Pyrus pyrifolia,commonly known as sand pear,is a key economic fruit tree in temperate regions that possesses highly diverse germplasm resources for pear quality improvement.However,research on the relationship between...Pyrus pyrifolia,commonly known as sand pear,is a key economic fruit tree in temperate regions that possesses highly diverse germplasm resources for pear quality improvement.However,research on the relationship between resistance and fruit quality traits in the breeding of fruit species like pear is limited.Pan-transcriptomes effectively capture genetic information from coding regions and reflect variations in gene expression between individuals.Here,we constructed a pan-transcriptome based on 506 samples from different tissues of sand pear,and explored the intrinsic relationships among phenotypes and the selection for disease resistance during improvement based on expression presence/absence variations(eP AVs).The pan-transcriptome in this study contains 156,744 transcripts,among which the novel transcripts showed significant enrichment in the defense response.Interestingly,disease resistance genes are highly expressed in landraces of pear but have been selected against during the improvement of this perennial tree species.We found that the genetically diverse landraces can be divided into two subgroups and inferred that they have undergone different dispersal processes.Through co-expression network analysis,we confirmed that the formation of stone cells in pears,the synthesis of fruit anthocyanins,and the ability to resist stress are interrelated.They are jointly regulated by several modules,and the expression of regulatory genes has significant correlations with these three processes.Moreover,we identified candidate genes such as HKL1 that may affect sugar content and are missing from the reference genome.This study provides insights into the associations between complex fruit traits,while providing a database resource for pear disease resistance and fruit quality breeding.展开更多
Tomato,a vegetable of considerable global significance,has been the subject of extensive breeding efforts primarily aimed at achieving high yields and resistance to multiple stressors.However,despite these endeavors,t...Tomato,a vegetable of considerable global significance,has been the subject of extensive breeding efforts primarily aimed at achieving high yields and resistance to multiple stressors.However,despite these endeavors,the quality of fruits still cannot fully satisfy the diverse preferences of the majority of consumers.The elucidation of genetic determinants underlying fruit quality traits,coupled with the advancement of gene editing techniques,has significantly contributed to the enhancement of tomato quality.Combining with gene editing technology to improve tomato fruit quality traits represents a viable approach for maximizing the utilization of essential genes in breeding programs.This review provides a comprehensive summary of the significant genes associated with tomato fruit quality traits,as well as an overview of the current advancements and potential avenues for enhancing tomato quality through gene editing technology.Four important aspects of fruit quality-appearance,flavor,nutritional profiles and postharvest properties form the basis of the review,providing a thorough update on the state of research in tomato fruit quality improvement via new gene editing techniques.展开更多
Mineral elements play a crucial role in plant growth and development.Ensuring the proper supply of these elements in the soil to maintain the optimum range within plants is necessary for achieving optimal fruit yield ...Mineral elements play a crucial role in plant growth and development.Ensuring the proper supply of these elements in the soil to maintain the optimum range within plants is necessary for achieving optimal fruit yield and quality.Unfortunately,the application of NPKCaMg fertilizers to fruit trees is often either insufficient or excessive,leading to environmental degradation and reduced fruit yield and quality.To assess the impacts of different fertilizers on the biological traits of grapes and their responses to nutritional elements,Merlot grapevines were subjected to multi-nutrient fertilization over four consecutive growing seasons from 2018 to 2021 in Penglai District,Yantai,China.Principal component analysis revealed that the T11 treatment,consisting of N_(3)P_(3)K_(1)Ca_(2)Mg_(4),was the most suitable fertilizer type and application design among the treatments.The application of T11 resulted in a significantly lower(24.29–35.20%)fertilizer usage,and it resulted in increases in several important traits such as100-grain weight(HGW),number of seeds(SN),total soluble solids(TSS),total seed phenols(SP),seed flavanols(SFI),and seed tannins(ST)by 3.28–12.84%,3.76–20.03%,1.11–14.95%,2.16–23.69%,11.00–32.78%,and1.07–23.35%,respectively,compared to the T14(N_(4)P_(2)K_(3)Ca_(1)Mg_(4)),T16(N_(4)P_(4)K_(1)Ca_(3)Mg_(2)),T13(N_(4)P_(1)K_(4)Ca_(2)Mg_(3)),and T15(N_(4)P_(3)K_(2)Ca_(4)Mg_(1))treatments.Flowering and fruiting processes exhibited a considerable demand for NPK,with higher requirements for K and B during fruit growth and development compared to the other macroelements and micronutrients,respectively.Excessive K in soil enhanced the competitive inhibition of Ca uptake by Merlot grapevines.The optimal ranges of mineral element contents for total peel phenols(PP),peel flavanols(PFI),total peel flavonoids(PFD),total seed phenols(SP),and seed tannins(ST)were primarily influenced by grape variety and nutritional analysis method.In conclusion,the careful selection of NPKCaMg fertilizer and its precise application to soil at an optimum range of mineral elements is critical for grapevine growth and development.展开更多
The experiment addressed the effects of preharvest KH_(2)PO_(4)foliar spraying(20 mmol·L^(-1))on fruit quality and composition(including volatile organic compounds,VOCs)of cherry tomatoes(‘Caravaggio’,‘Sugarl...The experiment addressed the effects of preharvest KH_(2)PO_(4)foliar spraying(20 mmol·L^(-1))on fruit quality and composition(including volatile organic compounds,VOCs)of cherry tomatoes(‘Caravaggio’,‘Sugarland’and‘Top Stellina’)after 0(S0),7(S7)and 14 days(S14)of storage at 8.0°C.On the average of the 3 genotypes,the KH_(2)PO_(4)treatment improved fruit pressure firmness,total soluble solids(TSS),titratable acidity(TA),total phenols and carotenoids concentrations,along with the fruits'antioxidant capacity(by up to 17%for FRAP assay).Within the S7–S14 period,control fruits showed the highest reductions in TSS,TSS/TA ratio and total carotenoids(-17,-12 and-45,respectively),whereas treated fruits proved the strongest increase in DPPH(+12%).Sixteen out of 32 VOCs were promoted following KH_(2)PO_(4)application,including the aldehydes hexanal,(E)-2-hexenal and(Z)-3-hexenal and the apocarotenoids(E)-citral,(E)-β-ionone,geranylacetone and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one.Proceeding from S0 to S14,several VOCs decreased more strongly in control fruits,as for hexanal(-48%)and total aldehydes(-42%,whereas at S14 treated fruits had higher concentrations of linalool,geranylacetone and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one(1.06,52.50 and 79.27μg·kg^(-1),respectively).‘Caravaggio’demonstrated the strongest apocarotenoid reduction at S14,whereas‘Top Stellina’was more responsive to KH_(2)PO_(4)(mainly forβ-cyclocitral,geranylacetone and total terpenes/terpenoids),thus highlighting the central role of the genotype in responding to other experimental factors.Nonetheless,these results suggest that proper preharvest KH_(2)PO_(4)applications can preserve specific commercial,nutritional and quality traits of cold-stored cherry tomatoes.展开更多
[Objective] The objective of the study was to elucidate the duplicate collinearity diagnosis method for soil nutrient and provide basis for establishment of multiple regression model of relationship between independen...[Objective] The objective of the study was to elucidate the duplicate collinearity diagnosis method for soil nutrient and provide basis for establishment of multiple regression model of relationship between independent variable and depen- dent variable in fruit trees. [Method] An investigation on soil nutrients and ＇Fuji＇ fruit quality was conducted at 153 commercial apple orchards in the production re- gions of 51 counties in China from 2011 to 2012. At first, the regression equation was used to do the duplicate collinearity diagnosis, and then the partial least squares regression was used to analyze the weights of different soil nutrients that affected the fruit quality and screen out main soil nutrients. [Result] The results showed the conditional number between soil nutrients was 61.31, and the correlation coefficient of soil pH and available calcium, iron was 0.82 and -0.824 respectively, which demonstrated that there was multicollinearity between various soil nutrient contents. The soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available potassium, available nitro- gen, available phosphorus, available zinc, available iron and available boron showed positive effect Ioadings on fruit quality, while the }oadings and weights of the effects of available calcium and pH on fruit quality were negative. The variable importance for projection method was adopted to get the orders of the effects of major soil nu- trients on fruit quality, which was in the order of soil available calcium, nitrogen, available iron, available phosphorous, organic matter and available boron. The solu- ble solid content of the fruit was affected by soil organic matter, available phospho- rus, available iron, available boron and soil pH. [Conclusion] This study provided an analysis method and theoretical basis for the study and analysis on the relationships between dependent variables and multi-objective optimization, as well as the effects of soil nutrients on fruit quality in fruit tree.展开更多
In order to study the application effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application on microirrigation apple, three types of fertilizers were applied in spring which were urea（CK, 15 kg/plant）...In order to study the application effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application on microirrigation apple, three types of fertilizers were applied in spring which were urea（CK, 15 kg/plant）, microbial fertilizer（5.0 kg/plant）,microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed（each 2.5 kg/plant） to study the effect of different fertilizer treatments on yield, fruit quality, flowering and fruit setting of Xinshijie apple. The results showed that application of microbial fertilizer could increase the yield, fruit weight and fruit shape index, significantly increase the flowering rates and inflorescence fruit setting rate of following year, while reduce the fruit hardness and soluble solids content, and the effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application on increasing fruit weight and yield was higher than that of microbial fertilizer separate application, the effect of the two was not obvious in other aspects. Therefore, microbial fertilizer could be used instead of some chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer in apple production to reach the aim of increasing yield and efficiency, and the effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application was best.展开更多
Blueberry fruits from 45 commercial cultivars (39 northern highbush and 6 half highbush blueberry) grown in Suwon,Korea were analyzed for fruit size,soluble solids content,titratable acidity,total anthocyanin content,...Blueberry fruits from 45 commercial cultivars (39 northern highbush and 6 half highbush blueberry) grown in Suwon,Korea were analyzed for fruit size,soluble solids content,titratable acidity,total anthocyanin content,total phenolic content,and antioxidant activity.Fruit characteristics varied widely among the 45 blueberry cultivars.Fruit weight ranged from 0.9 to 3.6 g,soluble solids content from 8.3 to 14.3 °Brix,and titratable acidity from 0.8% to 3.6%.Antioxidant activity ranged from 0.7 to 2.1 mg of quercetin equivalents per gram of fresh berries in different blueberry cultivars.Among the 45 blueberry cultivars,high amounts of anthocyanins and polyphenols,and high antioxidant activity were observed in 'Elliott','Rubel','Rancocas',and 'Friendship'.展开更多
Four irrigation treatments were designed with 2,4,6 and 8 d intervals to irrigate, respectively. Watering was stopped when the reading of the moisture tension sensor reached zero. The results indicated that glucose an...Four irrigation treatments were designed with 2,4,6 and 8 d intervals to irrigate, respectively. Watering was stopped when the reading of the moisture tension sensor reached zero. The results indicated that glucose and fructose content of tomato's fruit were increased but sucrose content was decreased with fruit growth and development. In different stages, carbohydrate content of tomato fruit in the treatment 3 was the highest, in the treatment 2 was higher, and in the other treatments was the lowest. SS(sucrose synthase)activity was decreased but SPS(sucrose phosphate synthase)activity was increased with development of tomato. SS and SPS activity were increased but acid invertase and neutral invertase activity of ripe stage were decreased under deficit irrigation. Glucose and fructose content were increased in leaves of tomato under water deficit. Soluble sugars, organic acid and the ratio of sugar/acid in tomato fruits were increased and dry matter accumulation of plant was enhanced under water deficit. But the growth of fruits upside the plant and its dry matter accumulation were badly affected under water stress.展开更多
Fruit quality is the main factor determining market competitiveness;it represents the combination of fruit flavor,color,size,and the contents of aromatic and bioactive substances.Research on the genetic basis of fruit...Fruit quality is the main factor determining market competitiveness;it represents the combination of fruit flavor,color,size,and the contents of aromatic and bioactive substances.Research on the genetic basis of fruit quality can provide new information about fruit biology,promote genomic-assisted breeding,and provide technological support for the regulation of fruit quality via habitat selection and/or the control of environmental conditions.High-throughput sequencing is a powerful research method for studying fruit quality traits,and reference genome sequences for many important fruit crops have provided vast amounts of genomic data.To study fruit quality,it is important to select appropriate omics strategies and to analyze omics data meaningfully.Here,we summarize genomic mechanisms of fruit quality formation:gene duplication,transposable element insertion,structural variations and genome methylation in functional genes.We review the genomic,transcriptomic,and metabolomic strategies that have been used to study the genetic basis of fruit quality traits.We also describe some of the genes associated with fruit traits;these genes are a valuable resource for genomics-assisted breeding and are useful models for deciphering the mechanisms of agronomic traits,such as fruit color,size,hardness,aroma components,sugar and acid content.Finally,to maximize the application of omics information,we propose some further directions for research using omics strategies.展开更多
We conducted a two-year study of deficit irrigation impact on peach yield and quality in semi-arid northwest China. Over two years, four-year-old peach trees were irrigated at 100, 75, 50 and 25% of peach evapotranspi...We conducted a two-year study of deficit irrigation impact on peach yield and quality in semi-arid northwest China. Over two years, four-year-old peach trees were irrigated at 100, 75, 50 and 25% of peach evapotranspiration （ETc）, here, ETc= Coefficient （Kc）×Local reference evapotranspiration （ET0）. During the April-July fruit production season we measured root zone soil water depletion, sap flow velocity, net photosynthetic rate （Pn）, transpiration rate （Tr）, stomatal conductance （Gs）, water use efficiency （WUE=Pn/Tr）, fruit quality, and yield under a mobile rain-out shelter. Increased soil water depletion reasonably mirrored decreasing irrigation rates both years, causing progressively greater water stress. Progressive water stress lowered Gs, which in turn translated into lower T as measured by sap flow. However, mild deficit irrigation （75% ETc） constricted T more than Pn. Pn was not different between 100 and 75% ETc treatments in both years, and it decreased only 5-8% in June with higher temperature than that in May with cooler temperature. Concurrently under 75% ETc treatment, was reduced, and WUE was up to 13% higher than that under 100% ETc treatment. While total fruit yield was not different under the two treatments, because 75% ETc treatment had fewer but larger fruit than 100% ETc trees, suggesting mild water stress thinned fruit load. By contrast, sharply decreased T and Pn of the driest treatments （50 and 25% ETo） increased WUE, but less carbon uptake impacted total fruit yield, resulting 13 and 33% lower yield compared to that of 100% ETc treatment. Irrigation rates affected fruit quality, particularly between the 100 and 75% ETc trees. Fewer but larger fruit in the mildly water stressed trees （75% ETc） resulted in more soluble solids and vitamin C, firmer fruit, and improved sugar：acid ratio and fruit color compared to the 100% ETo treatment. Overall, trees deficit irrigated at 75% ETc maintained yield while improving fruit quality and using less water.展开更多
Although open-central canopy(OCC)is popular in apple(Malus×domestica)orchards in Loess Plateau of China,its relevant photosynthetic mechanisms have not been elucidated.In this study,changes in photosynthetically ...Although open-central canopy(OCC)is popular in apple(Malus×domestica)orchards in Loess Plateau of China,its relevant photosynthetic mechanisms have not been elucidated.In this study,changes in photosynthetically active radiation(PAR),gas exchange,chlorophyll fluorescence quenching and fruit quality in apple trees were measured in OCC and compared with those in the conventional condensed round and large canopy(RLC).Results showed that light intercepted at different orientations was 44%higher by OCC than that by RLC.The improved light environment within OCC remarkably increased leaf maximum net photosynthetic rate(Pnmax)and significantly decreased stomatal limitation.Under high light,the ratio of photorespiratory rate to gross photosynthetic rate(Pr/Pg)in OCC was higher than that in RLC.Moreover,reversible component in non-photochemical quenching(r(qE))was increased,while irreversible component(r(qI))was decreased in OCC than in RLC.As a result,the fruit quality in OCC was greatly boosted as evidenced by the significantly increased single fruit weight,fruit flesh firmness and fruit soluble solid contents and the sharply decreased fruit titratable acid contents.PAR intercepted by the canopy and the fruit soluble solid contents,leaf Pnmaxor single fruit weight were positively correlated,while PAR or Pnmaxwas negatively correlated with the fruit titratable acid contents.Accordingly,the improved crown light environment and the enhanced leaf photosynthetic performance and photoprotective capacity in OCC led to the boosted fruit quality.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of leaf size on fruit quality of kiwi and relevant mechanism. [Method] The correlation between leaf shape and fruit quality of kiwi was studied during 2013-2015. ...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of leaf size on fruit quality of kiwi and relevant mechanism. [Method] The correlation between leaf shape and fruit quality of kiwi was studied during 2013-2015. [Result] The results of statistical analysis showed that the sing weight, longitudinal diameter, width, thickness, shape index and juice sugar content of fruit were 75.86±1.68 g, 73.284± 0.70 mm, 41.18±0.51 mm, 35.30±0.25 mm, 1.92±0.01 and （15.66±0.26）%, respec- tively; the length, width, shape index and area of leaf were 14.77±0.20 cm, 14.25± 0.16 cm, 0.94±0.09 and 152.39±3.26 cm^2, respectively; and the length and diameter of petiole were 11.03±0.25 cm and （31.50±0.79 mm）/10, respectively. The results of correlation analysis showed that the single fruit weight of kiwi was strongly positively related to fruit longitudinal diameter, fruit width, fruit thickness and leaf shape index, was significantly positively related to leaf length, was weakly positively related to petiole length, was positively related to leaf area, was weakly negatively related to leaf width and petiole diameter, and was negatively related to juice sugar content. The results of regression analysis showed that there was significant difference be- tween single fruit weight and juice sugar content （F=0.851 8, P〈0.01）, instead of fruit longitudinal diameter （F=0.000 6, P〉0.05）, fruit width （F=0.001 4, P〉0.05） and fruit thickness （F=0.005 4, P〉0.05）; there was significant correlation between single fruit weight and leaf area （F=0.671 5, P〈0.01）, instead of leaf length （F=0.139 3, P〉0.05）, leaf width （F=0.358 5, P〉0.05） and leaf shape index （F=0.294 0, P〉0.05）; there were significant correlations between juice sugar content and leaf length （F= 0.816 1, P〈0.01）, leaf width （F=0.970 1, P〈0.01）, leaf area （F=0.560 6, P〈0.01） and leaf shape index （F=0.885 1, P〈0.05）. [Conclusion] Fruit single weight and oth- er quality properties could be predicted from leaf size, and leaf size can be used as the main basis for judging the quality of fruit.展开更多
Ethylene(C2 H4),as a plant hormone,its emission can be served as an indicator to measure fruit quality.Due to the limited physiochemical reactivity of C2 H4,it is a challenge to develop high performance C2 H4 sensors ...Ethylene(C2 H4),as a plant hormone,its emission can be served as an indicator to measure fruit quality.Due to the limited physiochemical reactivity of C2 H4,it is a challenge to develop high performance C2 H4 sensors for fruit detection.Herein,this paper presents a resistive-type C2 H4 sensor based on Pd-loaded tin oxide(SnO2).The C2 H4 sensing performance of proposed sensor are tested at optimum operating temperature(250℃)with ambient relative humidity(51.9%RH).The results show that the response of Pd-loaded SnO2 sensor(11.1,Ra/Rg)is about 3 times higher than that of pristine SnO2(3.5)for 100 ppm C2 H4.The response time is also significantly shortened from 7 s to 1 s compared with pristine SnO2.Especially,the Pd-loaded SnO2 sensor possesses good sensitivity(0.58 ppm 1)at low concentration(0.05-1 ppm)with excellent linearity(R2=0.9963)and low detection limit(50 ppb).The high sensing performance of Pd-loaded SnO2 are attributed to the excellent adsorption and catalysis effects of Pd nanoparticle.Meaningfully,the potential applications of C2 H4 sensor are performed for monitoring the maturity and freshness of fruits,which presents a promising prospect in fruit quality evaluation.展开更多
This study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for adopting suitable cultivation measures to tackle calcium （Ca） deficiency in citrus leaves. The Newhall navel orange （Citrus sinensis Osbeck） canopy was sprayed w...This study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for adopting suitable cultivation measures to tackle calcium （Ca） deficiency in citrus leaves. The Newhall navel orange （Citrus sinensis Osbeck） canopy was sprayed with 20.0 mmol L-1 of Ca（NO3）2 during physiological fruit drop period, fruit expanding period, and fruit maturing period on 30, 90, and 210 days after full bloom （DAFB）, respectively, and its effects on leaf gas exchange parameters and leaf mineral nutrition and fruit quality were analyzed. The results showed that： （1） The photosynthetic rate （ACO2） at 9：00 a.m. and 16：00 p.m. of fruit expanding period with 30 and 90 DAFB Ca（NO3）2treatments slightly or significantly improved mainly by decreasing stomatal limitation and nonstomatal limitation, respectively. （2） Compared with control （CK）, the Ca concentration in leaves with 30, 90, and 240 DAFB Ca（NO3）2 treatments increased by 127.16; 97.53, and 33.33%, respectively, and the leaf magnesium concentra- tion also increased by more than 32.26%. However, Ca（NO3）2 canopy spraying on 30 DAFB significantly reduced the leaf potassium concentration, by 22.14% compared with CK. （3） Ca（NO3）2 canopy spraying on 30 DAFB decreased the second fruit drop rate by 30.55% and increased the weight per fruit by 25.04%, thus resulting in a significant increase in citrus yield. （4） Spraying Ca（NO3） on 30 DAFB mainly affected the metabolism of titratable acid （TA） to improve the maturity of citrus fruits. Whilst it improved the external quality and the coloring of citrus fruit significantly. Therefore, Ca（NO3）2 canopy spraying during physiological fruit drop period has a better influence on the tree character and fruit quality of Newhall navel orange （Citrus sinensis Osbeck）.展开更多
Quality and yield are the primary concerns in kiwifruit breeding,but research on the genetic mechanisms of fruit size,shape,and ascorbic acid(ASA)content is currently very limited,which restricts the development of ki...Quality and yield are the primary concerns in kiwifruit breeding,but research on the genetic mechanisms of fruit size,shape,and ascorbic acid(ASA)content is currently very limited,which restricts the development of kiwifruit molecular breeding.In this study,we obtained a total of 8.88 million highly reliable single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers from 140 individuals from the natural hybrid offspring of Actinidia eriantha cv.‘White’using whole genome resequencing technology.A genome-wide association study was conducted on eight key agronomic traits,including single fruit weight,fruit shape,ASA content,and the number of inflorescences per branch.A total of 59 genetic loci containing potential functional genes were located,and candidate genes related to single fruit weight,fruit length,ASA content,number of inflorescences per branch and other traits were identified within the candidate interval,such as AeWUSCHEL,AeCDK1(cell cycle dependent kinase),AeAO1(ascorbic oxidase)and AeCO1(CONSTANS-like 4).After constructing an RNAi vector for AeAO1 and injecting it into the fruit of cv.‘Midao 31’to interfere with the expression of the AeAO1 gene,the results showed that the activity of ascorbic oxidase in the fruit of‘Midao 31’significantly decreased,while the content of ASA significantly increased.This study provides valuable insights into the genetic basis of variation in A.eriantha fruit traits,which may benefit molecular marker-assisted breeding efforts.展开更多
The pear(Pyrus spp.)is well known for diverse flavors,textures,and global horticultural importance.However,the genetic diversity responsible for its extensive phenotypic variations remains largely unexplored.Here,we d...The pear(Pyrus spp.)is well known for diverse flavors,textures,and global horticultural importance.However,the genetic diversity responsible for its extensive phenotypic variations remains largely unexplored.Here,we de novo assembled and annotated the genomes of the maternal(PsbM)and paternal(PsbF)lines of the hybrid‘Yuluxiang'pear and constructed the pear pangenome of 1.15 Gb by combining these two genomes with five previously published pear genomes representing cultivated and wild germplasm.Using the constructed pangenome,we identified 21224 gene PAVs(Presence-absence variation)and 1158812 SNPs(Single Nucleotide Polymorphism)in the non-reference genome that were absent in the PsbM reference genome.Compared with SNP markers,PAV-based analysis provides additional insights into the pear population structure.In addition,some genes associated with pear fruit quality traits have differential occurrence frequencies and differential gene expression between Asian and European populations.Moreover,our analysis of the pear pangenome revealed a mutated SNP and an insertion in the promoter region of the gene PsbMGH3.1 potentially enhance sepal shedding in‘Xuehuali'which is vital for pear quality.PsbMGH3.1 may play a role in the IAA pathway,contributing to a distinct low-auxin phenotype observed in plants by heterologously overexpressing this gene.This research helps capture the genetic diversity of pear populations and provides genomic resources for accelerating breeding.展开更多
Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a promising fruit crop gaining popularity for its human nutrition and economic importance in Nepal. The qualitative losses during pre-harvest stage hinder the productivity and su...Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a promising fruit crop gaining popularity for its human nutrition and economic importance in Nepal. The qualitative losses during pre-harvest stage hinder the productivity and subsequently shorten the on-tree storability. An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of gibberellic acid on quality and shelf life of the mandarin fruit. GA<sub>3</sub> at 10, 20, and 30 ppm as against of control were evaluated. Observations on fruit weight (g), fruit firmness (kg/cm<sup>2</sup>), rind colour (1 - 5 index), juice recovery (%), TSS/acid ratio, PLW (%), decay loss (%), and ascorbic acid (mg/100 ml) were recorded at three harvesting dates i.e. 20 Nov, 5 Dec, and 20 Dec and storage condition. It has been revealed that the fruits treated with GA<sub>3</sub> at 20 ppm retained higher fruit weight (128.6 g), more firmness (3.54 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>), better juice recovery (57.75%), and greater TSS/acid ratio (21.24) at the end of study (20 December). The PLW was found less with GA<sub>3</sub> at 30 ppm in both ambient (5.17%) and cellar (6.69%) condition as against untreated fruits (9.52% and 11.76%). Similarly, the decay loss was minimum in the fruits treated with GA<sub>3</sub> at 30 ppm both with ambient (1.02%) and cellar condition (8.21%) as against control with ambient (5.54%) and cellar (21.58%).展开更多
The effect of soil nutrient content on fruit yield and fruit quality is very important.To explore the effect of soil nutrients on apple quality we investigated 200 fruit samples from 40 orchards in Feng County,Jiangsu...The effect of soil nutrient content on fruit yield and fruit quality is very important.To explore the effect of soil nutrients on apple quality we investigated 200 fruit samples from 40 orchards in Feng County,Jiangsu Province.Soil mineral elements and fruit quality were measured.The effect of soil nutrient content on fruit quality was analyzed by artificial neural network(ANN)model.The results showed that the prediction accuracy was highest(R2=0.851,0.847,0.885,0.678 and 0.746)in mass per fruit(MPF),hardness(HB),soluble solids concentrations(SSC),titratable acid concentration(TA)and solid-acid ratio(SSC/TA),respectively.The sensitivity analysis of the prediction model showed that soil available P,K,Ca and Mg contents had the greatest impact on the quality of apple fruit.Response surface method(RSM)was performed to determine the optimum range of the available P,K,Ca,and Mg contents in orchards In Feng County,which were 10∼20 mg⋅kg^(−1),170∼200 mg⋅kg^(−1),1000∼1500 mg⋅kg^(−1),and 80∼200 mg⋅kg^(−1),respectively.The research also concluded that improving the content of available P and available Ca in orchard soil was crucial to improve apple fruit quality in Feng County,Jiangsu Province.展开更多
To study the effect of exogenous selenium on fruit quality in walnut(Juglans regia L.),8-year-old walnut(Qingxiang)was taken as the research object.In the fruit expansion stage,300 mg/L of sodium selenate,yeast seleni...To study the effect of exogenous selenium on fruit quality in walnut(Juglans regia L.),8-year-old walnut(Qingxiang)was taken as the research object.In the fruit expansion stage,300 mg/L of sodium selenate,yeast selenium and sodium selenite solutions were applied on the leaf of walnut,and the selenium levels in leaves,pericarp and kernel were determined at the ripening stage.The fruit quality,mineral nutrient content,antioxidant enzyme activity,and related genes’expression were analyzed.The results showed that the three exogenous selenium increased the selenium levels in leaves,pericarp and kernel of walnut.They also significantly increased fruit and kernel weights,and kernel linoleic acid,but markedly decreased kernel crude fat and saturated fatty acid.Selenium spraying promoted the absorption of mineral nutrients such as potassium and zinc,but inhibited the absorption of calcium,and had no significant effect on iron and magnesium in the kernel.Three exogenous selenium increased the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and catalase(CAT)significantly in the kernel.Except for sodium selenate treatment significantly reduced malondialdehyde(MDA)content in the kernel,the other two selenium sources treatments had no significant effect on MDA and hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)levels.They also increased the expression of JrCu/Zn-SOD,Jr2-Cys POD,JrCyt-APX and JrCAT in kernel,to different extents.These implies that,in the walnut fruit enlargement period,the foliar spraying selenium could increase the selenium content of walnut,affect the mineral nutrient absorption,improve the antioxidant capacity and related genes’expression,and reduce the degree of peroxide,and then improve the quality of fruit.Furthermore,yeast selenium showed the comprehensive effect of the best.展开更多
Olive productivity should be improved through stimulating nutrition,particularly under poor fertility soils.Consequently,the objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of applying organic and bio-fertilizers o...Olive productivity should be improved through stimulating nutrition,particularly under poor fertility soils.Consequently,the objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of applying organic and bio-fertilizers on the physiological growth,yield and fruit quality of olive trees under newly reclaimed poor-fertility sandy soil in an arid environment.During a field experiment carried out at El-Qantara,North Sinai,Egypt over two consecutive seasons(2019-2020 and 2020-2021),olive Kalamata trees were evaluated under three organic fertilizer treatments alone or in combination with three bio-fertilizers treatments.Organic fertilizer was applied as goat manure(16.8 kg/tree/year),or olive pomace(8.5 kg/tree/year)in mid-December of each season vs.untreated trees.The bio-fertilizers were applied as N-fixing bacteria(150 g/tree)was inculated in early March of each season,or amino acid mixture(1.5%)was applied three times,at 70%of full bloom,21 days after full bloom,and a month later in comparison to a non-fertilized trees(control).The cultivar used was Kalamata,a dual-purpose cultivar for oil and table olives whose value increases when processed as table olives.The results indicated that the goat manure followed by olive pomace significantly enhanced photosynthetic pigments(chlorophyll a,b,and carotenoids),leaf mineral contents(N,P,K,Ca,Mg and Fe),tree canopy volume,number of flowers per inflorescence,number of inflorescences per shoot,initial fruit set,fruit retention.For fruit quality,fruit length and width,fruit weight,and total fruit yield was increased compared to the non-fertilized control.Likewise,The bio-fertilizer N-fixing bacteria followed by the amino acid mixture significantly improved all of the aforementioned parameters.Accordingly,it is recommended,both environmentally and economically to utilize organic and bio-fertizers,particularly goat manure combined with N-fixing bacteria,in low-fertility soil to sustain olive production as well as reducing mineral fertilization.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(32230097)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1200503)+2 种基金the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-28)the earmarked fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System(JATS[2023]412)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Young Scholar,China(BK20221010)。
文摘Pyrus pyrifolia,commonly known as sand pear,is a key economic fruit tree in temperate regions that possesses highly diverse germplasm resources for pear quality improvement.However,research on the relationship between resistance and fruit quality traits in the breeding of fruit species like pear is limited.Pan-transcriptomes effectively capture genetic information from coding regions and reflect variations in gene expression between individuals.Here,we constructed a pan-transcriptome based on 506 samples from different tissues of sand pear,and explored the intrinsic relationships among phenotypes and the selection for disease resistance during improvement based on expression presence/absence variations(eP AVs).The pan-transcriptome in this study contains 156,744 transcripts,among which the novel transcripts showed significant enrichment in the defense response.Interestingly,disease resistance genes are highly expressed in landraces of pear but have been selected against during the improvement of this perennial tree species.We found that the genetically diverse landraces can be divided into two subgroups and inferred that they have undergone different dispersal processes.Through co-expression network analysis,we confirmed that the formation of stone cells in pears,the synthesis of fruit anthocyanins,and the ability to resist stress are interrelated.They are jointly regulated by several modules,and the expression of regulatory genes has significant correlations with these three processes.Moreover,we identified candidate genes such as HKL1 that may affect sugar content and are missing from the reference genome.This study provides insights into the associations between complex fruit traits,while providing a database resource for pear disease resistance and fruit quality breeding.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research&Development Plan(Grant Nos.2022YFD1200502,2021YFD1200201)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32372696,31991182)+6 种基金Wuhan Biological Breeding Major Project(Grant No.2022021302024852)HZAU-AGIS Cooperation Fund(Grant No.SZYJY2023022)Funds for High Quality Development of Hubei Seed Industry(Grant No.HBZY2023B004)Hubei Agriculture Research System(Grant No.2023HBSTX4-06)Hubei Key Research&Development Plan(Grant Nos.2022BBA0066,2022BBA0062)Funds of National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation&Utilization of Horticultural Crops(Grant No.Horti-3Y-2024-008)Key Project of Hubei Hongshan Laboratory(Grant No.2021hszd007).
文摘Tomato,a vegetable of considerable global significance,has been the subject of extensive breeding efforts primarily aimed at achieving high yields and resistance to multiple stressors.However,despite these endeavors,the quality of fruits still cannot fully satisfy the diverse preferences of the majority of consumers.The elucidation of genetic determinants underlying fruit quality traits,coupled with the advancement of gene editing techniques,has significantly contributed to the enhancement of tomato quality.Combining with gene editing technology to improve tomato fruit quality traits represents a viable approach for maximizing the utilization of essential genes in breeding programs.This review provides a comprehensive summary of the significant genes associated with tomato fruit quality traits,as well as an overview of the current advancements and potential avenues for enhancing tomato quality through gene editing technology.Four important aspects of fruit quality-appearance,flavor,nutritional profiles and postharvest properties form the basis of the review,providing a thorough update on the state of research in tomato fruit quality improvement via new gene editing techniques.
基金funded by the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(NYCYTX-30-ZP)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAASASTIP-2021-RIP-04)。
文摘Mineral elements play a crucial role in plant growth and development.Ensuring the proper supply of these elements in the soil to maintain the optimum range within plants is necessary for achieving optimal fruit yield and quality.Unfortunately,the application of NPKCaMg fertilizers to fruit trees is often either insufficient or excessive,leading to environmental degradation and reduced fruit yield and quality.To assess the impacts of different fertilizers on the biological traits of grapes and their responses to nutritional elements,Merlot grapevines were subjected to multi-nutrient fertilization over four consecutive growing seasons from 2018 to 2021 in Penglai District,Yantai,China.Principal component analysis revealed that the T11 treatment,consisting of N_(3)P_(3)K_(1)Ca_(2)Mg_(4),was the most suitable fertilizer type and application design among the treatments.The application of T11 resulted in a significantly lower(24.29–35.20%)fertilizer usage,and it resulted in increases in several important traits such as100-grain weight(HGW),number of seeds(SN),total soluble solids(TSS),total seed phenols(SP),seed flavanols(SFI),and seed tannins(ST)by 3.28–12.84%,3.76–20.03%,1.11–14.95%,2.16–23.69%,11.00–32.78%,and1.07–23.35%,respectively,compared to the T14(N_(4)P_(2)K_(3)Ca_(1)Mg_(4)),T16(N_(4)P_(4)K_(1)Ca_(3)Mg_(2)),T13(N_(4)P_(1)K_(4)Ca_(2)Mg_(3)),and T15(N_(4)P_(3)K_(2)Ca_(4)Mg_(1))treatments.Flowering and fruiting processes exhibited a considerable demand for NPK,with higher requirements for K and B during fruit growth and development compared to the other macroelements and micronutrients,respectively.Excessive K in soil enhanced the competitive inhibition of Ca uptake by Merlot grapevines.The optimal ranges of mineral element contents for total peel phenols(PP),peel flavanols(PFI),total peel flavonoids(PFD),total seed phenols(SP),and seed tannins(ST)were primarily influenced by grape variety and nutritional analysis method.In conclusion,the careful selection of NPKCaMg fertilizer and its precise application to soil at an optimum range of mineral elements is critical for grapevine growth and development.
基金funded by the National Recovery and Resilience Plan(NRRP),Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.3—Call for proposals No.341 of 15 March 2022 of Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union—NextGenerationEU,Award Number:Project code PE00000003Concession Decree No.1550 of 11 October 2022 adopted by the Italian Ministry of University and Research,CUP E63C22002060006+1 种基金Project title“ON Foods—Research and innovation network on food and nutrition Sustainability,Safety and Security—Working ON Foodsfunded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research(MUR)under the project“Conservabilità,qualitàe sicurezza dei prodotti ortofrutticoli ad alto contenuto di servizio-ARS01_00640–POFACS”(Grant Nos.D.D.1211/2020 and 1104/2021).
文摘The experiment addressed the effects of preharvest KH_(2)PO_(4)foliar spraying(20 mmol·L^(-1))on fruit quality and composition(including volatile organic compounds,VOCs)of cherry tomatoes(‘Caravaggio’,‘Sugarland’and‘Top Stellina’)after 0(S0),7(S7)and 14 days(S14)of storage at 8.0°C.On the average of the 3 genotypes,the KH_(2)PO_(4)treatment improved fruit pressure firmness,total soluble solids(TSS),titratable acidity(TA),total phenols and carotenoids concentrations,along with the fruits'antioxidant capacity(by up to 17%for FRAP assay).Within the S7–S14 period,control fruits showed the highest reductions in TSS,TSS/TA ratio and total carotenoids(-17,-12 and-45,respectively),whereas treated fruits proved the strongest increase in DPPH(+12%).Sixteen out of 32 VOCs were promoted following KH_(2)PO_(4)application,including the aldehydes hexanal,(E)-2-hexenal and(Z)-3-hexenal and the apocarotenoids(E)-citral,(E)-β-ionone,geranylacetone and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one.Proceeding from S0 to S14,several VOCs decreased more strongly in control fruits,as for hexanal(-48%)and total aldehydes(-42%,whereas at S14 treated fruits had higher concentrations of linalool,geranylacetone and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one(1.06,52.50 and 79.27μg·kg^(-1),respectively).‘Caravaggio’demonstrated the strongest apocarotenoid reduction at S14,whereas‘Top Stellina’was more responsive to KH_(2)PO_(4)(mainly forβ-cyclocitral,geranylacetone and total terpenes/terpenoids),thus highlighting the central role of the genotype in responding to other experimental factors.Nonetheless,these results suggest that proper preharvest KH_(2)PO_(4)applications can preserve specific commercial,nutritional and quality traits of cold-stored cherry tomatoes.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(6132013)the Science and Technology Innovation Ability Construction Projects of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science(KJCX20140406)~~
文摘[Objective] The objective of the study was to elucidate the duplicate collinearity diagnosis method for soil nutrient and provide basis for establishment of multiple regression model of relationship between independent variable and depen- dent variable in fruit trees. [Method] An investigation on soil nutrients and ＇Fuji＇ fruit quality was conducted at 153 commercial apple orchards in the production re- gions of 51 counties in China from 2011 to 2012. At first, the regression equation was used to do the duplicate collinearity diagnosis, and then the partial least squares regression was used to analyze the weights of different soil nutrients that affected the fruit quality and screen out main soil nutrients. [Result] The results showed the conditional number between soil nutrients was 61.31, and the correlation coefficient of soil pH and available calcium, iron was 0.82 and -0.824 respectively, which demonstrated that there was multicollinearity between various soil nutrient contents. The soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available potassium, available nitro- gen, available phosphorus, available zinc, available iron and available boron showed positive effect Ioadings on fruit quality, while the }oadings and weights of the effects of available calcium and pH on fruit quality were negative. The variable importance for projection method was adopted to get the orders of the effects of major soil nu- trients on fruit quality, which was in the order of soil available calcium, nitrogen, available iron, available phosphorous, organic matter and available boron. The solu- ble solid content of the fruit was affected by soil organic matter, available phospho- rus, available iron, available boron and soil pH. [Conclusion] This study provided an analysis method and theoretical basis for the study and analysis on the relationships between dependent variables and multi-objective optimization, as well as the effects of soil nutrients on fruit quality in fruit tree.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201303133-1-4)The Doctoral Program of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences~~
文摘In order to study the application effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application on microirrigation apple, three types of fertilizers were applied in spring which were urea（CK, 15 kg/plant）, microbial fertilizer（5.0 kg/plant）,microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed（each 2.5 kg/plant） to study the effect of different fertilizer treatments on yield, fruit quality, flowering and fruit setting of Xinshijie apple. The results showed that application of microbial fertilizer could increase the yield, fruit weight and fruit shape index, significantly increase the flowering rates and inflorescence fruit setting rate of following year, while reduce the fruit hardness and soluble solids content, and the effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application on increasing fruit weight and yield was higher than that of microbial fertilizer separate application, the effect of the two was not obvious in other aspects. Therefore, microbial fertilizer could be used instead of some chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer in apple production to reach the aim of increasing yield and efficiency, and the effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application was best.
文摘Blueberry fruits from 45 commercial cultivars (39 northern highbush and 6 half highbush blueberry) grown in Suwon,Korea were analyzed for fruit size,soluble solids content,titratable acidity,total anthocyanin content,total phenolic content,and antioxidant activity.Fruit characteristics varied widely among the 45 blueberry cultivars.Fruit weight ranged from 0.9 to 3.6 g,soluble solids content from 8.3 to 14.3 °Brix,and titratable acidity from 0.8% to 3.6%.Antioxidant activity ranged from 0.7 to 2.1 mg of quercetin equivalents per gram of fresh berries in different blueberry cultivars.Among the 45 blueberry cultivars,high amounts of anthocyanins and polyphenols,and high antioxidant activity were observed in 'Elliott','Rubel','Rancocas',and 'Friendship'.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Fundation of China(30170640)Natural Science Fund of Liaoning Provice,China(20022080).
文摘Four irrigation treatments were designed with 2,4,6 and 8 d intervals to irrigate, respectively. Watering was stopped when the reading of the moisture tension sensor reached zero. The results indicated that glucose and fructose content of tomato's fruit were increased but sucrose content was decreased with fruit growth and development. In different stages, carbohydrate content of tomato fruit in the treatment 3 was the highest, in the treatment 2 was higher, and in the other treatments was the lowest. SS(sucrose synthase)activity was decreased but SPS(sucrose phosphate synthase)activity was increased with development of tomato. SS and SPS activity were increased but acid invertase and neutral invertase activity of ripe stage were decreased under deficit irrigation. Glucose and fructose content were increased in leaves of tomato under water deficit. Soluble sugars, organic acid and the ratio of sugar/acid in tomato fruits were increased and dry matter accumulation of plant was enhanced under water deficit. But the growth of fruits upside the plant and its dry matter accumulation were badly affected under water stress.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD1000200)the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.31800573)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2019M662416)We thank Jennifer Smith,PhD,from Liwen Bianji,Edanz Group China(www.liwenbianji.cn/ac),for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript.
文摘Fruit quality is the main factor determining market competitiveness;it represents the combination of fruit flavor,color,size,and the contents of aromatic and bioactive substances.Research on the genetic basis of fruit quality can provide new information about fruit biology,promote genomic-assisted breeding,and provide technological support for the regulation of fruit quality via habitat selection and/or the control of environmental conditions.High-throughput sequencing is a powerful research method for studying fruit quality traits,and reference genome sequences for many important fruit crops have provided vast amounts of genomic data.To study fruit quality,it is important to select appropriate omics strategies and to analyze omics data meaningfully.Here,we summarize genomic mechanisms of fruit quality formation:gene duplication,transposable element insertion,structural variations and genome methylation in functional genes.We review the genomic,transcriptomic,and metabolomic strategies that have been used to study the genetic basis of fruit quality traits.We also describe some of the genes associated with fruit traits;these genes are a valuable resource for genomics-assisted breeding and are useful models for deciphering the mechanisms of agronomic traits,such as fruit color,size,hardness,aroma components,sugar and acid content.Finally,to maximize the application of omics information,we propose some further directions for research using omics strategies.
基金the financial support from the National High-Tech R&D Program,China(863 Program,2011AA100504)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51579211)+3 种基金the Key Research Project of Universities in Henan Province,China(16A416005)the 111 Project of the Chinese Education Ministry(B12007)the Initial Fund for Doctoral Reserch of Henan University of Science and Technology,China(13480016)the China Scholarship Council and USDA Agricultural Experiment Station CRIS Project(01129)
文摘We conducted a two-year study of deficit irrigation impact on peach yield and quality in semi-arid northwest China. Over two years, four-year-old peach trees were irrigated at 100, 75, 50 and 25% of peach evapotranspiration （ETc）, here, ETc= Coefficient （Kc）×Local reference evapotranspiration （ET0）. During the April-July fruit production season we measured root zone soil water depletion, sap flow velocity, net photosynthetic rate （Pn）, transpiration rate （Tr）, stomatal conductance （Gs）, water use efficiency （WUE=Pn/Tr）, fruit quality, and yield under a mobile rain-out shelter. Increased soil water depletion reasonably mirrored decreasing irrigation rates both years, causing progressively greater water stress. Progressive water stress lowered Gs, which in turn translated into lower T as measured by sap flow. However, mild deficit irrigation （75% ETc） constricted T more than Pn. Pn was not different between 100 and 75% ETc treatments in both years, and it decreased only 5-8% in June with higher temperature than that in May with cooler temperature. Concurrently under 75% ETc treatment, was reduced, and WUE was up to 13% higher than that under 100% ETc treatment. While total fruit yield was not different under the two treatments, because 75% ETc treatment had fewer but larger fruit than 100% ETc trees, suggesting mild water stress thinned fruit load. By contrast, sharply decreased T and Pn of the driest treatments （50 and 25% ETo） increased WUE, but less carbon uptake impacted total fruit yield, resulting 13 and 33% lower yield compared to that of 100% ETc treatment. Irrigation rates affected fruit quality, particularly between the 100 and 75% ETc trees. Fewer but larger fruit in the mildly water stressed trees （75% ETc） resulted in more soluble solids and vitamin C, firmer fruit, and improved sugar：acid ratio and fruit color compared to the 100% ETo treatment. Overall, trees deficit irrigated at 75% ETc maintained yield while improving fruit quality and using less water.
基金supported by Chinese National Key R&D Program(Grant No.2016YFD0201118)Shanxi Province Key R&D Program(Grant No.201903D211001-24-1)+2 种基金Agricultural Sci-Tech Innovation Project Program of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.YGC2019TD08-2)Agricultural Sci-Tech Innovation Research Program of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant Nos.YCX2020402,YCX2020302)Prior Support Program of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.YCX2018D2YS04)。
文摘Although open-central canopy(OCC)is popular in apple(Malus×domestica)orchards in Loess Plateau of China,its relevant photosynthetic mechanisms have not been elucidated.In this study,changes in photosynthetically active radiation(PAR),gas exchange,chlorophyll fluorescence quenching and fruit quality in apple trees were measured in OCC and compared with those in the conventional condensed round and large canopy(RLC).Results showed that light intercepted at different orientations was 44%higher by OCC than that by RLC.The improved light environment within OCC remarkably increased leaf maximum net photosynthetic rate(Pnmax)and significantly decreased stomatal limitation.Under high light,the ratio of photorespiratory rate to gross photosynthetic rate(Pr/Pg)in OCC was higher than that in RLC.Moreover,reversible component in non-photochemical quenching(r(qE))was increased,while irreversible component(r(qI))was decreased in OCC than in RLC.As a result,the fruit quality in OCC was greatly boosted as evidenced by the significantly increased single fruit weight,fruit flesh firmness and fruit soluble solid contents and the sharply decreased fruit titratable acid contents.PAR intercepted by the canopy and the fruit soluble solid contents,leaf Pnmaxor single fruit weight were positively correlated,while PAR or Pnmaxwas negatively correlated with the fruit titratable acid contents.Accordingly,the improved crown light environment and the enhanced leaf photosynthetic performance and photoprotective capacity in OCC led to the boosted fruit quality.
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of leaf size on fruit quality of kiwi and relevant mechanism. [Method] The correlation between leaf shape and fruit quality of kiwi was studied during 2013-2015. [Result] The results of statistical analysis showed that the sing weight, longitudinal diameter, width, thickness, shape index and juice sugar content of fruit were 75.86±1.68 g, 73.284± 0.70 mm, 41.18±0.51 mm, 35.30±0.25 mm, 1.92±0.01 and （15.66±0.26）%, respec- tively; the length, width, shape index and area of leaf were 14.77±0.20 cm, 14.25± 0.16 cm, 0.94±0.09 and 152.39±3.26 cm^2, respectively; and the length and diameter of petiole were 11.03±0.25 cm and （31.50±0.79 mm）/10, respectively. The results of correlation analysis showed that the single fruit weight of kiwi was strongly positively related to fruit longitudinal diameter, fruit width, fruit thickness and leaf shape index, was significantly positively related to leaf length, was weakly positively related to petiole length, was positively related to leaf area, was weakly negatively related to leaf width and petiole diameter, and was negatively related to juice sugar content. The results of regression analysis showed that there was significant difference be- tween single fruit weight and juice sugar content （F=0.851 8, P〈0.01）, instead of fruit longitudinal diameter （F=0.000 6, P〉0.05）, fruit width （F=0.001 4, P〉0.05） and fruit thickness （F=0.005 4, P〉0.05）; there was significant correlation between single fruit weight and leaf area （F=0.671 5, P〈0.01）, instead of leaf length （F=0.139 3, P〉0.05）, leaf width （F=0.358 5, P〉0.05） and leaf shape index （F=0.294 0, P〉0.05）; there were significant correlations between juice sugar content and leaf length （F= 0.816 1, P〈0.01）, leaf width （F=0.970 1, P〈0.01）, leaf area （F=0.560 6, P〈0.01） and leaf shape index （F=0.885 1, P〈0.05）. [Conclusion] Fruit single weight and oth- er quality properties could be predicted from leaf size, and leaf size can be used as the main basis for judging the quality of fruit.
基金supported by the National Science Funds for Excellent Young Scholars of China(No.61822106)National Science Funds for Creative Research Groups of China(No.61421002)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61671115)Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(No.Y2019XK18)。
文摘Ethylene(C2 H4),as a plant hormone,its emission can be served as an indicator to measure fruit quality.Due to the limited physiochemical reactivity of C2 H4,it is a challenge to develop high performance C2 H4 sensors for fruit detection.Herein,this paper presents a resistive-type C2 H4 sensor based on Pd-loaded tin oxide(SnO2).The C2 H4 sensing performance of proposed sensor are tested at optimum operating temperature(250℃)with ambient relative humidity(51.9%RH).The results show that the response of Pd-loaded SnO2 sensor(11.1,Ra/Rg)is about 3 times higher than that of pristine SnO2(3.5)for 100 ppm C2 H4.The response time is also significantly shortened from 7 s to 1 s compared with pristine SnO2.Especially,the Pd-loaded SnO2 sensor possesses good sensitivity(0.58 ppm 1)at low concentration(0.05-1 ppm)with excellent linearity(R2=0.9963)and low detection limit(50 ppb).The high sensing performance of Pd-loaded SnO2 are attributed to the excellent adsorption and catalysis effects of Pd nanoparticle.Meaningfully,the potential applications of C2 H4 sensor are performed for monitoring the maturity and freshness of fruits,which presents a promising prospect in fruit quality evaluation.
基金supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,31470408)the Science and Technology Support Project of Chongqing,China(cstc2014fazktjcsf 80031)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(XDJK2016 A012XDJK2013 A002)
文摘This study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for adopting suitable cultivation measures to tackle calcium （Ca） deficiency in citrus leaves. The Newhall navel orange （Citrus sinensis Osbeck） canopy was sprayed with 20.0 mmol L-1 of Ca（NO3）2 during physiological fruit drop period, fruit expanding period, and fruit maturing period on 30, 90, and 210 days after full bloom （DAFB）, respectively, and its effects on leaf gas exchange parameters and leaf mineral nutrition and fruit quality were analyzed. The results showed that： （1） The photosynthetic rate （ACO2） at 9：00 a.m. and 16：00 p.m. of fruit expanding period with 30 and 90 DAFB Ca（NO3）2treatments slightly or significantly improved mainly by decreasing stomatal limitation and nonstomatal limitation, respectively. （2） Compared with control （CK）, the Ca concentration in leaves with 30, 90, and 240 DAFB Ca（NO3）2 treatments increased by 127.16; 97.53, and 33.33%, respectively, and the leaf magnesium concentra- tion also increased by more than 32.26%. However, Ca（NO3）2 canopy spraying on 30 DAFB significantly reduced the leaf potassium concentration, by 22.14% compared with CK. （3） Ca（NO3）2 canopy spraying on 30 DAFB decreased the second fruit drop rate by 30.55% and increased the weight per fruit by 25.04%, thus resulting in a significant increase in citrus yield. （4） Spraying Ca（NO3） on 30 DAFB mainly affected the metabolism of titratable acid （TA） to improve the maturity of citrus fruits. Whilst it improved the external quality and the coloring of citrus fruit significantly. Therefore, Ca（NO3）2 canopy spraying during physiological fruit drop period has a better influence on the tree character and fruit quality of Newhall navel orange （Citrus sinensis Osbeck）.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20204,31972474 and 31471157).
文摘Quality and yield are the primary concerns in kiwifruit breeding,but research on the genetic mechanisms of fruit size,shape,and ascorbic acid(ASA)content is currently very limited,which restricts the development of kiwifruit molecular breeding.In this study,we obtained a total of 8.88 million highly reliable single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers from 140 individuals from the natural hybrid offspring of Actinidia eriantha cv.‘White’using whole genome resequencing technology.A genome-wide association study was conducted on eight key agronomic traits,including single fruit weight,fruit shape,ASA content,and the number of inflorescences per branch.A total of 59 genetic loci containing potential functional genes were located,and candidate genes related to single fruit weight,fruit length,ASA content,number of inflorescences per branch and other traits were identified within the candidate interval,such as AeWUSCHEL,AeCDK1(cell cycle dependent kinase),AeAO1(ascorbic oxidase)and AeCO1(CONSTANS-like 4).After constructing an RNAi vector for AeAO1 and injecting it into the fruit of cv.‘Midao 31’to interfere with the expression of the AeAO1 gene,the results showed that the activity of ascorbic oxidase in the fruit of‘Midao 31’significantly decreased,while the content of ASA significantly increased.This study provides valuable insights into the genetic basis of variation in A.eriantha fruit traits,which may benefit molecular marker-assisted breeding efforts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32102364)the General Program of Shandong Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.ZR2022MC064)+3 种基金the Shanxi Province Postdoctoral Research Activity Fund(Grant No.K462101001)the Doctoral Research Initiation Fund of Shanxi Datong University(Grant No.2023-B-15)the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(Grant No.2023CYJSTX07)the Shanxi Province Excellent Doctoral Work Award Project(Grant No.606-02010609)。
文摘The pear(Pyrus spp.)is well known for diverse flavors,textures,and global horticultural importance.However,the genetic diversity responsible for its extensive phenotypic variations remains largely unexplored.Here,we de novo assembled and annotated the genomes of the maternal(PsbM)and paternal(PsbF)lines of the hybrid‘Yuluxiang'pear and constructed the pear pangenome of 1.15 Gb by combining these two genomes with five previously published pear genomes representing cultivated and wild germplasm.Using the constructed pangenome,we identified 21224 gene PAVs(Presence-absence variation)and 1158812 SNPs(Single Nucleotide Polymorphism)in the non-reference genome that were absent in the PsbM reference genome.Compared with SNP markers,PAV-based analysis provides additional insights into the pear population structure.In addition,some genes associated with pear fruit quality traits have differential occurrence frequencies and differential gene expression between Asian and European populations.Moreover,our analysis of the pear pangenome revealed a mutated SNP and an insertion in the promoter region of the gene PsbMGH3.1 potentially enhance sepal shedding in‘Xuehuali'which is vital for pear quality.PsbMGH3.1 may play a role in the IAA pathway,contributing to a distinct low-auxin phenotype observed in plants by heterologously overexpressing this gene.This research helps capture the genetic diversity of pear populations and provides genomic resources for accelerating breeding.
文摘Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a promising fruit crop gaining popularity for its human nutrition and economic importance in Nepal. The qualitative losses during pre-harvest stage hinder the productivity and subsequently shorten the on-tree storability. An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of gibberellic acid on quality and shelf life of the mandarin fruit. GA<sub>3</sub> at 10, 20, and 30 ppm as against of control were evaluated. Observations on fruit weight (g), fruit firmness (kg/cm<sup>2</sup>), rind colour (1 - 5 index), juice recovery (%), TSS/acid ratio, PLW (%), decay loss (%), and ascorbic acid (mg/100 ml) were recorded at three harvesting dates i.e. 20 Nov, 5 Dec, and 20 Dec and storage condition. It has been revealed that the fruits treated with GA<sub>3</sub> at 20 ppm retained higher fruit weight (128.6 g), more firmness (3.54 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>), better juice recovery (57.75%), and greater TSS/acid ratio (21.24) at the end of study (20 December). The PLW was found less with GA<sub>3</sub> at 30 ppm in both ambient (5.17%) and cellar (6.69%) condition as against untreated fruits (9.52% and 11.76%). Similarly, the decay loss was minimum in the fruits treated with GA<sub>3</sub> at 30 ppm both with ambient (1.02%) and cellar condition (8.21%) as against control with ambient (5.54%) and cellar (21.58%).
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFD1000103)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872076)+1 种基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFD1000103)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872076).
文摘The effect of soil nutrient content on fruit yield and fruit quality is very important.To explore the effect of soil nutrients on apple quality we investigated 200 fruit samples from 40 orchards in Feng County,Jiangsu Province.Soil mineral elements and fruit quality were measured.The effect of soil nutrient content on fruit quality was analyzed by artificial neural network(ANN)model.The results showed that the prediction accuracy was highest(R2=0.851,0.847,0.885,0.678 and 0.746)in mass per fruit(MPF),hardness(HB),soluble solids concentrations(SSC),titratable acid concentration(TA)and solid-acid ratio(SSC/TA),respectively.The sensitivity analysis of the prediction model showed that soil available P,K,Ca and Mg contents had the greatest impact on the quality of apple fruit.Response surface method(RSM)was performed to determine the optimum range of the available P,K,Ca,and Mg contents in orchards In Feng County,which were 10∼20 mg⋅kg^(−1),170∼200 mg⋅kg^(−1),1000∼1500 mg⋅kg^(−1),and 80∼200 mg⋅kg^(−1),respectively.The research also concluded that improving the content of available P and available Ca in orchard soil was crucial to improve apple fruit quality in Feng County,Jiangsu Province.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Planning Project of Shannan Science and Technology Bureau of Tibet(2021Z21008)the Hubei Province‘14th Five-Year’Major Science and Technology Aid Tibet Project(SCXX-XZCG-22016).
文摘To study the effect of exogenous selenium on fruit quality in walnut(Juglans regia L.),8-year-old walnut(Qingxiang)was taken as the research object.In the fruit expansion stage,300 mg/L of sodium selenate,yeast selenium and sodium selenite solutions were applied on the leaf of walnut,and the selenium levels in leaves,pericarp and kernel were determined at the ripening stage.The fruit quality,mineral nutrient content,antioxidant enzyme activity,and related genes’expression were analyzed.The results showed that the three exogenous selenium increased the selenium levels in leaves,pericarp and kernel of walnut.They also significantly increased fruit and kernel weights,and kernel linoleic acid,but markedly decreased kernel crude fat and saturated fatty acid.Selenium spraying promoted the absorption of mineral nutrients such as potassium and zinc,but inhibited the absorption of calcium,and had no significant effect on iron and magnesium in the kernel.Three exogenous selenium increased the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and catalase(CAT)significantly in the kernel.Except for sodium selenate treatment significantly reduced malondialdehyde(MDA)content in the kernel,the other two selenium sources treatments had no significant effect on MDA and hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)levels.They also increased the expression of JrCu/Zn-SOD,Jr2-Cys POD,JrCyt-APX and JrCAT in kernel,to different extents.These implies that,in the walnut fruit enlargement period,the foliar spraying selenium could increase the selenium content of walnut,affect the mineral nutrient absorption,improve the antioxidant capacity and related genes’expression,and reduce the degree of peroxide,and then improve the quality of fruit.Furthermore,yeast selenium showed the comprehensive effect of the best.
基金The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Jouf University for funding this work through Research Grant No.(DSR2020-01-2553).
文摘Olive productivity should be improved through stimulating nutrition,particularly under poor fertility soils.Consequently,the objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of applying organic and bio-fertilizers on the physiological growth,yield and fruit quality of olive trees under newly reclaimed poor-fertility sandy soil in an arid environment.During a field experiment carried out at El-Qantara,North Sinai,Egypt over two consecutive seasons(2019-2020 and 2020-2021),olive Kalamata trees were evaluated under three organic fertilizer treatments alone or in combination with three bio-fertilizers treatments.Organic fertilizer was applied as goat manure(16.8 kg/tree/year),or olive pomace(8.5 kg/tree/year)in mid-December of each season vs.untreated trees.The bio-fertilizers were applied as N-fixing bacteria(150 g/tree)was inculated in early March of each season,or amino acid mixture(1.5%)was applied three times,at 70%of full bloom,21 days after full bloom,and a month later in comparison to a non-fertilized trees(control).The cultivar used was Kalamata,a dual-purpose cultivar for oil and table olives whose value increases when processed as table olives.The results indicated that the goat manure followed by olive pomace significantly enhanced photosynthetic pigments(chlorophyll a,b,and carotenoids),leaf mineral contents(N,P,K,Ca,Mg and Fe),tree canopy volume,number of flowers per inflorescence,number of inflorescences per shoot,initial fruit set,fruit retention.For fruit quality,fruit length and width,fruit weight,and total fruit yield was increased compared to the non-fertilized control.Likewise,The bio-fertilizer N-fixing bacteria followed by the amino acid mixture significantly improved all of the aforementioned parameters.Accordingly,it is recommended,both environmentally and economically to utilize organic and bio-fertizers,particularly goat manure combined with N-fixing bacteria,in low-fertility soil to sustain olive production as well as reducing mineral fertilization.
