FT(FLOWERING LOCUS T)是一种由叶片合成并可向顶端分生组织移动的信号蛋白,作为成花素在开花诱导与发育转变中发挥核心作用。近年来,围绕FT合成、运输以及成花素激活复合体(FAC)的组装和调控机制等方面的研究取得了重要进展,为理解植...FT(FLOWERING LOCUS T)是一种由叶片合成并可向顶端分生组织移动的信号蛋白,作为成花素在开花诱导与发育转变中发挥核心作用。近年来,围绕FT合成、运输以及成花素激活复合体(FAC)的组装和调控机制等方面的研究取得了重要进展,为理解植物发育调控网络奠定了坚实基础。近日,一项最新研究整合了蛋白-DNA互作、液-液相分离及发育时空表达等多重调控机制,将传统的静态FAC模型拓展为动态、多层次的组装模型,为理解植物如何整合环境信号以调控生殖发育提供了新的分子视角。鉴于此,本文系统梳理了有关FT与FAC的研究进展和当前亟待解决的关键问题,并展望了未来的发展方向,以期为深入解析植物发育调控机制以及作物育种应用提供新思路。展开更多
Flowering time(or heading date)is a crucial agronomic trait for the adaptation of rice to specific growing regions and seasons.Although many flowering time-related rice genes have been identified and functionally char...Flowering time(or heading date)is a crucial agronomic trait for the adaptation of rice to specific growing regions and seasons.Although many flowering time-related rice genes have been identified and functionally characterized,continuing in-depth research is revealing how transcription of these genes is regulated.In this study,we determined that a basic leucine zipper transcription factor(OsbZIP40)and its homologous protein(OsbZIP12)participate in the control of flowering time.Overexpression of OsbZIP40 delayed flowering.Double mutants in which both OsbZIP40 and OsbZIP12 were knocked out exhibited an early-flowering phenotype under both long-day and short-day conditions.However,there was no difference in the heading date between the wild-type and each single mutant.These results suggest that OsbZIP40 functions as a flowering suppressor.Both OsbZIP40 and OsbZIP12 bound directly to the Ehd1 promoter and repressed its expression.Furthermore,MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1(Os MFT1)interacted with OsbZIP40/OsbZIP12 and enhanced their repressive effects on Ehd1 expression.Based on the data,we present a transcriptional regulatory mechanism in which OsbZIP40 and OsbZIP12 interact with Os MFT1 and modulate Ehd1 expression to delay flowering.Our findings provide relevant insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating flowering time in rice.展开更多
Flowering time is a critical agronomic trait with a profound effect on the productivity and adaptabillity of rapeseed(Brassica napus L.).Strategically advancing flowering time can reduce the risk of yield losses due t...Flowering time is a critical agronomic trait with a profound effect on the productivity and adaptabillity of rapeseed(Brassica napus L.).Strategically advancing flowering time can reduce the risk of yield losses due to extreme climatic conditions and facilitate the cultivation of subsequent crops on the same land,thereby enhancing overall agricultural efficiency.In this review,we synthesize current information on flowering time regulation in rapeseed through an integrated analysis of its genetic,hormonal,and environmental dimensions,emphasizing their crosstalk and implications for yield.We consolidate multi-omics evidence from population genetics,functional genomics,and systems biology to create a haplotype-based framework that overcomes the trade-off between flowering time and yield,providing support for the precision breeding of early-maturing cultivars.The insights presented here could inform future research on flowering time regulation and guide strategies for increasing rapeseed productivity.展开更多
Objective Anoectochilus roxburghii is a valuable medicinal and ornamental plant.The aim of this study is to investigate the morphological and biochemical responses during the flower development stages of A.roxburghii,...Objective Anoectochilus roxburghii is a valuable medicinal and ornamental plant.The aim of this study is to investigate the morphological and biochemical responses during the flower development stages of A.roxburghii,and to assess the effects of exogenous polyamines(PAs)on bud differentiation and metabolism,thereby providing a theoretical basis for understanding the flowering form and physiology of A.roxburghii.Methods In this study,morphological and biochemical responses in flower development stages of A.roxburghii were investigated using paraffin sections and stereomicroscope.A.roxburghii was divided into five periods,including vegetative growth period,flower bud period,flowering period,late flowering period and fruiting period.During the flowering phase,specific biochemical parameters were measured,including soluble sugar content,superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity,soluble protein content,peroxidase(POD)activity,and catalase(CAT)activity.These measurements were conducted to understand the biochemical changes occurring within A.roxburghii during its flowering process.Furthermore,the effects of PAs on bud differentiation were examined.Additionally,the activities of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase(SAMDC)and polyamine oxidase(PAO),as well as the content of polyphenols,polysaccharides,and flavonoids in A.roxburghii,were measured after PA treatment to evaluate the metabolic changes induced by exogenous PAs.Results During the flowering phase of A.roxburghii,soluble sugar content and SOD activity were steadily declining.Soluble protein content was initially increasing and then reducing,and POD and CAT activities showed opposite pattern.In addition,the effects of exogenous PAs on bud differentiation were investigated.Results showed that 3 mmol/L putrescine or 0.3 mmol/L spermidine significantly promoted the bud differentiation of A.roxburghii and advanced the flowering.The activities of SAMDC,PAO,and the content of polyphenols,polysaccharides and flavonoids in A.roxburghii significantly increased after PA treatment,demonstrating that exogenous PA can accelerate metabolism and improved the active ingredients content.Conclusion The flower development of A.roxburghii was divided into five stages,with significant changes in soluble sugar,protein,POD,SOD,CAT,MDA,and PRO levels.Exogenous putrescine and spermidine enhanced bud differentiation and accelerated flowering,increasing SAMDC and PAO activities,suggesting accelerated PA metabolism.PAs also improved active component content.These findings provide a theoretical basis for studying flower morphology and PA-induced flowering regulation of A.roxburghii.展开更多
In order to explore the effect of spraying fertilizers after flowering on grain weight and nutritional quality of different winter wheat cultivars, twenty wheat culti- vars in wheat zones along Yellow River and Huai R...In order to explore the effect of spraying fertilizers after flowering on grain weight and nutritional quality of different winter wheat cultivars, twenty wheat culti- vars in wheat zones along Yellow River and Huai River, were used to investigate the change of thousand kernel weight （TKW）, phytic acid content （PAC）, contents of Fe, Zn and Mg and bioavailability by spraying zinc and nitrogen fertilizers after flowering. The results showed that both of TKW and protein content in grains in- creased by spraying Zn and N fertilizers, and the effect of N fertilizer proved more significant. The PAC decreased significantly after Zn treatment, for example, PAC of ＂955159＂, a wheat cultivar, decreased by 27.95%. However, PAC was in- significantly influenced by N fertilizer. On the other hand, Zn content in wheat grains were improved after spraying Zn fertilizer and the increase aveaged 54.38%. Furthermore, Fe and Zn contents grew significantly after spraying N fertilizer, and the increase averaged 36.88% and 11.25% respectively. However, Mg content in grains declined by N fertilizer. Still, the bioavailability of zinc in grains was enhanced after spraying Zn fertilizer, and of Fe was also increased greatly after spraying N fertilizer. In conclusion, grain weight, and content and effectiveness of mineral ele-ments can be improved simultaneously by rational spraying of N and Zn fertilizers to improve quality of grains.展开更多
【目的】克隆四季蜜龙眼叶片开花基因FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)表达并进行生物信息学分析,为探讨生长调节剂调控四季蜜龙眼夏季成花机理打下基础。【方法】以经多效唑(PP_(333))和乙烯利处理的四季蜜龙眼成熟叶片为试验材料,采用同源克隆...【目的】克隆四季蜜龙眼叶片开花基因FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)表达并进行生物信息学分析,为探讨生长调节剂调控四季蜜龙眼夏季成花机理打下基础。【方法】以经多效唑(PP_(333))和乙烯利处理的四季蜜龙眼成熟叶片为试验材料,采用同源克隆技术克隆其FT基因的cDNA全长序列,预测该基因及其编码蛋白的理化性质,并通过实时荧光定量PCR分析四季蜜龙眼成花过程不同时期的FT表达情况。【结果】克隆获得2个四季蜜龙眼FT同源基因cDNA全长序列,分别命名为DlFT1和DlFT2,序列长度分别为755和629 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)均为525 bp,各编码174个氨基酸,二者所编码的蛋白存在24个氨基酸残基差异。四季蜜龙眼叶片中的DlFT1和DlFT2基因在四季蜜龙眼夏季成花过程中可能发挥关键作用,且DlFT2基因的表达量显著上升(P<0.05),DlFT2与成花关系更紧密。【结论】2个四季蜜龙眼FT同源基因DlFT1和DlFT2均属于PEBP基因家族的FT-Like蛋白亚家族,在PP_(333)和乙烯利诱导四季蜜龙眼成花转变过程中发挥关键作用,且DlFT2起着主导作用。展开更多
为了了解核桃FLOWERING LOCUS T(JrFT)基因在核桃雌雄异熟开花机制中的作用,以核桃雌先型品种‘极早丰’与雄先型品种‘新早丰’在3个时期(2月6日、3月21日及4月7日)的雌、雄花芽为试验材料,结合荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)、RT-PCR扩增、生...为了了解核桃FLOWERING LOCUS T(JrFT)基因在核桃雌雄异熟开花机制中的作用,以核桃雌先型品种‘极早丰’与雄先型品种‘新早丰’在3个时期(2月6日、3月21日及4月7日)的雌、雄花芽为试验材料,结合荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)、RT-PCR扩增、生物信息技术,分析了核桃JrFT基因的结构与表达,预测了JrFT基因的功能。结果表明:核桃JrFT基因在‘极早丰’与‘新早丰’3个时期的雌、雄花芽中均有表达;在不同时期同一花芽JrFT基因的表达量有所差异;在同一时期,JrFT基因在雌花中的表达量明显高于雄花,在‘新早丰’雄花中的表达量高于在‘极早丰’雄花中的表达量。克隆获得了JrFT基因的CDS序列,其长度为525 bp,编码174个氨基酸,含有高度保守的PEBP蛋白结构域。在NCBI数据库进行Blast比对显示:核桃JrFT基因与其他木本植物FT同源基因的相似性较高,可达到80%以上;JrFT蛋白与其他植物FT蛋白的相似性也很高。系统进化分析也同样说明JrFT基因属于PEBP家族基因。因此推测JrFT基因可能在核桃开花进程中具有一定的促进作用。展开更多
Regulation of flowering is one of the key issues in crop yield. The Floiuering Loews T(FT) gene is a well-known florigen, which integrates various signals from multiple flowering-regulation pathways to initiate flower...Regulation of flowering is one of the key issues in crop yield. The Floiuering Loews T(FT) gene is a well-known florigen, which integrates various signals from multiple flowering-regulation pathways to initiate flowering. We previously reported that there are at least six FT genes(GmFTLl-6) in soybean displaying flowering activity. However, the individual functions of genes GmFTLl-6 remain to be identified. In this study, we cloned the GmFTL2 promoter(GmFTLpro) from soybean(Glycine max) cultivar Tianlong 1 and analyzed its motifs bioinformatically and its expression patterns using both a transgenic approach and quantitative RT-PCR(qRT-PCR). In GmFTLpro::GUS transgenic lines, GUS signals were enriched in cotyledons, hypocotyledons, pollen, embryos, and root tips in a photoperiod-independent manner. qRT-PCR confirmed the GUS reporter results. Our results suggest that GmFTL2 expression is regulated by developmental and tissue-specific clues and plays roles in seedling establishment and the development of micro game tophytes, embryos, and roots.展开更多
文摘FT(FLOWERING LOCUS T)是一种由叶片合成并可向顶端分生组织移动的信号蛋白,作为成花素在开花诱导与发育转变中发挥核心作用。近年来,围绕FT合成、运输以及成花素激活复合体(FAC)的组装和调控机制等方面的研究取得了重要进展,为理解植物发育调控网络奠定了坚实基础。近日,一项最新研究整合了蛋白-DNA互作、液-液相分离及发育时空表达等多重调控机制,将传统的静态FAC模型拓展为动态、多层次的组装模型,为理解植物如何整合环境信号以调控生殖发育提供了新的分子视角。鉴于此,本文系统梳理了有关FT与FAC的研究进展和当前亟待解决的关键问题,并展望了未来的发展方向,以期为深入解析植物发育调控机制以及作物育种应用提供新思路。
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFE0103400)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20230013)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100259)the Program of Jiangsu Province Government(JBGS[2021]001-1-2)the Program of Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory(ZSBBLKY2023-01)the PAPD Program from Jiangsu Government。
文摘Flowering time(or heading date)is a crucial agronomic trait for the adaptation of rice to specific growing regions and seasons.Although many flowering time-related rice genes have been identified and functionally characterized,continuing in-depth research is revealing how transcription of these genes is regulated.In this study,we determined that a basic leucine zipper transcription factor(OsbZIP40)and its homologous protein(OsbZIP12)participate in the control of flowering time.Overexpression of OsbZIP40 delayed flowering.Double mutants in which both OsbZIP40 and OsbZIP12 were knocked out exhibited an early-flowering phenotype under both long-day and short-day conditions.However,there was no difference in the heading date between the wild-type and each single mutant.These results suggest that OsbZIP40 functions as a flowering suppressor.Both OsbZIP40 and OsbZIP12 bound directly to the Ehd1 promoter and repressed its expression.Furthermore,MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1(Os MFT1)interacted with OsbZIP40/OsbZIP12 and enhanced their repressive effects on Ehd1 expression.Based on the data,we present a transcriptional regulatory mechanism in which OsbZIP40 and OsbZIP12 interact with Os MFT1 and modulate Ehd1 expression to delay flowering.Our findings provide relevant insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating flowering time in rice.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1200400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272111)+4 种基金Special fund for youth team of the Southwest Universities(SWU-XJPY202306)Chongqing Natural Science Foundation(CSTB2024NSCQLZX0012)Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(CARS-12)Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(COMAITS202504)Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2022ZD04008).We sincerely appreciate the Plant Editors team for English language editing of the manuscript,which significantly improved its clarity and overall quality.
文摘Flowering time is a critical agronomic trait with a profound effect on the productivity and adaptabillity of rapeseed(Brassica napus L.).Strategically advancing flowering time can reduce the risk of yield losses due to extreme climatic conditions and facilitate the cultivation of subsequent crops on the same land,thereby enhancing overall agricultural efficiency.In this review,we synthesize current information on flowering time regulation in rapeseed through an integrated analysis of its genetic,hormonal,and environmental dimensions,emphasizing their crosstalk and implications for yield.We consolidate multi-omics evidence from population genetics,functional genomics,and systems biology to create a haplotype-based framework that overcomes the trade-off between flowering time and yield,providing support for the precision breeding of early-maturing cultivars.The insights presented here could inform future research on flowering time regulation and guide strategies for increasing rapeseed productivity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82373977,82173916)Wenzhou Major Science and Technology Innovation Projects(No.ZNF2023007)+1 种基金the“San Nong Jiu Fang”Science and Technology Cooperation Project of Zhejiang Province(No.2024SNJF039)Tongxiang Science and Technology Plan Project(No.202301017).
文摘Objective Anoectochilus roxburghii is a valuable medicinal and ornamental plant.The aim of this study is to investigate the morphological and biochemical responses during the flower development stages of A.roxburghii,and to assess the effects of exogenous polyamines(PAs)on bud differentiation and metabolism,thereby providing a theoretical basis for understanding the flowering form and physiology of A.roxburghii.Methods In this study,morphological and biochemical responses in flower development stages of A.roxburghii were investigated using paraffin sections and stereomicroscope.A.roxburghii was divided into five periods,including vegetative growth period,flower bud period,flowering period,late flowering period and fruiting period.During the flowering phase,specific biochemical parameters were measured,including soluble sugar content,superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity,soluble protein content,peroxidase(POD)activity,and catalase(CAT)activity.These measurements were conducted to understand the biochemical changes occurring within A.roxburghii during its flowering process.Furthermore,the effects of PAs on bud differentiation were examined.Additionally,the activities of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase(SAMDC)and polyamine oxidase(PAO),as well as the content of polyphenols,polysaccharides,and flavonoids in A.roxburghii,were measured after PA treatment to evaluate the metabolic changes induced by exogenous PAs.Results During the flowering phase of A.roxburghii,soluble sugar content and SOD activity were steadily declining.Soluble protein content was initially increasing and then reducing,and POD and CAT activities showed opposite pattern.In addition,the effects of exogenous PAs on bud differentiation were investigated.Results showed that 3 mmol/L putrescine or 0.3 mmol/L spermidine significantly promoted the bud differentiation of A.roxburghii and advanced the flowering.The activities of SAMDC,PAO,and the content of polyphenols,polysaccharides and flavonoids in A.roxburghii significantly increased after PA treatment,demonstrating that exogenous PA can accelerate metabolism and improved the active ingredients content.Conclusion The flower development of A.roxburghii was divided into five stages,with significant changes in soluble sugar,protein,POD,SOD,CAT,MDA,and PRO levels.Exogenous putrescine and spermidine enhanced bud differentiation and accelerated flowering,increasing SAMDC and PAO activities,suggesting accelerated PA metabolism.PAs also improved active component content.These findings provide a theoretical basis for studying flower morphology and PA-induced flowering regulation of A.roxburghii.
基金Supported by Special Fund for S&R in the Public Interest(200903007)Special Fund in the Public Interest(201203013)Henan Key Project(102101110200)~~
文摘In order to explore the effect of spraying fertilizers after flowering on grain weight and nutritional quality of different winter wheat cultivars, twenty wheat culti- vars in wheat zones along Yellow River and Huai River, were used to investigate the change of thousand kernel weight （TKW）, phytic acid content （PAC）, contents of Fe, Zn and Mg and bioavailability by spraying zinc and nitrogen fertilizers after flowering. The results showed that both of TKW and protein content in grains in- creased by spraying Zn and N fertilizers, and the effect of N fertilizer proved more significant. The PAC decreased significantly after Zn treatment, for example, PAC of ＂955159＂, a wheat cultivar, decreased by 27.95%. However, PAC was in- significantly influenced by N fertilizer. On the other hand, Zn content in wheat grains were improved after spraying Zn fertilizer and the increase aveaged 54.38%. Furthermore, Fe and Zn contents grew significantly after spraying N fertilizer, and the increase averaged 36.88% and 11.25% respectively. However, Mg content in grains declined by N fertilizer. Still, the bioavailability of zinc in grains was enhanced after spraying Zn fertilizer, and of Fe was also increased greatly after spraying N fertilizer. In conclusion, grain weight, and content and effectiveness of mineral ele-ments can be improved simultaneously by rational spraying of N and Zn fertilizers to improve quality of grains.
文摘【目的】克隆四季蜜龙眼叶片开花基因FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)表达并进行生物信息学分析,为探讨生长调节剂调控四季蜜龙眼夏季成花机理打下基础。【方法】以经多效唑(PP_(333))和乙烯利处理的四季蜜龙眼成熟叶片为试验材料,采用同源克隆技术克隆其FT基因的cDNA全长序列,预测该基因及其编码蛋白的理化性质,并通过实时荧光定量PCR分析四季蜜龙眼成花过程不同时期的FT表达情况。【结果】克隆获得2个四季蜜龙眼FT同源基因cDNA全长序列,分别命名为DlFT1和DlFT2,序列长度分别为755和629 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)均为525 bp,各编码174个氨基酸,二者所编码的蛋白存在24个氨基酸残基差异。四季蜜龙眼叶片中的DlFT1和DlFT2基因在四季蜜龙眼夏季成花过程中可能发挥关键作用,且DlFT2基因的表达量显著上升(P<0.05),DlFT2与成花关系更紧密。【结论】2个四季蜜龙眼FT同源基因DlFT1和DlFT2均属于PEBP基因家族的FT-Like蛋白亚家族,在PP_(333)和乙烯利诱导四季蜜龙眼成花转变过程中发挥关键作用,且DlFT2起着主导作用。
文摘为了了解核桃FLOWERING LOCUS T(JrFT)基因在核桃雌雄异熟开花机制中的作用,以核桃雌先型品种‘极早丰’与雄先型品种‘新早丰’在3个时期(2月6日、3月21日及4月7日)的雌、雄花芽为试验材料,结合荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)、RT-PCR扩增、生物信息技术,分析了核桃JrFT基因的结构与表达,预测了JrFT基因的功能。结果表明:核桃JrFT基因在‘极早丰’与‘新早丰’3个时期的雌、雄花芽中均有表达;在不同时期同一花芽JrFT基因的表达量有所差异;在同一时期,JrFT基因在雌花中的表达量明显高于雄花,在‘新早丰’雄花中的表达量高于在‘极早丰’雄花中的表达量。克隆获得了JrFT基因的CDS序列,其长度为525 bp,编码174个氨基酸,含有高度保守的PEBP蛋白结构域。在NCBI数据库进行Blast比对显示:核桃JrFT基因与其他木本植物FT同源基因的相似性较高,可达到80%以上;JrFT蛋白与其他植物FT蛋白的相似性也很高。系统进化分析也同样说明JrFT基因属于PEBP家族基因。因此推测JrFT基因可能在核桃开花进程中具有一定的促进作用。
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0101005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31371703 and 31570289)
文摘Regulation of flowering is one of the key issues in crop yield. The Floiuering Loews T(FT) gene is a well-known florigen, which integrates various signals from multiple flowering-regulation pathways to initiate flowering. We previously reported that there are at least six FT genes(GmFTLl-6) in soybean displaying flowering activity. However, the individual functions of genes GmFTLl-6 remain to be identified. In this study, we cloned the GmFTL2 promoter(GmFTLpro) from soybean(Glycine max) cultivar Tianlong 1 and analyzed its motifs bioinformatically and its expression patterns using both a transgenic approach and quantitative RT-PCR(qRT-PCR). In GmFTLpro::GUS transgenic lines, GUS signals were enriched in cotyledons, hypocotyledons, pollen, embryos, and root tips in a photoperiod-independent manner. qRT-PCR confirmed the GUS reporter results. Our results suggest that GmFTL2 expression is regulated by developmental and tissue-specific clues and plays roles in seedling establishment and the development of micro game tophytes, embryos, and roots.
