The caudal forelimb area(CFA)of the mouse cortex is essential in many forelimb movements,and diverse types of GABAergic interneuron in the CFA are distinct in the mediation of cortical inhibition in motor information ...The caudal forelimb area(CFA)of the mouse cortex is essential in many forelimb movements,and diverse types of GABAergic interneuron in the CFA are distinct in the mediation of cortical inhibition in motor information processing.However,their long-range inputs remain unclear.In the present study,we combined the monosynaptic rabies virus system with Cre driver mouse lines to generate a whole-brain map of the inputs to three major inhibitory interneuron types in the CFA.We discovered that each type was innervated by the same upstream areas,but there were quantitative differences in the inputs from the cortex,thalamus,and pallidum.Comparing the locations of the interneurons in two subregions of the CFA,we discovered that their long-range inputs were remarkably different in distribution and proportion.This whole-brain mapping indicates the existence of parallel pathway organization in the forelimb subnetwork and provides insight into the inhibitory processes in forelimb movement to reveal the structural architecture underlying the functions of the CFA.展开更多
In Northeast China under no-till conditions the amount of maize stubble of the previous year's crop severely limit the quality of sowing operations by unstable operating depth of normal planter row cleaners.Thus,i...In Northeast China under no-till conditions the amount of maize stubble of the previous year's crop severely limit the quality of sowing operations by unstable operating depth of normal planter row cleaners.Thus,in this study,bionic mole forelimb intelligent row cleaners comprising of a cleaning device and a depth intelligent control system were designed.Via theoretical analysis,computer-based simulation,and test optimized design,the mechanism of bionic cleaners that possessed the forelimb motion morphology and the front claw toe structural morphology of moles was studied,the effects of structural parameters of bionic cleaners on the cleaning quality were clarified.Based on a pressure sensor,a depth intelligent control system was designed,which enhanced the depth stability of the cleaning devices.The types of bionic cleaners were identified by simulation on EDEM software.Then regression equations between different parameters and operation evaluation indices were established,and the optimal parameter combination was identified on Design-Expert software with a rotation radius of 150 mm and a motion deflection angle of 15.8°,at which the cleaning rate was 91.3%.Field tests under the optimal parameter combination showed that bionic cleaners outperformed normal planar cleaners,and the depth intelligent control system could efficiently improve the performance of the row cleaners.The straw cleaning rate of the bionic mole forelimb intelligent row cleaners under total straw mulching fields was 90.9%,which was 21.3%higher than that of normal cleaners,and the ground surfaces after operation satisfied the agricultural requirements of maize no-tillage sowing.展开更多
Spinal cord injury is associated with chronic sensorimotor deficits due to the interruption of ascending and descending tracts between the brain and spinal cord. Functional recovery after anatomically complete spinal ...Spinal cord injury is associated with chronic sensorimotor deficits due to the interruption of ascending and descending tracts between the brain and spinal cord. Functional recovery after anatomically complete spinal cord injury is limited due to the lack of long-distance axonal regeneration of severed fibers in the adult central nervous system. Most spinal cord injuries in humans, however, are anatomically incomplete. Although restorative treatment options for spinal cord injury remain currently limited, research from experimental models of spinal cord injury have revealed a tremendous capability for both spontaneous and treatment-induced plasticity of the corticospinal system that supports functional recovery. We review recent advances in the understanding of corticospinal circuit plasticity after spinal cord injury and concentrate mainly on the hindlimb motor cortex, its corticospinal projections, and the role of spinal mechanisms that support locomotor recovery. First, we discuss plasticity that occurs at the level of motor cortex and the reorganization of cortical movement representations. Next, we explore downstream plasticity in corticospinal projections. We then review the role of spinal mechanisms in locomotor recovery. We conclude with a perspective on harnessing neuroplasticity with therapeutic interventions to promote functional recovery.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61721092,91749209,and 31871088)the Director Fund of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics。
文摘The caudal forelimb area(CFA)of the mouse cortex is essential in many forelimb movements,and diverse types of GABAergic interneuron in the CFA are distinct in the mediation of cortical inhibition in motor information processing.However,their long-range inputs remain unclear.In the present study,we combined the monosynaptic rabies virus system with Cre driver mouse lines to generate a whole-brain map of the inputs to three major inhibitory interneuron types in the CFA.We discovered that each type was innervated by the same upstream areas,but there were quantitative differences in the inputs from the cortex,thalamus,and pallidum.Comparing the locations of the interneurons in two subregions of the CFA,we discovered that their long-range inputs were remarkably different in distribution and proportion.This whole-brain mapping indicates the existence of parallel pathway organization in the forelimb subnetwork and provides insight into the inhibitory processes in forelimb movement to reveal the structural architecture underlying the functions of the CFA.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Key R&D Plan project(Grant No.2016YFD070030201)the Jilin Science and Technology Development Plan(20160309001NY)。
文摘In Northeast China under no-till conditions the amount of maize stubble of the previous year's crop severely limit the quality of sowing operations by unstable operating depth of normal planter row cleaners.Thus,in this study,bionic mole forelimb intelligent row cleaners comprising of a cleaning device and a depth intelligent control system were designed.Via theoretical analysis,computer-based simulation,and test optimized design,the mechanism of bionic cleaners that possessed the forelimb motion morphology and the front claw toe structural morphology of moles was studied,the effects of structural parameters of bionic cleaners on the cleaning quality were clarified.Based on a pressure sensor,a depth intelligent control system was designed,which enhanced the depth stability of the cleaning devices.The types of bionic cleaners were identified by simulation on EDEM software.Then regression equations between different parameters and operation evaluation indices were established,and the optimal parameter combination was identified on Design-Expert software with a rotation radius of 150 mm and a motion deflection angle of 15.8°,at which the cleaning rate was 91.3%.Field tests under the optimal parameter combination showed that bionic cleaners outperformed normal planar cleaners,and the depth intelligent control system could efficiently improve the performance of the row cleaners.The straw cleaning rate of the bionic mole forelimb intelligent row cleaners under total straw mulching fields was 90.9%,which was 21.3%higher than that of normal cleaners,and the ground surfaces after operation satisfied the agricultural requirements of maize no-tillage sowing.
基金partially supported by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research(CIHR MOP-142288 to MM)+1 种基金supported by a salary award from Fonds de Recherche Québec Santé(FRQS)ARB was supported by a fellowship from FRQS
文摘Spinal cord injury is associated with chronic sensorimotor deficits due to the interruption of ascending and descending tracts between the brain and spinal cord. Functional recovery after anatomically complete spinal cord injury is limited due to the lack of long-distance axonal regeneration of severed fibers in the adult central nervous system. Most spinal cord injuries in humans, however, are anatomically incomplete. Although restorative treatment options for spinal cord injury remain currently limited, research from experimental models of spinal cord injury have revealed a tremendous capability for both spontaneous and treatment-induced plasticity of the corticospinal system that supports functional recovery. We review recent advances in the understanding of corticospinal circuit plasticity after spinal cord injury and concentrate mainly on the hindlimb motor cortex, its corticospinal projections, and the role of spinal mechanisms that support locomotor recovery. First, we discuss plasticity that occurs at the level of motor cortex and the reorganization of cortical movement representations. Next, we explore downstream plasticity in corticospinal projections. We then review the role of spinal mechanisms in locomotor recovery. We conclude with a perspective on harnessing neuroplasticity with therapeutic interventions to promote functional recovery.
