Ocean fronts play important roles in nutrient transport and in the shaping ecological patterns.Frontal zones in small bays are typically small in scale,have a complex structure,and they are spatially and temporally va...Ocean fronts play important roles in nutrient transport and in the shaping ecological patterns.Frontal zones in small bays are typically small in scale,have a complex structure,and they are spatially and temporally variable,but there are limited data on how biological communities respond to this variation.Hangzhou Bay,a mediumsized estuary in China,is an ideal place in which to study the response of plankton to small-scale ocean fronts,because three water masses(Qiantang River Diluted Water,Changjiang River Diluted Water,and the East China Sea current) converge here and form dynamic salinity fronts throughout the year.We investigate zooplankton communities,and temperature,salinity and chlorophyll a(Chl a) in Hangzhou Bay in June(wet perio d) and December(dry period) of 2022 and examine the dominant environmental factors that affect zooplankton community spatial variability.We then match the spatial distributions of zooplankton communities with those of salinity fronts.S alinity is the most important explanatory variable to affect zooplankton community spatial variability during both wet and dry periods,in that it contributes>60% of the variability in community structure.Furthermore,the spatial distributions of zooplankton match well with salinity fronts.During December,with weaker Qiantang River Diluted Water and a stronger secondary Changjiang River Plume,zooplankton communities occur in moderate salinity(MS,salinity range 15.6±2.2) and high salinity(HS,22.4±1.7) regions,and their ecological boundaries closely match the Qiantang River Diluted Water front.In June,different zooplankton communities occur in low salinity(LS,3.9±1.0),MS(11.7±3.6) and HS(21.3±1.9) regions.Although the LS region occurs abnormally in the central bay rather than its apex because of the anomalous influence of rising and falling tides during the sampling perio d,the ecological boundaries still match salinity interfaces.Low-salinity or brackish-water zooplankter taxa are relatively more abundant in LS or MS regions,and the biomass and abundance of zooplankton is higher in the MS region.展开更多
Evolutionary algorithms have been shown to be very successful in solving multi-objective optimization problems(MOPs).However,their performance often deteriorates when solving MOPs with irregular Pareto fronts.To remed...Evolutionary algorithms have been shown to be very successful in solving multi-objective optimization problems(MOPs).However,their performance often deteriorates when solving MOPs with irregular Pareto fronts.To remedy this issue,a large body of research has been performed in recent years and many new algorithms have been proposed.This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the research on MOPs with irregular Pareto fronts.We start with a brief introduction to the basic concepts,followed by a summary of the benchmark test problems with irregular problems,an analysis of the causes of the irregularity,and real-world optimization problems with irregular Pareto fronts.Then,a taxonomy of the existing methodologies for handling irregular problems is given and representative algorithms are reviewed with a discussion of their strengths and weaknesses.Finally,open challenges are pointed out and a few promising future directions are suggested.展开更多
The trends of the sea surface temperature(SST) and SST fronts in the South China Sea(SCS) are analyzed during2003–2017 using high-resolution satellite data. The linear trend of the basin averaged SST is 0.31°C p...The trends of the sea surface temperature(SST) and SST fronts in the South China Sea(SCS) are analyzed during2003–2017 using high-resolution satellite data. The linear trend of the basin averaged SST is 0.31°C per decade,with the strongest warming identified in southeastern Vietnam. Although the rate of warming is comparable in summer and winter for the entire basin, the corresponding spatial patterns of the linear trend are substantially different between them. The SST trend to the west of the Luzon Strait is characterized by rapid warming in summer, exceeding approximately 0.6°C per decade, but the trend is insignificant in winter. The strongest warming trend occurs in the southeast of Vietnam in winter, with much less pronounced warming in summer. A positive trend of SST fronts is identified for the coast of China and is associated with increasing wind stress. The increasing trend of SST fronts is also found in the east of Vietnam. Large-scale circulation, such as El Ni?o, can influence the trends of the SST and SST fronts. A significant correlation is found between the SST anomaly and Ni?o3.4 index, and the ENSO signal leads by eight months. The basin averaged SST linear trends increase after the El Ni?o event(2009–2010), which is, at least, due to the rapid warming rate causing by the enhanced northeasterly wind. Peaks of positive anomalous SST and negatively anomalous SST fronts are found to co-occur with the strong El Ni?o events.展开更多
The velocity components across tidal fronts are examined using the Blumberg and Mellor 3-D nonlinear numerical coastal circulation model incorporated with the Mellor and Yamada level 2.5 turbulent closure model based ...The velocity components across tidal fronts are examined using the Blumberg and Mellor 3-D nonlinear numerical coastal circulation model incorporated with the Mellor and Yamada level 2.5 turbulent closure model based on the reasonable model output of the M<SUB>2</SUB> tide and density residual currents. In the numerical experiments, upwelling motion appears around all the fronts with different velocity structures, accounting for surface cold water around the fronts. The experiments also suggest that the location and formation of fronts are closely related to topography and tidal mixing, as is the velocity structure around the front.展开更多
1.Introduction Engineering science and technology is an important driving force in changing the world,and engineering frontiers(here referred to as“engineering fronts”)are important guidelines for future directions ...1.Introduction Engineering science and technology is an important driving force in changing the world,and engineering frontiers(here referred to as“engineering fronts”)are important guidelines for future directions in the development of engineering science and technology.Grasping trends in global engineering science and technology and quickly adapting to new directions in the current scientific and technological revolution have become strategic choices for countries all over the world.Since 2017,the Chinese Academy of Engineering has organized the Engineering Fronts research project,together with Clarivate Analytics and Higher Education Press,with the hope of bringing together the expert knowledge of global engineering and technology talents,assessing global frontiers in engineering research and development,and developing strategic opportunities to provide a reference for active responses to global challenges and sustainable development.展开更多
This study investigates the submesoscale fronts and their dynamic effects on the mean flow due to frontal instabilities in the wind-driven summer offshore jet of the western South China Sea(WSCS),using satellite obser...This study investigates the submesoscale fronts and their dynamic effects on the mean flow due to frontal instabilities in the wind-driven summer offshore jet of the western South China Sea(WSCS),using satellite observations,a 500 m-resolution numerical simulation,and diagnostic analysis.Both satellite measurements and simulation results show that the submesoscale fronts occupying a typical lateral scale of O(~10)km are characterized with one order of Rossby(Ro)and Richardson(Ri)numbers in the WSCS.This result implies that both geostrophic and ageostrophic motions feature in these submesoscale fronts.The diagnostic results indicate that a net cross-frontal Ekman transport driven by down-front wind forcing effectively advects cold water over warm water.By this way,the weakened local stratification and strong lateral buoyancy gradients are conducive to a negative Ertel potential vorticity(PV)and triggering frontal symmetric instability(SI)at the submesoscale density front.The cross-front ageostrophic secondary circulation caused by frontal instabilities is found to drive an enhanced vertical velocity reaching O(100)m/d.Additionally,the estimate of the down-front wind forcing the Ekman buoyancy flux(EBF)is found to be scaled with the geostrophic shear production(GSP)and buoyancy flux(BFLUX),which are the two primary energy sources for submesoscale turbulence.The large values of GSP and BFLUX at the fronts suggest an efficient downscale energy transfer from larger-scale geostrophic flows to the submesoscale turbulence owing to down-front wind forcing and frontal instabilities.In this content,submesoscale fronts and their instabilities substantially enhance the local vertical exchanges and geostrophic energy cascade towards smaller-scale.These active submesoscale processes associated density fronts and filaments likely provide new physical interpretations for the filamentary high chlorophyll concentration and frontal downscale energy transfer in the WSCS.展开更多
Applying the methods of on-site observation and dynamic model, the research on the fronts at the Jiulong Estuary has been carried out, during which spatial and temporal distribution, dynamic characteristics and format...Applying the methods of on-site observation and dynamic model, the research on the fronts at the Jiulong Estuary has been carried out, during which spatial and temporal distribution, dynamic characteristics and formation mechanism of salinity fronts are analyzed and discussed. The research shows that the estuarine fronts mainly lie in the area from the Jiyu Islet to the Haimen Island, outside of Yuweizai to Hulishan cross-section, the near coast of Yuweizai and the south of the Songyu-Gulangyu Channel. The fronts in the former two regions are formed directly by plume, while the one near the coast of Yuweizai is a tidal intrusion front caused by flood current and the one at the south of the Songyu-Gulangyu Channel is the result of current shear transformation. Under normal circumstances, fresh water of the Jiulong River mainly influences the inside of the Xiamen Bay, and when it is in typhoon seasons, plume front can affect the Taiwan Strait and has an effect on the biogeochemical Drocesses in the strait.展开更多
Fronts, baroclinic transport, and mesoscale variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current （ACC） along 115°E are examined on the basis of CTD data from two hydrographic cruises occupied in 1995 as a part of t...Fronts, baroclinic transport, and mesoscale variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current （ACC） along 115°E are examined on the basis of CTD data from two hydrographic cruises occupied in 1995 as a part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment （WOCE cruise I9S） and in 2004 as a part of CLIVAR/CO2 repeat hydrography program. The integrated baroclinic transport across I9S section is （97.2×106±2.2×106） m3/s relative to the deepest common level （DCL）. The net transport at the north end of I9S, determined by the south Australian circulation system, is about 16.5× 106 m3/s westward. Relying on a consistent set of water mass criteria and transport maxima, the ACC baroclinic transport, （117×106±6.7×106） m3/s to the east, is carried along three fronts： the Subantarctic Front （SAF） at a mean latitude of 44°-49°S carries （50.6×106=t=13.4×106） m3/s; the Polar Front （PF）, with the northern branch （PF-N） at 50.5°S and the southern branch （PF- S） at 58°S, carries （51.3×106±8.7×106） m3/s; finally, the southern ACC front （SACCF） and the southern boundary of the ACC （SB） consist of three cores between 59°S and 65°S that combined carry （15.2× 106±1.8× 106） m3/s. Mesoscale eddy features are identifiable in the CTD sections and tracked in concurrent maps of altimetric sea level anomalies （SLA） between 44°-48°S and 53°-57°S. Because of the remarkable mesoseale eddy features within the SAF observed in both the tracks of the cruises, the eastward transport of the SAF occurs at two latitude bands separating by 1°. Both the CTD and the altimetric data suggest that the mesoscale variability is concentrated around the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone （APFZ） and causes the ACC fronts to merge, diverge, and to fluctuate in intensity and position along their paths.展开更多
The baroclinic nonlinear stability of fronts in the ocean on a sloping continental shelf is studied, the model equations, called the frontal geostrophic model, developed by Cushman—Roisin et al.(1992) for describing ...The baroclinic nonlinear stability of fronts in the ocean on a sloping continental shelf is studied, the model equations, called the frontal geostrophic model, developed by Cushman—Roisin et al.(1992) for describing the dynamics of surface density fronts in the ocean are developed and the two—layer frontal geostrophic model for fronts on a sloping continental shelf is first obtained. The nonlinear stability criteria for the fronts on a sloping bottom are obtained by using Arnol’d (1965, 1969) variational principle and a prior estimate method. It is shown that our result is better than the former works. Key words Fronts in the ocean - Frontal geostrophic model - Nonlinear stability This Work was supported by “ the National Key Programme for Developing Basic Sciences” G199804901-1 and the National Natural Science Foundation of China “ Research Programme for Excellent State Key Laboratory” under Grant No. 49823002 and No. 49805002.展开更多
Four sections of expendable conductivity-temperature-depth （XCTD） profiles from Fremantle, Australia to Antarctic Zhongshan Station and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-Aquarius （MODIS-A） sea surface ...Four sections of expendable conductivity-temperature-depth （XCTD） profiles from Fremantle, Australia to Antarctic Zhongshan Station and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-Aquarius （MODIS-A） sea surface temperature （SST） products were used to study the structure and seasonal variability of Southeast Indian Ocean fronts. Water mass analysis showed that surface water masses in the Southeast Indian Ocean were less salty in March than in November. Compared with November, the subtropical front （STF） moved southward about one degree of latitude in March, whereas seasonal variability of the subantarctic front （SAF） and polar front （PF） locations was not obvious. In March, the saline front moved northward about two degrees of latitude relative to the thermal front in the upper 100 m at the SAF, which was the northern boundary of sub- Antarctic surface water （SASW）. Analysis of climatological SST gradients from the satellite data showed that regions of enhanced sea surface temperature （SST） gradients were collocated with frontal locations identified with the XCTD data using water mass criteria. The surface expression of the PF identified by the SST gradient was further south by about one degree of latitude relative to the subsurface expression of the PF identified by the northern boundary of cold water.展开更多
Analysis of ocean fronts＇ uncertainties indicates that they result from indiscemibility of their spatial position and fuzziness of their intensity. In view of this, a flow hierarchy for uncertainty representation of ...Analysis of ocean fronts＇ uncertainties indicates that they result from indiscemibility of their spatial position and fuzziness of their intensity. In view of this, a flow hierarchy for uncertainty representation of ocean fronts is proposed on the basis of fuzzy-rough set theory. Firstly, raster scanning and blurring are carried out on an ocean front, and the upper and lower approximate sets, the indiscernible relation in fuzzy-rough theories and related operators in fuzzy set theories are adopted to represent its uncertainties, then they are classified into three sets： with members one hundred percent belonging to the ocean front, belonging to the ocean front＇s edge and definitely not belonging to the ocean front. Finally, the approximate precision and roughness degree are utilized to evaluate the ocean front＇s degree of uncertainties and the precision of the representation. It has been proven that the method is not only capable of representing ocean fronts＇ uncertainties, but also provides a new theory and method for uncertainty representation of other oceanic phenomena.展开更多
This paper is concerned with the global exponential stability of time periodic traveling fronts of reaction-advection-diffusion equations with time periodic bistable nonlinearity in infinite cylinders. It is well know...This paper is concerned with the global exponential stability of time periodic traveling fronts of reaction-advection-diffusion equations with time periodic bistable nonlinearity in infinite cylinders. It is well known that such traveling fronts exist and are asymptotically stable. In this paper, we further show that such fronts are globally exponentially stable. The main difficulty is to construct appropriate supersolutions and subsolutions.展开更多
By using Schauder’s Fixed Point Theorem, we study the existence of traveling wave fronts for reaction-diffusion systems with spatio-temporal delays. In our results, we reduce the existence of traveling wave fronts to...By using Schauder’s Fixed Point Theorem, we study the existence of traveling wave fronts for reaction-diffusion systems with spatio-temporal delays. In our results, we reduce the existence of traveling wave fronts to the existence of an admissible pair of upper solution and lower solution which are much easier to construct in practice.展开更多
Using a two-dimensional semi-geostrophic model. the stability of fronts near shelf break (shelfbreak font, western boundary current front) and its mechanism are studied. We find that the stability of the front is rela...Using a two-dimensional semi-geostrophic model. the stability of fronts near shelf break (shelfbreak font, western boundary current front) and its mechanism are studied. We find that the stability of the front is related to the frontal structure. In general, the increase of the lower layer depth lowers the unstable growth rate (a1). (1) The shelfbreak front is baroclinically unstable and ai increases with the increase of the bottom slope, different from the conclusion of Flagg and Beardsley (1978). (2) A western boundary current front with uniform vorticity in the upper layer is barotropically unstable, due to the strong horizontal shear of the mean current. The unstable growth rate of this front for a realistic topography is only one seventh of that of the flat bottom case. (3) For a western boundary current front with hyperbolic tangent structure, we find its wave propagation speed to be about 0. 5 m/s, in agreement with the observed values. The front is baroclinically unstable. (4)The unstable growth rate of a domed structure front and its wave speed do not seem to be related to its wavelength. The front is baroclinically unstable.展开更多
A persistent, year-round NE-SW front is found to exist inside the Hangzhou Bay. This front is actually the merging of the secondary Changjiang plume front from the bay mouth and the Qiantang plume front from the upstr...A persistent, year-round NE-SW front is found to exist inside the Hangzhou Bay. This front is actually the merging of the secondary Changjiang plume front from the bay mouth and the Qiantang plume front from the upstream side of the bay. During neap tides low runoff periods these two plumes can readily be identified. Our findings suggest that suspended matter is transported into the bay through the north end by the secondary Changjiang plume. The front inside the bay acts the part of concentrating suspended matter, and also plays an important role in both the fine-grained sediment and heavy metal distributions in this sedimentary basin.展开更多
1 Introduction The Chinese Academy of Engineering(CAE)has published the annual reports of Engineering Fronts 2024[1-3].A multi round interaction method,involving iterative selection and judgment between experts and da...1 Introduction The Chinese Academy of Engineering(CAE)has published the annual reports of Engineering Fronts 2024[1-3].A multi round interaction method,involving iterative selection and judgment between experts and data,was adopted.Through the deep integration of expert review and data analysis,a total of 92 engineering research fronts and 92 engineering development fronts were selected.Among them,3 engineering research fronts and 3 engineering development fronts were identified in the field of Energy and Electrical Science and Technology.展开更多
Penetrating fronts play an important role in the cross-shelf transport of terrestrial materials in the East China Sea(ECS). Using long-term satellite remote sensing data and numerical simulation data, the most likely ...Penetrating fronts play an important role in the cross-shelf transport of terrestrial materials in the East China Sea(ECS). Using long-term satellite remote sensing data and numerical simulation data, the most likely period of occurrence and region of the penetrating fronts in the western ECS are analyzed in this study, and the evolutionary process and mechanism are also investigated. The statistical results of satellite-derived chlorophyll data from 1998 to 2022(25 years) reveal that penetrating fronts occur most frequently near 27°N in winter, with the frequencies of occurrence in January, February and March being 47%,65% and 64%, respectively. Backward Lagrangian tracer experiments demonstrate that the penetrating water near 27°N originate from three different regions. The core penetrating low-salinity water originates from the Zhejiang-Fujian coast, while the northern marginal water originates from the northern part of Taiwan Island, and the southern marginal water originates from the central Taiwan Strait. Mechanism analysis reveals that the core penetrating low-salinity water evolves in three successive stages.First, under the influence of the Zhejiang-Fujian Coastal Current driven by strong northeasterly winds, the low-salinity water along the Zhejiang-Fujian coast moves southwestward parallel to the coastline and accumulates in the western Taiwan Strait.Second, during the relaxation stage of the northeasterly wind, the northeastward Taiwan Strait Current strengthens, and the lowsalinity water accumulated in the western Taiwan Strait moves to the northeast. Third, when the northeastward-moving lowsalinity water runs into the Western Kuroshio Branch off the northeastern Taiwan Island, the low-salinity water is rapidly stretched eastward, and a significant penetrating front eventually appears. Since the synoptic northeasterly wind and the Western Kuroshio Branch are dominant dynamic factors in this region during wintertime, we believe that the synoptic wintertime penetrating fronts near 27°N are common and important phenomena that play important roles in the cross-shelf transport of terrestrial materials in the ECS.展开更多
Gust fronts,which are characterized by strong winds and intense wind shear,pose a threat to both aviation and public safety.To aid forecasters in issuing timely warnings for this hazardous weather phenomenon,a deep le...Gust fronts,which are characterized by strong winds and intense wind shear,pose a threat to both aviation and public safety.To aid forecasters in issuing timely warnings for this hazardous weather phenomenon,a deep learning-based automatic gust front identification algorithm is proposed in this study.The algorithm utilizes Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network(Mask R-CNN),a state-of-the-art instance segmentation model,trained on a large dataset of 2623 gust front samples from S-band weather radar volume scans in East China and the North China Plain between 2009 and 2016.Extensive data preprocessing and manual annotation are performed to prepare the training dataset.The optimized model achieves impressive performance on a test set of 604 samples,with a detection probability of 93.21%,a false alarm rate of 3.60%,a missed alarm rate of 6.79%,and a critical success index of 90.08%.The algorithm demonstrates robust identification capabilities across gust fronts of varying scales,types,and parent thunderstorm systems,highlighting its operational applicability.展开更多
In the one-dimensional space, traveling wave solutions of parabolic differential equations have been widely studied and well characterized. Recently, the mathematical study on higher-dimensional traveling fronts has a...In the one-dimensional space, traveling wave solutions of parabolic differential equations have been widely studied and well characterized. Recently, the mathematical study on higher-dimensional traveling fronts has attracted a lot of attention and many new types of nonplanar traveling waves have been observed for scalar reaction-diffusion equations with various nonlinearities. In this paper, by using the comparison argument and constructing appropriate super- and subsolutions, we study the existence, uniqueness and stability of three- dimensional traveling fronts of pyramidal shape for monotone bistable systems of reaction-diffusion equations in R3. The pyramidal traveling fronts are characterized as either a combination of planar traveling fronts on the lateral surfaces or a combination of two-dimensional V-form waves on the edges of the pyramid. In particular, our results are applicable to some important models in biology, such as Lotk,u-Volterra competition-diffusion systems with or without spatio-temporal delays, and reaction-diffusion systems of multiple obligate mutualists.展开更多
Freeze-thaw processes in soils,including changes in frost and thaw fronts(FTFs),are important physical processes.The movement of FTFs affects soil hydrothermal characteristics,as well as energy and water exchanges bet...Freeze-thaw processes in soils,including changes in frost and thaw fronts(FTFs),are important physical processes.The movement of FTFs affects soil hydrothermal characteristics,as well as energy and water exchanges between the land surface and the atmosphere and hydrothermal processes in the land surface.This paper reduces the issue of soil freezing and thawing to a multiple moving-boundary problem and develops a soil water and heat transfer model which considers the effects of FTF on soil hydrothermal processes.A local adaptive variable-grid method is used to discretize the model.Sensitivity tests based on the hierarchical structure of the Community Land Model(CLM)show that multiple FTFs can be continuously tracked,which overcomes the difficulties of isotherms that cannot simultaneously simulate multiple FTFs in the same soil layer.The local adaptive variable-grid method is stable and offers computational efficiency several times greater than the high-resolution case.The simulated FTF depths,soil temperatures,and soil moisture values fit well with the observed data,which further demonstrates the potential application of this simulation to the land-surface process model.展开更多
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contact No.2021YFC3101702the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province under contact Nos LY22D060006 and LY14D060007+1 种基金the Key R&D Program of Zhejiang under contact No.2022C03044the Project of Long-term Observation and Research Plan in the Changjiang Estuary and Adjacent East China Sea (LORCE) under contact No.SZ2001。
文摘Ocean fronts play important roles in nutrient transport and in the shaping ecological patterns.Frontal zones in small bays are typically small in scale,have a complex structure,and they are spatially and temporally variable,but there are limited data on how biological communities respond to this variation.Hangzhou Bay,a mediumsized estuary in China,is an ideal place in which to study the response of plankton to small-scale ocean fronts,because three water masses(Qiantang River Diluted Water,Changjiang River Diluted Water,and the East China Sea current) converge here and form dynamic salinity fronts throughout the year.We investigate zooplankton communities,and temperature,salinity and chlorophyll a(Chl a) in Hangzhou Bay in June(wet perio d) and December(dry period) of 2022 and examine the dominant environmental factors that affect zooplankton community spatial variability.We then match the spatial distributions of zooplankton communities with those of salinity fronts.S alinity is the most important explanatory variable to affect zooplankton community spatial variability during both wet and dry periods,in that it contributes>60% of the variability in community structure.Furthermore,the spatial distributions of zooplankton match well with salinity fronts.During December,with weaker Qiantang River Diluted Water and a stronger secondary Changjiang River Plume,zooplankton communities occur in moderate salinity(MS,salinity range 15.6±2.2) and high salinity(HS,22.4±1.7) regions,and their ecological boundaries closely match the Qiantang River Diluted Water front.In June,different zooplankton communities occur in low salinity(LS,3.9±1.0),MS(11.7±3.6) and HS(21.3±1.9) regions.Although the LS region occurs abnormally in the central bay rather than its apex because of the anomalous influence of rising and falling tides during the sampling perio d,the ecological boundaries still match salinity interfaces.Low-salinity or brackish-water zooplankter taxa are relatively more abundant in LS or MS regions,and the biomass and abundance of zooplankton is higher in the MS region.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61806051,61903078)Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(20ZR1400400)+2 种基金Agricultural Project of the Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology(16391902800)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2232020D-48)the Project of the Humanities and Social Sciences on Young Fund of the Ministry of Education in China(Research on swarm intelligence collaborative robust optimization scheduling for high-dimensional dynamic decisionmaking system(20YJCZH052))。
文摘Evolutionary algorithms have been shown to be very successful in solving multi-objective optimization problems(MOPs).However,their performance often deteriorates when solving MOPs with irregular Pareto fronts.To remedy this issue,a large body of research has been performed in recent years and many new algorithms have been proposed.This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the research on MOPs with irregular Pareto fronts.We start with a brief introduction to the basic concepts,followed by a summary of the benchmark test problems with irregular problems,an analysis of the causes of the irregularity,and real-world optimization problems with irregular Pareto fronts.Then,a taxonomy of the existing methodologies for handling irregular problems is given and representative algorithms are reviewed with a discussion of their strengths and weaknesses.Finally,open challenges are pointed out and a few promising future directions are suggested.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2016YFC1401601the Scientific Research Fund of the Second Institute of Oceanography,MNR under contract No.JB1806+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41806026,41806041,41706036 and 41730536the Project of State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics,Second Institute of Oceanography,MNR under contract No.SOEDZZ1902
文摘The trends of the sea surface temperature(SST) and SST fronts in the South China Sea(SCS) are analyzed during2003–2017 using high-resolution satellite data. The linear trend of the basin averaged SST is 0.31°C per decade,with the strongest warming identified in southeastern Vietnam. Although the rate of warming is comparable in summer and winter for the entire basin, the corresponding spatial patterns of the linear trend are substantially different between them. The SST trend to the west of the Luzon Strait is characterized by rapid warming in summer, exceeding approximately 0.6°C per decade, but the trend is insignificant in winter. The strongest warming trend occurs in the southeast of Vietnam in winter, with much less pronounced warming in summer. A positive trend of SST fronts is identified for the coast of China and is associated with increasing wind stress. The increasing trend of SST fronts is also found in the east of Vietnam. Large-scale circulation, such as El Ni?o, can influence the trends of the SST and SST fronts. A significant correlation is found between the SST anomaly and Ni?o3.4 index, and the ENSO signal leads by eight months. The basin averaged SST linear trends increase after the El Ni?o event(2009–2010), which is, at least, due to the rapid warming rate causing by the enhanced northeasterly wind. Peaks of positive anomalous SST and negatively anomalous SST fronts are found to co-occur with the strong El Ni?o events.
基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.131,100 tal-ents project),the National Key Fundamental DevelopingProject(No.G19990437-02,-08)and the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China(No.49976032 and No.49928605).
文摘The velocity components across tidal fronts are examined using the Blumberg and Mellor 3-D nonlinear numerical coastal circulation model incorporated with the Mellor and Yamada level 2.5 turbulent closure model based on the reasonable model output of the M<SUB>2</SUB> tide and density residual currents. In the numerical experiments, upwelling motion appears around all the fronts with different velocity structures, accounting for surface cold water around the fronts. The experiments also suggest that the location and formation of fronts are closely related to topography and tidal mixing, as is the velocity structure around the front.
文摘1.Introduction Engineering science and technology is an important driving force in changing the world,and engineering frontiers(here referred to as“engineering fronts”)are important guidelines for future directions in the development of engineering science and technology.Grasping trends in global engineering science and technology and quickly adapting to new directions in the current scientific and technological revolution have become strategic choices for countries all over the world.Since 2017,the Chinese Academy of Engineering has organized the Engineering Fronts research project,together with Clarivate Analytics and Higher Education Press,with the hope of bringing together the expert knowledge of global engineering and technology talents,assessing global frontiers in engineering research and development,and developing strategic opportunities to provide a reference for active responses to global challenges and sustainable development.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract Nos ZDBS-LY-DQC011ZDRW-XH-2019-2 and ISEE2018PY05+4 种基金the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)under contract No.GML2019ZD0303the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41776040 and 92058201the Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)under contract No.OCFL-201804the State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography under contract No.LTO1907the Guangzhou Science and Technology Project under contract No.201904010420。
文摘This study investigates the submesoscale fronts and their dynamic effects on the mean flow due to frontal instabilities in the wind-driven summer offshore jet of the western South China Sea(WSCS),using satellite observations,a 500 m-resolution numerical simulation,and diagnostic analysis.Both satellite measurements and simulation results show that the submesoscale fronts occupying a typical lateral scale of O(~10)km are characterized with one order of Rossby(Ro)and Richardson(Ri)numbers in the WSCS.This result implies that both geostrophic and ageostrophic motions feature in these submesoscale fronts.The diagnostic results indicate that a net cross-frontal Ekman transport driven by down-front wind forcing effectively advects cold water over warm water.By this way,the weakened local stratification and strong lateral buoyancy gradients are conducive to a negative Ertel potential vorticity(PV)and triggering frontal symmetric instability(SI)at the submesoscale density front.The cross-front ageostrophic secondary circulation caused by frontal instabilities is found to drive an enhanced vertical velocity reaching O(100)m/d.Additionally,the estimate of the down-front wind forcing the Ekman buoyancy flux(EBF)is found to be scaled with the geostrophic shear production(GSP)and buoyancy flux(BFLUX),which are the two primary energy sources for submesoscale turbulence.The large values of GSP and BFLUX at the fronts suggest an efficient downscale energy transfer from larger-scale geostrophic flows to the submesoscale turbulence owing to down-front wind forcing and frontal instabilities.In this content,submesoscale fronts and their instabilities substantially enhance the local vertical exchanges and geostrophic energy cascade towards smaller-scale.These active submesoscale processes associated density fronts and filaments likely provide new physical interpretations for the filamentary high chlorophyll concentration and frontal downscale energy transfer in the WSCS.
文摘Applying the methods of on-site observation and dynamic model, the research on the fronts at the Jiulong Estuary has been carried out, during which spatial and temporal distribution, dynamic characteristics and formation mechanism of salinity fronts are analyzed and discussed. The research shows that the estuarine fronts mainly lie in the area from the Jiyu Islet to the Haimen Island, outside of Yuweizai to Hulishan cross-section, the near coast of Yuweizai and the south of the Songyu-Gulangyu Channel. The fronts in the former two regions are formed directly by plume, while the one near the coast of Yuweizai is a tidal intrusion front caused by flood current and the one at the south of the Songyu-Gulangyu Channel is the result of current shear transformation. Under normal circumstances, fresh water of the Jiulong River mainly influences the inside of the Xiamen Bay, and when it is in typhoon seasons, plume front can affect the Taiwan Strait and has an effect on the biogeochemical Drocesses in the strait.
基金The National High Technology Research and Development Program ("863" Program) of China under contract Nos 2008AA121701 and 2007AA092201the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41006013
文摘Fronts, baroclinic transport, and mesoscale variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current （ACC） along 115°E are examined on the basis of CTD data from two hydrographic cruises occupied in 1995 as a part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment （WOCE cruise I9S） and in 2004 as a part of CLIVAR/CO2 repeat hydrography program. The integrated baroclinic transport across I9S section is （97.2×106±2.2×106） m3/s relative to the deepest common level （DCL）. The net transport at the north end of I9S, determined by the south Australian circulation system, is about 16.5× 106 m3/s westward. Relying on a consistent set of water mass criteria and transport maxima, the ACC baroclinic transport, （117×106±6.7×106） m3/s to the east, is carried along three fronts： the Subantarctic Front （SAF） at a mean latitude of 44°-49°S carries （50.6×106=t=13.4×106） m3/s; the Polar Front （PF）, with the northern branch （PF-N） at 50.5°S and the southern branch （PF- S） at 58°S, carries （51.3×106±8.7×106） m3/s; finally, the southern ACC front （SACCF） and the southern boundary of the ACC （SB） consist of three cores between 59°S and 65°S that combined carry （15.2× 106±1.8× 106） m3/s. Mesoscale eddy features are identifiable in the CTD sections and tracked in concurrent maps of altimetric sea level anomalies （SLA） between 44°-48°S and 53°-57°S. Because of the remarkable mesoseale eddy features within the SAF observed in both the tracks of the cruises, the eastward transport of the SAF occurs at two latitude bands separating by 1°. Both the CTD and the altimetric data suggest that the mesoscale variability is concentrated around the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone （APFZ） and causes the ACC fronts to merge, diverge, and to fluctuate in intensity and position along their paths.
基金the National Key Programme for Developing Basic Sciences"!G199804901-lthe National Natural Science Foundation of China" Re
文摘The baroclinic nonlinear stability of fronts in the ocean on a sloping continental shelf is studied, the model equations, called the frontal geostrophic model, developed by Cushman—Roisin et al.(1992) for describing the dynamics of surface density fronts in the ocean are developed and the two—layer frontal geostrophic model for fronts on a sloping continental shelf is first obtained. The nonlinear stability criteria for the fronts on a sloping bottom are obtained by using Arnol’d (1965, 1969) variational principle and a prior estimate method. It is shown that our result is better than the former works. Key words Fronts in the ocean - Frontal geostrophic model - Nonlinear stability This Work was supported by “ the National Key Programme for Developing Basic Sciences” G199804901-1 and the National Natural Science Foundation of China “ Research Programme for Excellent State Key Laboratory” under Grant No. 49823002 and No. 49805002.
基金supported by the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation & Assessment Programs (Grant nos. CHINARE2012-2016 for 01-01-07, CHINARE2016-01-01, and CHINARE2016-04-01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 41306206 and U1406404)
文摘Four sections of expendable conductivity-temperature-depth （XCTD） profiles from Fremantle, Australia to Antarctic Zhongshan Station and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-Aquarius （MODIS-A） sea surface temperature （SST） products were used to study the structure and seasonal variability of Southeast Indian Ocean fronts. Water mass analysis showed that surface water masses in the Southeast Indian Ocean were less salty in March than in November. Compared with November, the subtropical front （STF） moved southward about one degree of latitude in March, whereas seasonal variability of the subantarctic front （SAF） and polar front （PF） locations was not obvious. In March, the saline front moved northward about two degrees of latitude relative to the thermal front in the upper 100 m at the SAF, which was the northern boundary of sub- Antarctic surface water （SASW）. Analysis of climatological SST gradients from the satellite data showed that regions of enhanced sea surface temperature （SST） gradients were collocated with frontal locations identified with the XCTD data using water mass criteria. The surface expression of the PF identified by the SST gradient was further south by about one degree of latitude relative to the subsurface expression of the PF identified by the northern boundary of cold water.
基金The research was partially funded by the Project 40571129 supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaInnovative Program(No.kzcx2-yw-304-1)supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Analysis of ocean fronts＇ uncertainties indicates that they result from indiscemibility of their spatial position and fuzziness of their intensity. In view of this, a flow hierarchy for uncertainty representation of ocean fronts is proposed on the basis of fuzzy-rough set theory. Firstly, raster scanning and blurring are carried out on an ocean front, and the upper and lower approximate sets, the indiscernible relation in fuzzy-rough theories and related operators in fuzzy set theories are adopted to represent its uncertainties, then they are classified into three sets： with members one hundred percent belonging to the ocean front, belonging to the ocean front＇s edge and definitely not belonging to the ocean front. Finally, the approximate precision and roughness degree are utilized to evaluate the ocean front＇s degree of uncertainties and the precision of the representation. It has been proven that the method is not only capable of representing ocean fronts＇ uncertainties, but also provides a new theory and method for uncertainty representation of other oceanic phenomena.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(11401134)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project(2012M520716)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(HIT.NSRIF.2014063)
文摘This paper is concerned with the global exponential stability of time periodic traveling fronts of reaction-advection-diffusion equations with time periodic bistable nonlinearity in infinite cylinders. It is well known that such traveling fronts exist and are asymptotically stable. In this paper, we further show that such fronts are globally exponentially stable. The main difficulty is to construct appropriate supersolutions and subsolutions.
文摘By using Schauder’s Fixed Point Theorem, we study the existence of traveling wave fronts for reaction-diffusion systems with spatio-temporal delays. In our results, we reduce the existence of traveling wave fronts to the existence of an admissible pair of upper solution and lower solution which are much easier to construct in practice.
文摘Using a two-dimensional semi-geostrophic model. the stability of fronts near shelf break (shelfbreak font, western boundary current front) and its mechanism are studied. We find that the stability of the front is related to the frontal structure. In general, the increase of the lower layer depth lowers the unstable growth rate (a1). (1) The shelfbreak front is baroclinically unstable and ai increases with the increase of the bottom slope, different from the conclusion of Flagg and Beardsley (1978). (2) A western boundary current front with uniform vorticity in the upper layer is barotropically unstable, due to the strong horizontal shear of the mean current. The unstable growth rate of this front for a realistic topography is only one seventh of that of the flat bottom case. (3) For a western boundary current front with hyperbolic tangent structure, we find its wave propagation speed to be about 0. 5 m/s, in agreement with the observed values. The front is baroclinically unstable. (4)The unstable growth rate of a domed structure front and its wave speed do not seem to be related to its wavelength. The front is baroclinically unstable.
文摘A persistent, year-round NE-SW front is found to exist inside the Hangzhou Bay. This front is actually the merging of the secondary Changjiang plume front from the bay mouth and the Qiantang plume front from the upstream side of the bay. During neap tides low runoff periods these two plumes can readily be identified. Our findings suggest that suspended matter is transported into the bay through the north end by the secondary Changjiang plume. The front inside the bay acts the part of concentrating suspended matter, and also plays an important role in both the fine-grained sediment and heavy metal distributions in this sedimentary basin.
基金supported by the project,“Strategic Consulting and Research of Global Engineering Fronts”of the CAE under the guidance and assistance from the project integration group.
文摘1 Introduction The Chinese Academy of Engineering(CAE)has published the annual reports of Engineering Fronts 2024[1-3].A multi round interaction method,involving iterative selection and judgment between experts and data,was adopted.Through the deep integration of expert review and data analysis,a total of 92 engineering research fronts and 92 engineering development fronts were selected.Among them,3 engineering research fronts and 3 engineering development fronts were identified in the field of Energy and Electrical Science and Technology.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42230404 & 42276021)the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2022YFC3103402 & 2023YFD2401904)+1 种基金the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. LY21D060003)the high-performance computing cluster of the State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics。
文摘Penetrating fronts play an important role in the cross-shelf transport of terrestrial materials in the East China Sea(ECS). Using long-term satellite remote sensing data and numerical simulation data, the most likely period of occurrence and region of the penetrating fronts in the western ECS are analyzed in this study, and the evolutionary process and mechanism are also investigated. The statistical results of satellite-derived chlorophyll data from 1998 to 2022(25 years) reveal that penetrating fronts occur most frequently near 27°N in winter, with the frequencies of occurrence in January, February and March being 47%,65% and 64%, respectively. Backward Lagrangian tracer experiments demonstrate that the penetrating water near 27°N originate from three different regions. The core penetrating low-salinity water originates from the Zhejiang-Fujian coast, while the northern marginal water originates from the northern part of Taiwan Island, and the southern marginal water originates from the central Taiwan Strait. Mechanism analysis reveals that the core penetrating low-salinity water evolves in three successive stages.First, under the influence of the Zhejiang-Fujian Coastal Current driven by strong northeasterly winds, the low-salinity water along the Zhejiang-Fujian coast moves southwestward parallel to the coastline and accumulates in the western Taiwan Strait.Second, during the relaxation stage of the northeasterly wind, the northeastward Taiwan Strait Current strengthens, and the lowsalinity water accumulated in the western Taiwan Strait moves to the northeast. Third, when the northeastward-moving lowsalinity water runs into the Western Kuroshio Branch off the northeastern Taiwan Island, the low-salinity water is rapidly stretched eastward, and a significant penetrating front eventually appears. Since the synoptic northeasterly wind and the Western Kuroshio Branch are dominant dynamic factors in this region during wintertime, we believe that the synoptic wintertime penetrating fronts near 27°N are common and important phenomena that play important roles in the cross-shelf transport of terrestrial materials in the ECS.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3007501)Open Fund of China Meteorological Administration Key Laboratory for Aviation Meteorology(HKQXZ-2024005)Innovation Ability Promotion Plan of Chengdu University of Information Technology(KYQN202307).
文摘Gust fronts,which are characterized by strong winds and intense wind shear,pose a threat to both aviation and public safety.To aid forecasters in issuing timely warnings for this hazardous weather phenomenon,a deep learning-based automatic gust front identification algorithm is proposed in this study.The algorithm utilizes Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network(Mask R-CNN),a state-of-the-art instance segmentation model,trained on a large dataset of 2623 gust front samples from S-band weather radar volume scans in East China and the North China Plain between 2009 and 2016.Extensive data preprocessing and manual annotation are performed to prepare the training dataset.The optimized model achieves impressive performance on a test set of 604 samples,with a detection probability of 93.21%,a false alarm rate of 3.60%,a missed alarm rate of 6.79%,and a critical success index of 90.08%.The algorithm demonstrates robust identification capabilities across gust fronts of varying scales,types,and parent thunderstorm systems,highlighting its operational applicability.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11371179 and 11271172)National Science Foundation of USA (Grant No. DMS-1412454)
文摘In the one-dimensional space, traveling wave solutions of parabolic differential equations have been widely studied and well characterized. Recently, the mathematical study on higher-dimensional traveling fronts has attracted a lot of attention and many new types of nonplanar traveling waves have been observed for scalar reaction-diffusion equations with various nonlinearities. In this paper, by using the comparison argument and constructing appropriate super- and subsolutions, we study the existence, uniqueness and stability of three- dimensional traveling fronts of pyramidal shape for monotone bistable systems of reaction-diffusion equations in R3. The pyramidal traveling fronts are characterized as either a combination of planar traveling fronts on the lateral surfaces or a combination of two-dimensional V-form waves on the edges of the pyramid. In particular, our results are applicable to some important models in biology, such as Lotk,u-Volterra competition-diffusion systems with or without spatio-temporal delays, and reaction-diffusion systems of multiple obligate mutualists.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.91125016)National Basic Research Program of China(Grants Nos.2010CB951001,2010CB428403)
文摘Freeze-thaw processes in soils,including changes in frost and thaw fronts(FTFs),are important physical processes.The movement of FTFs affects soil hydrothermal characteristics,as well as energy and water exchanges between the land surface and the atmosphere and hydrothermal processes in the land surface.This paper reduces the issue of soil freezing and thawing to a multiple moving-boundary problem and develops a soil water and heat transfer model which considers the effects of FTF on soil hydrothermal processes.A local adaptive variable-grid method is used to discretize the model.Sensitivity tests based on the hierarchical structure of the Community Land Model(CLM)show that multiple FTFs can be continuously tracked,which overcomes the difficulties of isotherms that cannot simultaneously simulate multiple FTFs in the same soil layer.The local adaptive variable-grid method is stable and offers computational efficiency several times greater than the high-resolution case.The simulated FTF depths,soil temperatures,and soil moisture values fit well with the observed data,which further demonstrates the potential application of this simulation to the land-surface process model.
