relevant insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating flowering time in rice.展开更多
植物经历生殖生长与营养生长阶段来确保生命周期的顺利完成,适当的开花时机对生长转变至关重要,开花的机制在植物中高度保守,这一机制的核心在于环境和内源性信号对成花素基因FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)的转录调控。FT蛋白属于一类保守的蛋...植物经历生殖生长与营养生长阶段来确保生命周期的顺利完成,适当的开花时机对生长转变至关重要,开花的机制在植物中高度保守,这一机制的核心在于环境和内源性信号对成花素基因FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)的转录调控。FT蛋白属于一类保守的蛋白家族,是营养生长和生殖生长转变过程的重要遗传因子,在两个生长阶段中都发挥着重要作用,从不同物种的生殖生长和营养生长两个方面综述FT基因的功能、作用机制和调控网络,为理解植物通过整合多种信号产生对环境变化的适应性和精确性,也为围绕植物生殖调控育种目标进行分子遗传改良提供参考。展开更多
Flowering is one of the most important phenological periods,as it determines the timing of fruit maturation and seed dispersal.To date,both nitric oxide(NO)and DNA demethylation have been reported to regulate flowerin...Flowering is one of the most important phenological periods,as it determines the timing of fruit maturation and seed dispersal.To date,both nitric oxide(NO)and DNA demethylation have been reported to regulate flowering in plants.However,there is no compelling experimental evidence for a relationship between NO and DNA demethylation during plant flowering.In this study,an NO donor and a DNA methylation inhibitor were used to investigate the involvement of DNA demethylation in NO-mediated tomato(Solanum lycopersicum cv.Micro-Tom)flowering.The results showed that the promoting effect of NO on tomato flowering was dose-dependent,with the greatest positive effect observed at 10μmol L^(-1) of the NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione(GSNO).Treatment with 50μmol L^(-1) of the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacitidine(5-AzaC)also significantly promoted tomato flowering.Moreover,GSNO and 5-AzaC increased the peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT)activities and cytokinin(CTK)and proline contents,while they reduced the gibberellic acid(GA3)and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)contents.Co-treatment with GSNO and 5-AzaC accelerated the positive effects of GSNO and 5-AzaC in promoting tomato flowering.Meanwhile,compared with a GSNO or 5-AzaC treatment alone,co-treatment with GSNO+5-AzaC significantly increased the global DNA demethylation levels in different tissues of tomato.The results also indicate that DNA demethylation may be involved in NO-induced flowering.The expression of flowering genes was significantly altered by the GSNO+5-AzaC treatment.Five of these flowering induction genes,ARGONAUTE 4(AGO4A),SlSP3D/SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS(SFT),MutS HOMOLOG 1(MSH1),ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 2(ZFP2),and FLOWERING LOCUS D(FLD),were selected as candidate genes for further study.An McrBC-PCR analysis showed that DNA demethylation of the SFT gene in the apex and the FLD gene in the stem might be involved in NO-induced flowering.Therefore,this study shows that NO might promote tomato flowering by mediating the DNA demethylation of flowering induction genes,and it provides direct evidence for a synergistic effect of NO and DNA demethylation in promoting tomato flowering.展开更多
The proper flowering time of rose(Rosa hybrida)is vital for the market value of this horticultural crop,but the mechanism regulating this trait is largely unclear.Here,we found that the transcription factor SQUAMOSA P...The proper flowering time of rose(Rosa hybrida)is vital for the market value of this horticultural crop,but the mechanism regulating this trait is largely unclear.Here,we found that the transcription factor SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE4(RhSPL4)positively regulates flowering time in rose.Transient silencing or overexpression transgenic rose plants of RhSPL4 exhibited delayed or early flowering,respectively.Analysis of transcriptome data from transgenic lines overexpressing RhSPL4 compared to the wild type indicated that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the circadian rhythm pathway.Among the proteins encoded by these genes,RhSPL4 binds to the promoter of PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 5-LIKE(RhPRR5L),as revealed in yeast one-hybrid,dual-Luciferase/Renilla luciferase reporter,chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR and electrophoretic mobility shift assay.Furthermore,RhSPL4 specifically binds to the478 to441 bp region of the RhPRR5L promoter and activates its transcription.The silencing of RhPRR5L delayed flowering time in rose,resembling the phenotype of RhSPL4-silenced plants.Together,these results indicate that the RhSPL4-RhPRR5L module positively regulates flowering time in rose,laying the foundation for the genetic improvement of flowering time in this important horticultural crop.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFE0103400)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20230013)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100259)the Program of Jiangsu Province Government(JBGS[2021]001-1-2)the Program of Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory(ZSBBLKY2023-01)the PAPD Program from Jiangsu Government。
文摘Flowering time(or heading date)is a crucial agronomic trait for the adaptation of rice to specific growing regions and seasons.Although many flowering time-related rice genes have been identified and functionally characterized,continuing in-depth research is revealing how transcription of these genes is regulated.In this study,we determined that a basic leucine zipper transcription factor(OsbZIP40)and its homologous protein(OsbZIP12)participate in the control of flowering time.Overexpression of OsbZIP40 delayed flowering.Double mutants in which both OsbZIP40 and OsbZIP12 were knocked out exhibited an early-flowering phenotype under both long-day and short-day conditions.However,there was no difference in the heading date between the wild-type and each single mutant.These results suggest that OsbZIP40 functions as a flowering suppressor.Both OsbZIP40 and OsbZIP12 bound directly to the Ehd1 promoter and repressed its expression.Furthermore,MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1(Os MFT1)interacted with OsbZIP40/OsbZIP12 and enhanced their repressive effects on Ehd1 expression.Based on the data,we present a transcriptional regulatory mechanism in which OsbZIP40 and OsbZIP12 interact with Os MFT1 and modulate Ehd1 expression to delay flowering.Our findings provide relevant insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating flowering time in rice.
文摘植物经历生殖生长与营养生长阶段来确保生命周期的顺利完成,适当的开花时机对生长转变至关重要,开花的机制在植物中高度保守,这一机制的核心在于环境和内源性信号对成花素基因FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)的转录调控。FT蛋白属于一类保守的蛋白家族,是营养生长和生殖生长转变过程的重要遗传因子,在两个生长阶段中都发挥着重要作用,从不同物种的生殖生长和营养生长两个方面综述FT基因的功能、作用机制和调控网络,为理解植物通过整合多种信号产生对环境变化的适应性和精确性,也为围绕植物生殖调控育种目标进行分子遗传改良提供参考。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32360743,32072559,and31860568)the National Key Research and Development Program,China(2018YFD1000800)the Fostering Foundation for the Excellent Ph D Dissertation of Gansu Agricultural University,China(YB2022004)。
文摘Flowering is one of the most important phenological periods,as it determines the timing of fruit maturation and seed dispersal.To date,both nitric oxide(NO)and DNA demethylation have been reported to regulate flowering in plants.However,there is no compelling experimental evidence for a relationship between NO and DNA demethylation during plant flowering.In this study,an NO donor and a DNA methylation inhibitor were used to investigate the involvement of DNA demethylation in NO-mediated tomato(Solanum lycopersicum cv.Micro-Tom)flowering.The results showed that the promoting effect of NO on tomato flowering was dose-dependent,with the greatest positive effect observed at 10μmol L^(-1) of the NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione(GSNO).Treatment with 50μmol L^(-1) of the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacitidine(5-AzaC)also significantly promoted tomato flowering.Moreover,GSNO and 5-AzaC increased the peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT)activities and cytokinin(CTK)and proline contents,while they reduced the gibberellic acid(GA3)and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)contents.Co-treatment with GSNO and 5-AzaC accelerated the positive effects of GSNO and 5-AzaC in promoting tomato flowering.Meanwhile,compared with a GSNO or 5-AzaC treatment alone,co-treatment with GSNO+5-AzaC significantly increased the global DNA demethylation levels in different tissues of tomato.The results also indicate that DNA demethylation may be involved in NO-induced flowering.The expression of flowering genes was significantly altered by the GSNO+5-AzaC treatment.Five of these flowering induction genes,ARGONAUTE 4(AGO4A),SlSP3D/SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS(SFT),MutS HOMOLOG 1(MSH1),ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 2(ZFP2),and FLOWERING LOCUS D(FLD),were selected as candidate genes for further study.An McrBC-PCR analysis showed that DNA demethylation of the SFT gene in the apex and the FLD gene in the stem might be involved in NO-induced flowering.Therefore,this study shows that NO might promote tomato flowering by mediating the DNA demethylation of flowering induction genes,and it provides direct evidence for a synergistic effect of NO and DNA demethylation in promoting tomato flowering.
文摘金花茶组(Sect. Chrysanthae)植物具有很高的观赏价值,但其开花习性各不相同。为探究金花茶组植物成花机制,本研究以四季金花茶(Camellia perpetua)、金花茶(C. petelotii)和淡黄金花茶(C. flavida) 3种典型的金花茶为材料,克隆了控制成花转变的关键基因FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)和CENTRORADIALIS1(CEN1)以及它们的启动子,对基因和启动子的结构特点进行分析,并通过RT-qPCR对三种金花茶不同组织中的FT和CEN1的表达进行定量分析。结果显示三种金花茶FT和CEN1编码的氨基酸序列极为相似,推测它们的功能可能相同。基因表达分析显示三种金花茶的FT基因主要在叶片中表达,在花芽、苞片中表达量较低,其中四季金花茶的CperFT基因在嫩叶及其叶柄和幼态叶的叶柄中表达量较高;三种金花茶CEN1主要在逐渐张开、显露色泽的花蕾中表达,且在花器官中表达量各不相同,在叶片、顶芽和花芽中的表达量相对较低。启动子序列分析显示,三种金花茶FT和CEN1启动子均具有不同数量的TATA-box和CAAT-box核心元件,同时激素响应、生物和非生物胁迫响应元件也存在差异。金花茶和四季金花茶的FT和CEN1启动子序列比较接近,淡黄金花茶CflaFT和CflaCEN1与它们相差较大。本研究结果表明三种金花茶开花习性的差异可能不是由FT和CEN1编码的蛋白功能差异引起的,很可能与它们的表达模式差异有关。
基金supported by Yunnan Province Agricultural Joint Key Project(Grant No.202401BD070001-016)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32202530)+3 种基金Talent Introduction and Training Project of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.2024RCYP-09)Fundamental Research Project(Grant No.202401CF070046)Xingdian Talent support program(XDYC-QNRC-2023-0457)Yunnan Technology Innovation Center of Flower Technique.
文摘The proper flowering time of rose(Rosa hybrida)is vital for the market value of this horticultural crop,but the mechanism regulating this trait is largely unclear.Here,we found that the transcription factor SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE4(RhSPL4)positively regulates flowering time in rose.Transient silencing or overexpression transgenic rose plants of RhSPL4 exhibited delayed or early flowering,respectively.Analysis of transcriptome data from transgenic lines overexpressing RhSPL4 compared to the wild type indicated that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the circadian rhythm pathway.Among the proteins encoded by these genes,RhSPL4 binds to the promoter of PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 5-LIKE(RhPRR5L),as revealed in yeast one-hybrid,dual-Luciferase/Renilla luciferase reporter,chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR and electrophoretic mobility shift assay.Furthermore,RhSPL4 specifically binds to the478 to441 bp region of the RhPRR5L promoter and activates its transcription.The silencing of RhPRR5L delayed flowering time in rose,resembling the phenotype of RhSPL4-silenced plants.Together,these results indicate that the RhSPL4-RhPRR5L module positively regulates flowering time in rose,laying the foundation for the genetic improvement of flowering time in this important horticultural crop.
