Tomato reproductive success and yield are particularly vulnerable to the negative effect of heat stress leading to stigma exsertion(protrusion)and lower pollen viability,both interfering with fertilization.Thus,unders...Tomato reproductive success and yield are particularly vulnerable to the negative effect of heat stress leading to stigma exsertion(protrusion)and lower pollen viability,both interfering with fertilization.Thus,understanding the regulation of these two traits in tomato is crucial for the yield and quality of the crop.Here,we found that knocking out the tomato MADS-domain transcription factor FRUITFULL2(FUL2)function leads to a higher incidence of parthenocarpy in tomato.This phenotype was primarily due to impeded selfpollination as a consequence of the higher frequency of stigma exsertion and lower fertilization rates due to reduced pollen quality.Stigma exsertion in ful2 mutants,in contrast to heat stress-induced exsertion,was caused by style elongation,particularly in the younger flowers of a truss.Interestingly,Quantitative Trait Loci for style elongation,stigma exsertion,and pollen viability map close to the position of FUL2 on chromosome 3,making it a candidate gene underlying these QTLs.At the molecular level,ful2 mutant styles have higher expression of Style2.1 and SE3.1,which are known as positive regulators of style length.In addition,after reducing the impact of style exsertion and low pollen quality by manual pollination with wild-type pollen,ful2 mutants exhibited reduced fruit size independent of seed number.This study reveals the contributions of flower number,style length,and pollen quality,as affected by FUL2,to tomato fertility and fruit size.展开更多
World Laboratory (WL) is an international organ financed by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its operation is exclusively for the Third World countries, where basic research projects are carried out and res...World Laboratory (WL) is an international organ financed by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its operation is exclusively for the Third World countries, where basic research projects are carried out and research results are applied to the benefit of the local areas and the world as a whole. The Project of"Applied Research on Drought &展开更多
In 1994, foreign trade and economic cooperation in Bejing made major progress following overall growth for the previous three years. By 1994, the number of foreign-funded enterprises approved by the city exceeded 10, ...In 1994, foreign trade and economic cooperation in Bejing made major progress following overall growth for the previous three years. By 1994, the number of foreign-funded enterprises approved by the city exceeded 10, 000, the foreign capital actually used amounted to US $ 1.9 billion, and exports totalled US $ 2.1 billion, representing three major breakthroughs. In 1994, 2, 675 foreign-funded enterprises were approved, involving展开更多
Of major events in China over the past three decades, most Chinese would list the resumption of National Examination for the Entrance of University as number one. In December 1977, 5.7 million Chinese participated in...Of major events in China over the past three decades, most Chinese would list the resumption of National Examination for the Entrance of University as number one. In December 1977, 5.7 million Chinese participated in the national exams, the first since the catastrophic Cultural Revolution （1966-76）. One year later, the country＇s reform, opening up and modernization drive was launched.展开更多
Ⅰ. From the Civilian Contact to the Dual Channel of Official and Non-governmental Exchanges
From 1949 to 1972, S&T exchanges between China and Japan were dominated by civilian contacts,as non-governmental channel...Ⅰ. From the Civilian Contact to the Dual Channel of Official and Non-governmental Exchanges
From 1949 to 1972, S&T exchanges between China and Japan were dominated by civilian contacts,as non-governmental channels were used to intermediate between the two governments. In 1955, a delegation of Chinese scientists visited Japan under the leadership of Guo Moruo, the first president of CAS,and met with Japanese scientists and friends from all walks of life.展开更多
In his keynote speech at the open-ing ceremony of the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China Africa Cooperation(FOCAC)in September 2024,Chinese President Xi Jinping emphasised that China will enhance people-to-people an...In his keynote speech at the open-ing ceremony of the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China Africa Cooperation(FOCAC)in September 2024,Chinese President Xi Jinping emphasised that China will enhance people-to-people and cultural exchanges with Africa,champion mutual respect,inclusiveness and coexistence of di"erent civilisations on the way to modernisation,and strive together for more fruitful outcomes under the Global Civilisation Initiative.展开更多
Chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation are essential processes of fruit maturation in many horticultural plants,and play a crucial role in fruit color and quality.The pathways of chlorophyll and carotenoi...Chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation are essential processes of fruit maturation in many horticultural plants,and play a crucial role in fruit color and quality.The pathways of chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis and degradation are well understood,and key regulatory genes controlling these pathways have been identified in citrus.This article reviewed the recent research on chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism in citrus fruits,encompassing the metabolic pathways,transcriptional regulation,influencing factors,and the interplay between chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism,aiming to provide insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms governing the coloration of citrus fruits.展开更多
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herb...Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herbaceous plants,with notable applications in species such as Arabidopsis(Yin et al.,2024),soybean(Zhang et al.,2024),rice(Zhang et al.,2020),and Chinese cabbage(Li et al.,2021).However,its application in fruit trees is limited.This is primarily due to their long growth cycles and lack of rapid,efficient,and stable transgenic systems,which severely hinders foundational research involving plant genetic transformation(Mei et al.,2024).Furthermore,for subtropical fruit trees,the presence of recalcitrant seeds adds an extra layer of difficulty to genetic transformation(Umarani et al.,2015),as most methods rely on seed germination as a basis for transformation.展开更多
Photosynthesis is one the most important chemical reaction in plants,and it is the ultimate energy source of any living organisms.The light and dark reactions are two essential phases of photosynthesis.Light reaction ...Photosynthesis is one the most important chemical reaction in plants,and it is the ultimate energy source of any living organisms.The light and dark reactions are two essential phases of photosynthesis.Light reaction harvests light energy to synthesize ATP and NADPH through an electron transport chain,and as well as giving out O_(2);dark reaction fixes CO_(2) into six carbon sugars by utilizing NADPH and energy from ATP.Subsequently,plants convert optical energy into chemical energy for maintaining growth and development through absorbing light energy.Here,firstly,we highlighted the biological importance of photosynthesis,and hormones and metabolites,photosynthetic and regulating enzymes,and signaling components that collectively regulate photosynthesis in tomato.Next,we reviewed the advances in tomato photosynthesis,including two aspects of genetic basis and genetic improvement.Numerous genes regulating tomato photosynthesis are gradually uncovered,and the interaction network among those genes remains to be constructed.Finally,the photosynthesis occurring in fruit of tomato and the relationship between photosynthesis in leaf and fruit were discussed.Leaves and fruits are photosynthate sources and sinks of tomato respectively,and interaction between photosynthesis in leaf and fruit exists.Additionally,future perspectives that needs to be addressed on tomato photosynthesis were proposed.展开更多
The content of soluble sugars is a vital parameter that indicates the quality of fleshy fruits such as apple(Malus domestica Borkh.).Studying the patterns of accumulation of soluble sugars and regulatory mechanisms as...The content of soluble sugars is a vital parameter that indicates the quality of fleshy fruits such as apple(Malus domestica Borkh.).Studying the patterns of accumulation of soluble sugars and regulatory mechanisms associated with fruit development is crucial for breeding improved fruit varieties.Here,we report that MdCIbHLH1,a low temperature-induced b HLH transcription factor,inhibits the accumulation of soluble sugars by regulating sugar-metabolizing enzyme activities,photosynthetic performance,and the expression of sugar-related genes in developing apple fruits.MdCIbHLH1 inhibits MdFBP and MdPEPCK expression,thus blocking the conversion of acids to sugars in apple fruits.We also discovered that MdCIbHLH1 decreases the photosynthetic rate and carbohydrate accumulation in apple leaves.Our results suggest that soluble sugar accumulation in apple fruits is influenced by multiple factors,including metabolic status,photosynthesis,and carbohydrate allocation.MdCIbHLH1 is critically involved in controlling the accumulation of soluble sugars by coordinating carbohydrate synthesis and allocation,thus influencing sugar transport and its metabolism during the development of apple fruits.展开更多
Banana fruit ripening is a highly regulatory process involving various layers consisting of transcriptional regulation,epigenetic factor,and post-translational modification.Previously,we reported that MaERF11 cooperat...Banana fruit ripening is a highly regulatory process involving various layers consisting of transcriptional regulation,epigenetic factor,and post-translational modification.Previously,we reported that MaERF11 cooperated with MaHDA1 to precisely regulate the transcription of ripening-associated genes via histone deacetylation.However,whether MaERF11 is subjected to post-translational modification during banana ripening is largely unknown.In this study,we found that MaERF11 targeted a subset of starch degradation-related genes using the DNA affinity purification sequence(DAP-Seq)approach.Electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA)and dual-luciferase reporter assay(DLR)demonstrated that MaERF11 could specifically bind and repress the expression of the starch degradation-related genes MaAMY3,MaBAM2 and MaGWD1.Further analyses of yeast two-hybrid(Y2H),bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)and Luciferase complementation imaging(LCI)assays indicated that MaERF11 interacted with the ubiquitin E3 ligase MaRFA1,and this interaction weakened the MaERF11-mediated transcriptional repression capacity.Collectively,our results suggest an additional regulatory layer in which MaERF11 regulates banana fruit ripening and expands the regulatory network in fruit ripening at the post-translational modification level.展开更多
基金supported by a fellowship from the China Scholarship Council(CSC),award nr.202106300012 to X.W.from EU-RISE Evofruland:grant agreement no.101007738 to X.W.
文摘Tomato reproductive success and yield are particularly vulnerable to the negative effect of heat stress leading to stigma exsertion(protrusion)and lower pollen viability,both interfering with fertilization.Thus,understanding the regulation of these two traits in tomato is crucial for the yield and quality of the crop.Here,we found that knocking out the tomato MADS-domain transcription factor FRUITFULL2(FUL2)function leads to a higher incidence of parthenocarpy in tomato.This phenotype was primarily due to impeded selfpollination as a consequence of the higher frequency of stigma exsertion and lower fertilization rates due to reduced pollen quality.Stigma exsertion in ful2 mutants,in contrast to heat stress-induced exsertion,was caused by style elongation,particularly in the younger flowers of a truss.Interestingly,Quantitative Trait Loci for style elongation,stigma exsertion,and pollen viability map close to the position of FUL2 on chromosome 3,making it a candidate gene underlying these QTLs.At the molecular level,ful2 mutant styles have higher expression of Style2.1 and SE3.1,which are known as positive regulators of style length.In addition,after reducing the impact of style exsertion and low pollen quality by manual pollination with wild-type pollen,ful2 mutants exhibited reduced fruit size independent of seed number.This study reveals the contributions of flower number,style length,and pollen quality,as affected by FUL2,to tomato fertility and fruit size.
文摘World Laboratory (WL) is an international organ financed by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its operation is exclusively for the Third World countries, where basic research projects are carried out and research results are applied to the benefit of the local areas and the world as a whole. The Project of"Applied Research on Drought &
文摘In 1994, foreign trade and economic cooperation in Bejing made major progress following overall growth for the previous three years. By 1994, the number of foreign-funded enterprises approved by the city exceeded 10, 000, the foreign capital actually used amounted to US $ 1.9 billion, and exports totalled US $ 2.1 billion, representing three major breakthroughs. In 1994, 2, 675 foreign-funded enterprises were approved, involving
文摘Of major events in China over the past three decades, most Chinese would list the resumption of National Examination for the Entrance of University as number one. In December 1977, 5.7 million Chinese participated in the national exams, the first since the catastrophic Cultural Revolution （1966-76）. One year later, the country＇s reform, opening up and modernization drive was launched.
文摘Ⅰ. From the Civilian Contact to the Dual Channel of Official and Non-governmental Exchanges
From 1949 to 1972, S&T exchanges between China and Japan were dominated by civilian contacts,as non-governmental channels were used to intermediate between the two governments. In 1955, a delegation of Chinese scientists visited Japan under the leadership of Guo Moruo, the first president of CAS,and met with Japanese scientists and friends from all walks of life.
文摘In his keynote speech at the open-ing ceremony of the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China Africa Cooperation(FOCAC)in September 2024,Chinese President Xi Jinping emphasised that China will enhance people-to-people and cultural exchanges with Africa,champion mutual respect,inclusiveness and coexistence of di"erent civilisations on the way to modernisation,and strive together for more fruitful outcomes under the Global Civilisation Initiative.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.LQ23C150004 and LR23C150001)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC+1 种基金Grant No.32102318)NSFC Excellent Young Scientists Fund,and the Key Project for New Agricultural Cultivar Breeding in Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.2021C02066-1).
文摘Chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation are essential processes of fruit maturation in many horticultural plants,and play a crucial role in fruit color and quality.The pathways of chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis and degradation are well understood,and key regulatory genes controlling these pathways have been identified in citrus.This article reviewed the recent research on chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism in citrus fruits,encompassing the metabolic pathways,transcriptional regulation,influencing factors,and the interplay between chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism,aiming to provide insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms governing the coloration of citrus fruits.
基金funded by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2022B0202070002)the Guangxi Science and Technology Major Program(Grant No.GuikeAA23023007-2)+1 种基金the Guangdong Province Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Innovation Team Construction Project(2024CXTD19)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2023A1515010303)。
文摘Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herbaceous plants,with notable applications in species such as Arabidopsis(Yin et al.,2024),soybean(Zhang et al.,2024),rice(Zhang et al.,2020),and Chinese cabbage(Li et al.,2021).However,its application in fruit trees is limited.This is primarily due to their long growth cycles and lack of rapid,efficient,and stable transgenic systems,which severely hinders foundational research involving plant genetic transformation(Mei et al.,2024).Furthermore,for subtropical fruit trees,the presence of recalcitrant seeds adds an extra layer of difficulty to genetic transformation(Umarani et al.,2015),as most methods rely on seed germination as a basis for transformation.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research&Development Plan(Grants Nos.2022YFF10030022022YFD1200502)+7 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.3237269631991182)Wuhan Biological Breeding Major Project(Grant No.2022021302024852)Key Project of Hubei Hongshan Laboratory(2021hszd007)HZAU-AGIS Cooperation Fund(Grant No.SZYJY2023022)Funds for High Quality Development of Hubei Seed Industry(HBZY2023B004)Hubei Agriculture Research System(2023HBSTX4-06)Hubei Key Research&Development Plan(Grants Nos.2022BBA0066,2022BBA0062)。
文摘Photosynthesis is one the most important chemical reaction in plants,and it is the ultimate energy source of any living organisms.The light and dark reactions are two essential phases of photosynthesis.Light reaction harvests light energy to synthesize ATP and NADPH through an electron transport chain,and as well as giving out O_(2);dark reaction fixes CO_(2) into six carbon sugars by utilizing NADPH and energy from ATP.Subsequently,plants convert optical energy into chemical energy for maintaining growth and development through absorbing light energy.Here,firstly,we highlighted the biological importance of photosynthesis,and hormones and metabolites,photosynthetic and regulating enzymes,and signaling components that collectively regulate photosynthesis in tomato.Next,we reviewed the advances in tomato photosynthesis,including two aspects of genetic basis and genetic improvement.Numerous genes regulating tomato photosynthesis are gradually uncovered,and the interaction network among those genes remains to be constructed.Finally,the photosynthesis occurring in fruit of tomato and the relationship between photosynthesis in leaf and fruit were discussed.Leaves and fruits are photosynthate sources and sinks of tomato respectively,and interaction between photosynthesis in leaf and fruit exists.Additionally,future perspectives that needs to be addressed on tomato photosynthesis were proposed.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32122080,31972375)Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2020YQ25)。
文摘The content of soluble sugars is a vital parameter that indicates the quality of fleshy fruits such as apple(Malus domestica Borkh.).Studying the patterns of accumulation of soluble sugars and regulatory mechanisms associated with fruit development is crucial for breeding improved fruit varieties.Here,we report that MdCIbHLH1,a low temperature-induced b HLH transcription factor,inhibits the accumulation of soluble sugars by regulating sugar-metabolizing enzyme activities,photosynthetic performance,and the expression of sugar-related genes in developing apple fruits.MdCIbHLH1 inhibits MdFBP and MdPEPCK expression,thus blocking the conversion of acids to sugars in apple fruits.We also discovered that MdCIbHLH1 decreases the photosynthetic rate and carbohydrate accumulation in apple leaves.Our results suggest that soluble sugar accumulation in apple fruits is influenced by multiple factors,including metabolic status,photosynthesis,and carbohydrate allocation.MdCIbHLH1 is critically involved in controlling the accumulation of soluble sugars by coordinating carbohydrate synthesis and allocation,thus influencing sugar transport and its metabolism during the development of apple fruits.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31830071,32202561)the earmarked fund for CARS(Grant No.CARS-31)。
文摘Banana fruit ripening is a highly regulatory process involving various layers consisting of transcriptional regulation,epigenetic factor,and post-translational modification.Previously,we reported that MaERF11 cooperated with MaHDA1 to precisely regulate the transcription of ripening-associated genes via histone deacetylation.However,whether MaERF11 is subjected to post-translational modification during banana ripening is largely unknown.In this study,we found that MaERF11 targeted a subset of starch degradation-related genes using the DNA affinity purification sequence(DAP-Seq)approach.Electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA)and dual-luciferase reporter assay(DLR)demonstrated that MaERF11 could specifically bind and repress the expression of the starch degradation-related genes MaAMY3,MaBAM2 and MaGWD1.Further analyses of yeast two-hybrid(Y2H),bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)and Luciferase complementation imaging(LCI)assays indicated that MaERF11 interacted with the ubiquitin E3 ligase MaRFA1,and this interaction weakened the MaERF11-mediated transcriptional repression capacity.Collectively,our results suggest an additional regulatory layer in which MaERF11 regulates banana fruit ripening and expands the regulatory network in fruit ripening at the post-translational modification level.
