The fossil shells on the sedimentary rocks were collected from The Historical Park,Ban Sap Noi Geopark,Phetchabun Province,Thailand.However,the fossils remained in this area were investigated on the characteristic spe...The fossil shells on the sedimentary rocks were collected from The Historical Park,Ban Sap Noi Geopark,Phetchabun Province,Thailand.However,the fossils remained in this area were investigated on the characteristic species only in geological studies with taxonomy for fossil age predicting.To fill up the gap of these studies,the material characterization techniques were used to study the chemical composition and structure of fossil shells I,II and III.The results clearly showed that the morphologies of all fossil shells were Brachiopod fossils with different species.The functional group and elemental composition of all fossil shells showed that the high content of calcium carbonate was a major composition.In addition,the high content of quartz indicated the silica precipitation phenomenon in all fossil shells.The element composition of cross-sectional morphology and energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS mapping) were used to confirm the presence of Si element in each zone of fossil shells.The crystal structures of all fossil shells were investigated and indicated that the calcium carbonate compound was a calcite phase and silicon dioxide compound was a quartz phase.Moreover,the crystal structure of quartz phase was used to calculate the crystallinity index.The crystallinity index values in all fossil shells indicated a well-crystallized quartz.The age of fossil shells was estimated and found to be brachiopod fossil in carboniferous period with the age of about 359.2 to 299.0 million years.展开更多
This report is about the first record of non-avian dinosaur eggs in the Hefei Basin,Anhui Province,China.Based on the combination of elongated egg body,linear ridges on the outer surface and two structure layer,the eg...This report is about the first record of non-avian dinosaur eggs in the Hefei Basin,Anhui Province,China.Based on the combination of elongated egg body,linear ridges on the outer surface and two structure layer,the eggs can be referred to Elongatoolithidae.The gradual boundary between the cone and the column layers as well as the relative thin eggshell(less than 1 mm)indicates its affinity within Elongatoolithus.The eggs are identified as Elongatoolithus oosp.,as they were severely compressed and experienced erosion on both inner and outer surfaces.The discovery of egg fossil in the Hefei Basin offers evidence for stratum comparison in this region and supplements the diversity of egg fossils in Anhui.Meanwhile,this discovery also enriches the paleogeographic distribution of elongatoolithids.展开更多
The micromammal fossils collected from the Shangzhuang Formation of the Linxia Basin,Gansu,are described here.The assemblage consists of 16 species of 13 genera belonging to 7 families,including one new species and on...The micromammal fossils collected from the Shangzhuang Formation of the Linxia Basin,Gansu,are described here.The assemblage consists of 16 species of 13 genera belonging to 7 families,including one new species and one taxon previously unknown from China.Among them 5 genera are Oligocene holdovers and 11 genera/species are known to make their first appearances in Early Miocene,indicating an Early Miocene age for the Gucheng Fauna.The absence of Oligocene survivors such as Tataromys,Yindirtemys,Eucricetodon and Tachyoryctoides,which usually occur in the Xiejian age of Early Miocene,and the presence of newcomers Protalactaga,Megacricetodon and Gobicricetodon,that made their first appearance only in the Shanwangian age of late Early Miocene,suggest that the Gucheng Fauna is of a later age of Early Miocene.The new species,Sinolagomys guchengensis,showing more derived morphology than in S.ulunguensis,seems to support an assessment of the fauna in Shanwangian age.Thus,the Gucheng Fauna may belong to late Early Miocene Shanwangian,partially equivalent to MN 3/4 of the European land mammal zonation.Ecological analysis of the fauna indicates that the palaeoecological condition of the Gucheng area might still be a predominantly arid shrub-steppe in late Early Miocene.展开更多
Evergreen broad-leaved forests(EBLFs) are widely distributed in East Asia and play a vital role in ecosystem stability. The occurrence of these forests in East Asia has been a subject of debate across various discipli...Evergreen broad-leaved forests(EBLFs) are widely distributed in East Asia and play a vital role in ecosystem stability. The occurrence of these forests in East Asia has been a subject of debate across various disciplines. In this study, we explored the occurrence of East Asian EBLFs from a paleobotanical perspective. By collecting plant fossils from four regions in East Asia, we have established the evolutionary history of EBLFs. Through floral similarity analysis and paleoclimatic reconstruction, we have revealed a diverse spatio-temporal pattern for the occurrence of EBLFs in East Asia. The earliest occurrence of EBLFs in southern China can be traced back to the middle Eocene, followed by southwestern China during the late Eocene-early Oligocene. Subsequently, EBLFs emerged in Japan during the early Oligocene and eventually appeared in central-eastern China around the Miocene. Paleoclimate simulation results suggest that the precipitation of wettest quarter(PWet Q, mm) exceeding 600 mm is crucial for the occurrence of EBLFs. Furthermore, the heterogeneous occurrence of EBLFs in East Asia is closely associated with the evolution of the Asian Monsoon. This study provides new insights into the occurrence of EBLFs in East Asia.展开更多
The challenge of establishing top-down constraints for regional emissions of fossil fuel CO_(2)(FFCO_(2))arises from the difficulty in distinguishing between atmospheric CO_(2)concentrations released from fossil fuels...The challenge of establishing top-down constraints for regional emissions of fossil fuel CO_(2)(FFCO_(2))arises from the difficulty in distinguishing between atmospheric CO_(2)concentrations released from fossil fuels and background variability,particularly owing to the influence of terrestrial biospheric fluxes.This necessitates the development of a regional inversion methodology based on atmospheric CO_(2)observations to verify bottom-up estimations independently.This study presents a promising approach for estimating China's FFCO_(2)emissions by incorporating the model residual errors(MREs)of the column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CO_(2)(XCO_(2))from FFCO_(2)emissions(MREff)retained in the analysis of natural flux optimization.China's FFCO_(2)emissions during the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 are estimated using the GEOS-Chem adjoint model.The relationship between the MREff and FFCO_(2)is determined using the model based on a regional FFCO_(2)anomaly suggested by posterior NOx emissions from air-quality data assimilation.The MREff is typically one-tenth in magnitude,but some positively skewed outliers exceed 1 ppm because the prior emissions lack lockdown impacts,thereby exerting considerable observation forcing given the satellite retrieval uncertainties.We initialize the FFCO_(2)with posterior NOx emissions and optimize the colinear emission ratio.Synthetic data experiments demonstrate that this approach reduces the FFCO_(2)bias to less than 10%.The real-data experiments estimate 19%lower FFCO_(2)with GOSAT XCO_(2)and 26%lower with OCO-2 XCO_(2)than the bottom-up estimations.This study proves the feasibility of our regional FFCO_(2)inversion,highlighting the importance of addressing the outlier behaviors observed in satellite XCO_(2)retrievals.展开更多
Small shelly fossils(SSFs)have long been recognized as important to the studies of both metazoan evolution and the onset of biomineralization during the Cambrian radiation.The marked decline in the occurrence,diversit...Small shelly fossils(SSFs)have long been recognized as important to the studies of both metazoan evolution and the onset of biomineralization during the Cambrian radiation.The marked decline in the occurrence,diversity and abundance of SSFs in the middle to late Cambrian,when compared with the early Cambrian,has often been regarded as a result of the closure of a phosphatization window.Despite this,there have been numerous and consistent reports of SSFs from the middle Cambrian and younger deposits.To identify possible factors influencing SSF preservation,five microfacies including bioclastic limestone,flat-pebble conglomerates with bioclasts,hummocky cross-stratified grainstone with bioclasts,bioclastic grainstone in hardgrounds and glauconite bioclastic wackstone-packstone,from Cambrian Series 2 to Miaolingian in North China are compared to assess how differences in lithology impact the preservation potential of SSFs.Our results,based on 35,161 SSF specimens from deposits across six sections,suggest that there are still abundant and diverse SSFs in the middle Cambrian of North China preserved in ways not exclusively reliant on the presence of phosphate and that SSF preservation can be linked to the differences in microfacies in the early to middle Cambrian of North China.展开更多
Biological classification is the foundation of biology and paleontology,as it arranges all the organisms in a hierarchy that humans can easily follow and understand.It is further used to reconstruct the evolution of l...Biological classification is the foundation of biology and paleontology,as it arranges all the organisms in a hierarchy that humans can easily follow and understand.It is further used to reconstruct the evolution of life.A biological classification system(BCS)that includes all the established fossil taxa would be both useful and challenging for uncovering the life history.Since fossil taxa were originally recorded in various published books and articles written by natural languages,the primary step is to organize all those taxa information in a manner that can be deciphered by a computer system.A Knowledge Graph(KG)is a formalized description framework of semantic knowledge,which represents and retrieves knowledge in a machine-understandable way,and therefore provides an eligible method to represent the BCS.In this paper,a model of the BCS KG including the ontology and fact layers is presented.To put it into practice,the ontology layer of the invertebrate fossil branches was manually developed,while the fact layer was automatically constructed by extracting information from 46 volumes of the Treatise of Invertebrate Paleontology series with the help of natural language processing technology.As a result,27348 taxa nodes spanning fourteen taxonomic ranks were extracted with high accuracy and high efficiency,and the invertebrate fossil branches of the BCS KG was thus installed.This study demonstrates that a properly designed KG model and its automatic construction with the help of natural language processing are reliable and efficient.展开更多
Understanding the paleoenvironment and phytogeographical history of the Tibetan Plateau,China relies on discovering new plant fossils.The Qaidam Basin has long been regarded as an ideal‘field laboratory’to investiga...Understanding the paleoenvironment and phytogeographical history of the Tibetan Plateau,China relies on discovering new plant fossils.The Qaidam Basin has long been regarded as an ideal‘field laboratory’to investigate the paleoclimate and paleobiological evolution of the northern Tibetan Plateau.However,fossil angiosperms from the Qaidam Basin are rare,and our knowledge of its paleovegetation is poor.Here,we report fossil leaves and fruits of Betulaceae found from the Oligocene Shangganchaigou Formation of northwestern Qaidam Basin(Huatugou area).Comparative morphological analysis led us to assign the fruits to the Betula subgenus Betula and the leaves to Carpinus grandis.These findings,together with other reported fossil plants from the same locality,reveal a close floristic linkage between the Qaidam Basin and Europe during the Oligocene.The northern pathway of this floristic exchange may have crossed through the Qaidam Basin during the late Paleogene.This floristic linkage may have been facilitated by the continuous narrowing of the Turgai Strait and stronger westerlies,which transported moisture and provided favorable climatic conditions.Indeed,fossil plants collected from the Qaidam Basin suggest that during the Oligocene this region had warm and humid deciduous broad-leaf forest,which differs from the region’s modern vegetation and indicates that the Qaidam Basin may have been a suitable region for these plants to flourish and spread during the Oligocene.展开更多
Inferring divergence times between lineages is crucial for understanding biological evolutionary processes. The extraordinary species diversity of Eupolypods within the fern lineage has been interpreted as an ecologic...Inferring divergence times between lineages is crucial for understanding biological evolutionary processes. The extraordinary species diversity of Eupolypods within the fern lineage has been interpreted as an ecological opportunistic response to the emergence of more complex, angiosperm-dominated ecosystems. This co-adaptation between Eupolypods and angiosperms has prompted ongoing investigations into the phylogenetic and diversification timelines of Eupolypods. In this study, we incorporate newly discovered fossils of Dryopteridaceae, including two species from both the stem and crown groups, to reanalyze the phylogenetic and diversification times of Eupolypods using total-evidence dating (TED or tip-dating) methods. Our analyses confirm that Eupolypods first diversified during the Jurassic and suggest that both subclades, Polypodiineae and Aspleniineae, underwent their earliest diversification during this period, challenging recent claims that Polypodiineae diversified no earlier than the Cretaceous. These results support a “long fuse” model, indicating that the initial emergence of Polypodiales preceded their diversification and extensive fossil record. Furthermore, our findings clarify the systematic position of Hypodematiaceae, indicating that it, along with Didymochlaenaceae, represents the basal lineages of Polypodiineae. This study highlights the critical role of fossil abundance and taxonomic composition in molecular dating analyses.展开更多
This article is an insight into our lifetime and the enduring capacity of the planet—especially regarding water and space, in face of the Homines population growth. This is and will be recorded in the geological time...This article is an insight into our lifetime and the enduring capacity of the planet—especially regarding water and space, in face of the Homines population growth. This is and will be recorded in the geological time: once preserved as human fossils, we will be part of a chapter in Earth’s history. A brief taphonomic chronology is presented, from the emergence of humans to the domination of the environment and supremacy over other species, and also a concern on how much planet Earth can bear Homines neglects. The objective of this review is to show that the strata that contain human fossils change during the Anthropocene not only the human body but also its tools, resulting from its development. Four stages were identified as taphonomic phases: the first wave, when organic Homines fossils were preserved only with materials in natura, including natural artefacts. The second fossilization phase has occurred and still occurs with the urban Homines, a product of the proliferation of cities, including anthropogenic waste and diseases. The technology that we master today also belongs to our taphonomy: hydrocarbons, metals, plastic, radioactive elements—all fossilize together with the industrial Homines, representing the third fossilization phase, which is very close to the fourth fossilization phase, where our enlightened intelligence buries the technological Homines together with his world of digital waste and new viruses. How will we fossilize the future? This question makes us think about the behavior we assume today—who or what will go to the grave with us, which geological/environmental response will stop superpopulation, which extinction event will hold human proliferation? Which will be the mineral, human and waste components of our subsequent strata? How much water and space can we still use without causing a global environmental collapse?展开更多
Over the last decade,numerous important vertebrate fossils have been discovered by scientists from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology(IVPP)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),which have...Over the last decade,numerous important vertebrate fossils have been discovered by scientists from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology(IVPP)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),which have significantly enriched understanding about the origin and early evolution of fish,amphibians,and reptiles.Particularly,researches about the origin of jawed vertebrates and origin of birds have systematically revised previous thoughts.These studies also demonstrate the globally leading role played by IVPP research teams in this field.展开更多
Anew study of a 7–8-million-year-old extinct fossil ape from China called Lufengpithecus offers new insights into the evolution of human bipedalism.The study,published in The Innovation,was conducted by a team from t...Anew study of a 7–8-million-year-old extinct fossil ape from China called Lufengpithecus offers new insights into the evolution of human bipedalism.The study,published in The Innovation,was conducted by a team from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology(IVPP)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,the Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology(YICRA),and New York University(NYU).展开更多
This paper combines a variety of physicochemical nondestructive techniques to obtain a knowledge of the chemical and mineralogical composition of the scarce fossil bones from the Húmera paleontological site(Madri...This paper combines a variety of physicochemical nondestructive techniques to obtain a knowledge of the chemical and mineralogical composition of the scarce fossil bones from the Húmera paleontological site(Madrid,Spain).The main classification of the samples has distinguished six colors:red,gray,blue,white,light yellow and green.μ-XRD and Raman spectroscopy have been correlated to study the structure and to distinguish between fluorapatite,chlorapatite,bioapatite and carbonated bones.The bones have further been classified in three main types.Type I includes gray,green,white,and blue samples,classified as fluorapatite and chlorapatite containing organic matter and adsorbed water.Type II,includes the red sample classified as bioapatite,showing broad Raman bands andμ-XRD peaks due to the lattice disorder created by the B-type substitutions emerging from a high matter content.Type III sample(yellow)shows a complete replacement of apatite by calcite which induce the high porosity of the sample.Diagenetic changes add further complexity to the structure of fossil bones,not only by new ionic substitutions but also in terms of biogenic or authigenic phases that form in the fossilizing bone.The multi-technique approach from a broad interdisciplinary perspective enables a better understanding of bone fossilization.展开更多
A biostratigraphic study on calcareous nannofossils from the CM3D06 Co-rich ferromanganese crust from the Magellan seamounts in the northwestern Pacific enabled estimation of depositional age. The bio-imprinting of ca...A biostratigraphic study on calcareous nannofossils from the CM3D06 Co-rich ferromanganese crust from the Magellan seamounts in the northwestern Pacific enabled estimation of depositional age. The bio-imprinting of calcareous nannofossils and other fossil species suggests six age ranges for the nannofossils： late Cretaceous, late Paleocene, （early, middle, late） Eocene, middle Miocene, late Pliocene, and Pleistocene. Gas chromatography （GC） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） were used to test the Co-rich crusts, and a variety of molecular fossils were detected, such as chloroform bituminous ＂A＂ , n-alkane, isoprenoid and sterol. Peak carbon and molecular indices （such as C23-/C24＋, CPI, Pr/Ph, Pr/nC17, Ph/nCxs and j13C） indicate that the parent organic matter is dominated by marine phytoplankton and thallogen whereas there is little input of terrestrial organic matter. Researches on calcareous nannofossils, molecular fossils and molecular organic geochemistry data reveal that the Paleocene/Eocene （P/E） global event is recorded in the cobalt- rich crusts from the northwestern Pacific Ocean. A succession of biomes can be observed near the 85 mm boundary （about 55 Ma）, i.e., the disappearance of the late Cretaceous Watznaueria barnesae and Zigodicus spiralis, and Broisonia parka microbiotas above the P/E boundary, and the bloom of Coccolithus formosus, Discoaster multiradiatus, Discoaster mohleri and Discoaster sp. below the boundary. Typical parameters of molecular fossils, such as saturated hydrocarbon components and carbon-number maxima, Pr/Ph, Pr/C17, Ph/C18, distribution types of sterols, Ts/Tm ratios and bacterial hopane, also exhibit dramatic changes near the P/E boundary. These integrated results illustrate that the biome succession of calcareous nannofossils, relative content of molecular fossils and molecular indices in the cobalt-rich crusts near the 85 mm boundary faithfully record the P/E global event.展开更多
The paper deals with the new phaeophycean fossils in the Early Cambrian from Chengjiang Biota at Ercai Village of Haikou, Kunming, Yunnan, Southwest China. Three new taxa, Punctatiopsis latifolia gen. et sp. nov., P. ...The paper deals with the new phaeophycean fossils in the Early Cambrian from Chengjiang Biota at Ercai Village of Haikou, Kunming, Yunnan, Southwest China. Three new taxa, Punctatiopsis latifolia gen. et sp. nov., P. simplex gen. et sp. nov. and Vendotaenia cf. antiqua Gnilovskaya axe described here in detail. These new findings show that the Chengjiang Biota is high in species diversity of fossil algae and might offer new evidence for a better understanding of the Cambrian explosive biological evolution. The fossil genus described here is found to have a close relationship with the living Punctatia based on similar morphology. The results suggest that the Chengjiang Biota in Haikou area of Kunming was living in an intertidal and subtidal seawater environment.展开更多
Despite the long tradition of fossil carbon(coal,char,and related carbon-based materials)for fueling mankind,the science of transforming them into chemicals is still demandingly progressing in the current energy scena...Despite the long tradition of fossil carbon(coal,char,and related carbon-based materials)for fueling mankind,the science of transforming them into chemicals is still demandingly progressing in the current energy scenario,especially when considering its responsibilities to the global climate change.Traditionally,there are four routes of preparing chemicals directly from fossil carbon,including hydrogasification,gasification,direct liquefaction,and oxidation,in the macroscope of gas-solid reaction(hydrogasification and gasification)and liquid-solid reaction(direct liquefaction and oxidation).When the study goes to microscale,the gas-solid reaction can be considered as the reaction between the severe condensed radicals and gas,while the liquid-solid reaction is the direct reaction between the radical and the activated-molecule.To have a full overview of the area,this review systematically summarizes the main factors in these processes and shows our own perspectives as follows,(ⅰ)stabilizing the free radicals generated from coal and then directly converting them has the highest efficiency in coal utilization;(ⅱ)the research on the self-catalytic process of coal structure will have a profound impact on the direct preparation of chemicals from fossil carbon.Further discussions are also proposed to guide the future study of the area into a more sustainable direction.展开更多
The Jianchang Basin is one of the main localities of the precious fossils of Jehol Biota in western Liaoning.The fossil-bearing horizons are mainly in the Yixian-and Jiufotang formations.In the Weijialing--Yaolugou of...The Jianchang Basin is one of the main localities of the precious fossils of Jehol Biota in western Liaoning.The fossil-bearing horizons are mainly in the Yixian-and Jiufotang formations.In the Weijialing--Yaolugou of southwest Jianchang Basin,many precious fossils have been found at Luojiagou Bed of the 2nd Member of the Yixian Formation and at Xidian Bed of the 1st member of the Jiufotang Formation.The geologic setting,sedimentary environment and paleogeography of the precious fossil-bearing beds were also studied.展开更多
基金supported by the Science Achievement Scholarship of Thailand (SAST)the support of Office of Atom for Peace,Thailand and Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (a public organization) for providing facilities for some experiment in this work。
文摘The fossil shells on the sedimentary rocks were collected from The Historical Park,Ban Sap Noi Geopark,Phetchabun Province,Thailand.However,the fossils remained in this area were investigated on the characteristic species only in geological studies with taxonomy for fossil age predicting.To fill up the gap of these studies,the material characterization techniques were used to study the chemical composition and structure of fossil shells I,II and III.The results clearly showed that the morphologies of all fossil shells were Brachiopod fossils with different species.The functional group and elemental composition of all fossil shells showed that the high content of calcium carbonate was a major composition.In addition,the high content of quartz indicated the silica precipitation phenomenon in all fossil shells.The element composition of cross-sectional morphology and energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS mapping) were used to confirm the presence of Si element in each zone of fossil shells.The crystal structures of all fossil shells were investigated and indicated that the calcium carbonate compound was a calcite phase and silicon dioxide compound was a quartz phase.Moreover,the crystal structure of quartz phase was used to calculate the crystallinity index.The crystallinity index values in all fossil shells indicated a well-crystallized quartz.The age of fossil shells was estimated and found to be brachiopod fossil in carboniferous period with the age of about 359.2 to 299.0 million years.
文摘This report is about the first record of non-avian dinosaur eggs in the Hefei Basin,Anhui Province,China.Based on the combination of elongated egg body,linear ridges on the outer surface and two structure layer,the eggs can be referred to Elongatoolithidae.The gradual boundary between the cone and the column layers as well as the relative thin eggshell(less than 1 mm)indicates its affinity within Elongatoolithus.The eggs are identified as Elongatoolithus oosp.,as they were severely compressed and experienced erosion on both inner and outer surfaces.The discovery of egg fossil in the Hefei Basin offers evidence for stratum comparison in this region and supplements the diversity of egg fossils in Anhui.Meanwhile,this discovery also enriches the paleogeographic distribution of elongatoolithids.
文摘The micromammal fossils collected from the Shangzhuang Formation of the Linxia Basin,Gansu,are described here.The assemblage consists of 16 species of 13 genera belonging to 7 families,including one new species and one taxon previously unknown from China.Among them 5 genera are Oligocene holdovers and 11 genera/species are known to make their first appearances in Early Miocene,indicating an Early Miocene age for the Gucheng Fauna.The absence of Oligocene survivors such as Tataromys,Yindirtemys,Eucricetodon and Tachyoryctoides,which usually occur in the Xiejian age of Early Miocene,and the presence of newcomers Protalactaga,Megacricetodon and Gobicricetodon,that made their first appearance only in the Shanwangian age of late Early Miocene,suggest that the Gucheng Fauna is of a later age of Early Miocene.The new species,Sinolagomys guchengensis,showing more derived morphology than in S.ulunguensis,seems to support an assessment of the fauna in Shanwangian age.Thus,the Gucheng Fauna may belong to late Early Miocene Shanwangian,partially equivalent to MN 3/4 of the European land mammal zonation.Ecological analysis of the fauna indicates that the palaeoecological condition of the Gucheng area might still be a predominantly arid shrub-steppe in late Early Miocene.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFF0800800)National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.32225005)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Nos.42072024,42320104005,42372033)the Young and Middle-aged Academic and Technical Leaders of Yunnan(No.202305AC160051)Basic Research Project of Yunnan Province(No.202401AT070222)the 14th Five-Year Plan of the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.XTBG-1450101,E3ZKFF7B).
文摘Evergreen broad-leaved forests(EBLFs) are widely distributed in East Asia and play a vital role in ecosystem stability. The occurrence of these forests in East Asia has been a subject of debate across various disciplines. In this study, we explored the occurrence of East Asian EBLFs from a paleobotanical perspective. By collecting plant fossils from four regions in East Asia, we have established the evolutionary history of EBLFs. Through floral similarity analysis and paleoclimatic reconstruction, we have revealed a diverse spatio-temporal pattern for the occurrence of EBLFs in East Asia. The earliest occurrence of EBLFs in southern China can be traced back to the middle Eocene, followed by southwestern China during the late Eocene-early Oligocene. Subsequently, EBLFs emerged in Japan during the early Oligocene and eventually appeared in central-eastern China around the Miocene. Paleoclimate simulation results suggest that the precipitation of wettest quarter(PWet Q, mm) exceeding 600 mm is crucial for the occurrence of EBLFs. Furthermore, the heterogeneous occurrence of EBLFs in East Asia is closely associated with the evolution of the Asian Monsoon. This study provides new insights into the occurrence of EBLFs in East Asia.
基金jointly supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan(Grant No.2023YFB3907405)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42175132)the Chinese Academy of Sciences Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(Grant No.YSBR-037)。
文摘The challenge of establishing top-down constraints for regional emissions of fossil fuel CO_(2)(FFCO_(2))arises from the difficulty in distinguishing between atmospheric CO_(2)concentrations released from fossil fuels and background variability,particularly owing to the influence of terrestrial biospheric fluxes.This necessitates the development of a regional inversion methodology based on atmospheric CO_(2)observations to verify bottom-up estimations independently.This study presents a promising approach for estimating China's FFCO_(2)emissions by incorporating the model residual errors(MREs)of the column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CO_(2)(XCO_(2))from FFCO_(2)emissions(MREff)retained in the analysis of natural flux optimization.China's FFCO_(2)emissions during the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 are estimated using the GEOS-Chem adjoint model.The relationship between the MREff and FFCO_(2)is determined using the model based on a regional FFCO_(2)anomaly suggested by posterior NOx emissions from air-quality data assimilation.The MREff is typically one-tenth in magnitude,but some positively skewed outliers exceed 1 ppm because the prior emissions lack lockdown impacts,thereby exerting considerable observation forcing given the satellite retrieval uncertainties.We initialize the FFCO_(2)with posterior NOx emissions and optimize the colinear emission ratio.Synthetic data experiments demonstrate that this approach reduces the FFCO_(2)bias to less than 10%.The real-data experiments estimate 19%lower FFCO_(2)with GOSAT XCO_(2)and 26%lower with OCO-2 XCO_(2)than the bottom-up estimations.This study proves the feasibility of our regional FFCO_(2)inversion,highlighting the importance of addressing the outlier behaviors observed in satellite XCO_(2)retrievals.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFF0803600)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42302009,42072003,and W2441016)+3 种基金HYZ thanks the Shaanxi Province postdoctoral research project and China Scholarship Council(202306970031)We also thank the Department of Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province(2022TD-11)TPT also acknowledges the Swedish Research Council(VR2017-05183 and VR2021-04295)This is also a contribution to the project of Theory of Hydrocarbon Enrichment under MultiSpheric Interactions of the Earth(THEMSIE04010106).
文摘Small shelly fossils(SSFs)have long been recognized as important to the studies of both metazoan evolution and the onset of biomineralization during the Cambrian radiation.The marked decline in the occurrence,diversity and abundance of SSFs in the middle to late Cambrian,when compared with the early Cambrian,has often been regarded as a result of the closure of a phosphatization window.Despite this,there have been numerous and consistent reports of SSFs from the middle Cambrian and younger deposits.To identify possible factors influencing SSF preservation,five microfacies including bioclastic limestone,flat-pebble conglomerates with bioclasts,hummocky cross-stratified grainstone with bioclasts,bioclastic grainstone in hardgrounds and glauconite bioclastic wackstone-packstone,from Cambrian Series 2 to Miaolingian in North China are compared to assess how differences in lithology impact the preservation potential of SSFs.Our results,based on 35,161 SSF specimens from deposits across six sections,suggest that there are still abundant and diverse SSFs in the middle Cambrian of North China preserved in ways not exclusively reliant on the presence of phosphate and that SSF preservation can be linked to the differences in microfacies in the early to middle Cambrian of North China.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFE0204201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92255301,42302001)Jiangsu Innovation Support Plan for International Science and Technology Cooperation Programm(No.BZ2023068)。
文摘Biological classification is the foundation of biology and paleontology,as it arranges all the organisms in a hierarchy that humans can easily follow and understand.It is further used to reconstruct the evolution of life.A biological classification system(BCS)that includes all the established fossil taxa would be both useful and challenging for uncovering the life history.Since fossil taxa were originally recorded in various published books and articles written by natural languages,the primary step is to organize all those taxa information in a manner that can be deciphered by a computer system.A Knowledge Graph(KG)is a formalized description framework of semantic knowledge,which represents and retrieves knowledge in a machine-understandable way,and therefore provides an eligible method to represent the BCS.In this paper,a model of the BCS KG including the ontology and fact layers is presented.To put it into practice,the ontology layer of the invertebrate fossil branches was manually developed,while the fact layer was automatically constructed by extracting information from 46 volumes of the Treatise of Invertebrate Paleontology series with the help of natural language processing technology.As a result,27348 taxa nodes spanning fourteen taxonomic ranks were extracted with high accuracy and high efficiency,and the invertebrate fossil branches of the BCS KG was thus installed.This study demonstrates that a properly designed KG model and its automatic construction with the help of natural language processing are reliable and efficient.
基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M723151)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition Research Program(No.2019QZKK0704)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42172005,41272026,41972008,31870200)the Strategic Priority Research Program(B)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB26000000)
文摘Understanding the paleoenvironment and phytogeographical history of the Tibetan Plateau,China relies on discovering new plant fossils.The Qaidam Basin has long been regarded as an ideal‘field laboratory’to investigate the paleoclimate and paleobiological evolution of the northern Tibetan Plateau.However,fossil angiosperms from the Qaidam Basin are rare,and our knowledge of its paleovegetation is poor.Here,we report fossil leaves and fruits of Betulaceae found from the Oligocene Shangganchaigou Formation of northwestern Qaidam Basin(Huatugou area).Comparative morphological analysis led us to assign the fruits to the Betula subgenus Betula and the leaves to Carpinus grandis.These findings,together with other reported fossil plants from the same locality,reveal a close floristic linkage between the Qaidam Basin and Europe during the Oligocene.The northern pathway of this floristic exchange may have crossed through the Qaidam Basin during the late Paleogene.This floristic linkage may have been facilitated by the continuous narrowing of the Turgai Strait and stronger westerlies,which transported moisture and provided favorable climatic conditions.Indeed,fossil plants collected from the Qaidam Basin suggest that during the Oligocene this region had warm and humid deciduous broad-leaf forest,which differs from the region’s modern vegetation and indicates that the Qaidam Basin may have been a suitable region for these plants to flourish and spread during the Oligocene.
文摘Inferring divergence times between lineages is crucial for understanding biological evolutionary processes. The extraordinary species diversity of Eupolypods within the fern lineage has been interpreted as an ecological opportunistic response to the emergence of more complex, angiosperm-dominated ecosystems. This co-adaptation between Eupolypods and angiosperms has prompted ongoing investigations into the phylogenetic and diversification timelines of Eupolypods. In this study, we incorporate newly discovered fossils of Dryopteridaceae, including two species from both the stem and crown groups, to reanalyze the phylogenetic and diversification times of Eupolypods using total-evidence dating (TED or tip-dating) methods. Our analyses confirm that Eupolypods first diversified during the Jurassic and suggest that both subclades, Polypodiineae and Aspleniineae, underwent their earliest diversification during this period, challenging recent claims that Polypodiineae diversified no earlier than the Cretaceous. These results support a “long fuse” model, indicating that the initial emergence of Polypodiales preceded their diversification and extensive fossil record. Furthermore, our findings clarify the systematic position of Hypodematiaceae, indicating that it, along with Didymochlaenaceae, represents the basal lineages of Polypodiineae. This study highlights the critical role of fossil abundance and taxonomic composition in molecular dating analyses.
文摘This article is an insight into our lifetime and the enduring capacity of the planet—especially regarding water and space, in face of the Homines population growth. This is and will be recorded in the geological time: once preserved as human fossils, we will be part of a chapter in Earth’s history. A brief taphonomic chronology is presented, from the emergence of humans to the domination of the environment and supremacy over other species, and also a concern on how much planet Earth can bear Homines neglects. The objective of this review is to show that the strata that contain human fossils change during the Anthropocene not only the human body but also its tools, resulting from its development. Four stages were identified as taphonomic phases: the first wave, when organic Homines fossils were preserved only with materials in natura, including natural artefacts. The second fossilization phase has occurred and still occurs with the urban Homines, a product of the proliferation of cities, including anthropogenic waste and diseases. The technology that we master today also belongs to our taphonomy: hydrocarbons, metals, plastic, radioactive elements—all fossilize together with the industrial Homines, representing the third fossilization phase, which is very close to the fourth fossilization phase, where our enlightened intelligence buries the technological Homines together with his world of digital waste and new viruses. How will we fossilize the future? This question makes us think about the behavior we assume today—who or what will go to the grave with us, which geological/environmental response will stop superpopulation, which extinction event will hold human proliferation? Which will be the mineral, human and waste components of our subsequent strata? How much water and space can we still use without causing a global environmental collapse?
文摘Over the last decade,numerous important vertebrate fossils have been discovered by scientists from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology(IVPP)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),which have significantly enriched understanding about the origin and early evolution of fish,amphibians,and reptiles.Particularly,researches about the origin of jawed vertebrates and origin of birds have systematically revised previous thoughts.These studies also demonstrate the globally leading role played by IVPP research teams in this field.
文摘Anew study of a 7–8-million-year-old extinct fossil ape from China called Lufengpithecus offers new insights into the evolution of human bipedalism.The study,published in The Innovation,was conducted by a team from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology(IVPP)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,the Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology(YICRA),and New York University(NYU).
基金supported by the Ministry of Science,Innovation and Universities(CIENCIA)(Spain)under projects CGL2013-47988-C2-01-P and CGL2016-77138-C2-1-P.
文摘This paper combines a variety of physicochemical nondestructive techniques to obtain a knowledge of the chemical and mineralogical composition of the scarce fossil bones from the Húmera paleontological site(Madrid,Spain).The main classification of the samples has distinguished six colors:red,gray,blue,white,light yellow and green.μ-XRD and Raman spectroscopy have been correlated to study the structure and to distinguish between fluorapatite,chlorapatite,bioapatite and carbonated bones.The bones have further been classified in three main types.Type I includes gray,green,white,and blue samples,classified as fluorapatite and chlorapatite containing organic matter and adsorbed water.Type II,includes the red sample classified as bioapatite,showing broad Raman bands andμ-XRD peaks due to the lattice disorder created by the B-type substitutions emerging from a high matter content.Type III sample(yellow)shows a complete replacement of apatite by calcite which induce the high porosity of the sample.Diagenetic changes add further complexity to the structure of fossil bones,not only by new ionic substitutions but also in terms of biogenic or authigenic phases that form in the fossilizing bone.The multi-technique approach from a broad interdisciplinary perspective enables a better understanding of bone fossilization.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41076072 and 40676025)
文摘A biostratigraphic study on calcareous nannofossils from the CM3D06 Co-rich ferromanganese crust from the Magellan seamounts in the northwestern Pacific enabled estimation of depositional age. The bio-imprinting of calcareous nannofossils and other fossil species suggests six age ranges for the nannofossils： late Cretaceous, late Paleocene, （early, middle, late） Eocene, middle Miocene, late Pliocene, and Pleistocene. Gas chromatography （GC） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） were used to test the Co-rich crusts, and a variety of molecular fossils were detected, such as chloroform bituminous ＂A＂ , n-alkane, isoprenoid and sterol. Peak carbon and molecular indices （such as C23-/C24＋, CPI, Pr/Ph, Pr/nC17, Ph/nCxs and j13C） indicate that the parent organic matter is dominated by marine phytoplankton and thallogen whereas there is little input of terrestrial organic matter. Researches on calcareous nannofossils, molecular fossils and molecular organic geochemistry data reveal that the Paleocene/Eocene （P/E） global event is recorded in the cobalt- rich crusts from the northwestern Pacific Ocean. A succession of biomes can be observed near the 85 mm boundary （about 55 Ma）, i.e., the disappearance of the late Cretaceous Watznaueria barnesae and Zigodicus spiralis, and Broisonia parka microbiotas above the P/E boundary, and the bloom of Coccolithus formosus, Discoaster multiradiatus, Discoaster mohleri and Discoaster sp. below the boundary. Typical parameters of molecular fossils, such as saturated hydrocarbon components and carbon-number maxima, Pr/Ph, Pr/C17, Ph/C18, distribution types of sterols, Ts/Tm ratios and bacterial hopane, also exhibit dramatic changes near the P/E boundary. These integrated results illustrate that the biome succession of calcareous nannofossils, relative content of molecular fossils and molecular indices in the cobalt-rich crusts near the 85 mm boundary faithfully record the P/E global event.
文摘The paper deals with the new phaeophycean fossils in the Early Cambrian from Chengjiang Biota at Ercai Village of Haikou, Kunming, Yunnan, Southwest China. Three new taxa, Punctatiopsis latifolia gen. et sp. nov., P. simplex gen. et sp. nov. and Vendotaenia cf. antiqua Gnilovskaya axe described here in detail. These new findings show that the Chengjiang Biota is high in species diversity of fossil algae and might offer new evidence for a better understanding of the Cambrian explosive biological evolution. The fossil genus described here is found to have a close relationship with the living Punctatia based on similar morphology. The results suggest that the Chengjiang Biota in Haikou area of Kunming was living in an intertidal and subtidal seawater environment.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(52161145403 and 22072164)the Joint Fund of the Yulin University and the Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy(Grant.YLU-DNL Fund 2022002)。
文摘Despite the long tradition of fossil carbon(coal,char,and related carbon-based materials)for fueling mankind,the science of transforming them into chemicals is still demandingly progressing in the current energy scenario,especially when considering its responsibilities to the global climate change.Traditionally,there are four routes of preparing chemicals directly from fossil carbon,including hydrogasification,gasification,direct liquefaction,and oxidation,in the macroscope of gas-solid reaction(hydrogasification and gasification)and liquid-solid reaction(direct liquefaction and oxidation).When the study goes to microscale,the gas-solid reaction can be considered as the reaction between the severe condensed radicals and gas,while the liquid-solid reaction is the direct reaction between the radical and the activated-molecule.To have a full overview of the area,this review systematically summarizes the main factors in these processes and shows our own perspectives as follows,(ⅰ)stabilizing the free radicals generated from coal and then directly converting them has the highest efficiency in coal utilization;(ⅱ)the research on the self-catalytic process of coal structure will have a profound impact on the direct preparation of chemicals from fossil carbon.Further discussions are also proposed to guide the future study of the area into a more sustainable direction.
基金Supported by Projects of the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences(No.GPMR200603)Project of Education Bureau of Liaoning Province(No.20060805)
文摘The Jianchang Basin is one of the main localities of the precious fossils of Jehol Biota in western Liaoning.The fossil-bearing horizons are mainly in the Yixian-and Jiufotang formations.In the Weijialing--Yaolugou of southwest Jianchang Basin,many precious fossils have been found at Luojiagou Bed of the 2nd Member of the Yixian Formation and at Xidian Bed of the 1st member of the Jiufotang Formation.The geologic setting,sedimentary environment and paleogeography of the precious fossil-bearing beds were also studied.
