Background: Coverage of post-traumatic or post-oncosurgical nasal defects is a very challenging procedure. Small nasal defects may be covered by skin grafts or small local flaps while larger nasal defects require more...Background: Coverage of post-traumatic or post-oncosurgical nasal defects is a very challenging procedure. Small nasal defects may be covered by skin grafts or small local flaps while larger nasal defects require more complex flap coverage techniques as using tissue expanders, prefabricated flaps or free flaps. The forehead flap has been used for centuries and remains a workhorse flap for reconstruction of large and complex nasal defects. Aim: evaluate the feasibility and versatility of forehead flap for resurfacing nasal defects. Materials and Methods: 12 patients underwent coverage of nasal defects after trauma or tumor excision using forehead flaps. All flaps needed a second stage for flap separation 3 weeks after the time of operation. The size of the harvested flap, the harvesting time, results of transferred flaps, patient satisfaction and flap-related complications were analyzed. Results: 12 patients (10 males and 2 females) underwent reconstruction of different nasal defects using 12 forehead flaps. The overall complications occurred in 2 patients. The remaining 10 patients showed no complications and passed an uneventful follow-up period. 7 Patients were very satisfied, 4 were satisfied and only one patient was not satisfied as she was 23 years old young female and was subjected to human bite. Follow-up periods ranged from 6 to 12 months. Conclusion: Nasal defects can successfully be managed with the forehead flap. Probably, the flap provides the best result due to the good matching of the skin in terms of color, texture, and thickness. Also, despite the increasing use of free flaps, the forehead flap is still a valid and safe option for nasal defects coverage that allows good aesthetics and functional outcomes.展开更多
Objective To introduce a method for total nasal defect reconstruction with a double forehead expanded flap.Case presentation A 55-year-old man underwent three-stage total nasal reconstruction for a complete nasal defe...Objective To introduce a method for total nasal defect reconstruction with a double forehead expanded flap.Case presentation A 55-year-old man underwent three-stage total nasal reconstruction for a complete nasal defect due to electrical injury.The skin expander was implanted during the 1st stage.Total nasal reconstruction was performed with double expanded forehead flap transfer during the 2nd stage.The unilateral forehead flap was used for lining and the contralateral forehead flap,together with the autologous cartilage and titanium mesh framework,were used for skin replacement.The forehead donor defect was covered with a skin graft.Pedicle division and inset were performed in the 3rd stage.Results There was no flap loss,infection,hematoma,rhinostenosis,or implant exposure over the 2-year follow-up,and satisfactory aesthetic results were achieved.Conclusion The double forehead expanded flap method is useful for the reconstruction of large composite nasal defects in patients who are not suitable for nasolabial flaps and those who may not tolerate free tissue transfer.The operation has fewer complications and is uncomplicated.展开更多
Minimally invasive forehead augmentation is becoming increasingly popular in Asia. However, treatment of the glabella is associated with injection-related complications. The safety of injections can be increased throu...Minimally invasive forehead augmentation is becoming increasingly popular in Asia. However, treatment of the glabella is associated with injection-related complications. The safety of injections can be increased through a thorough understanding of the anatomy and precise injection planes. The authors propose a 3-point injection technique for forehead augmentation in Asian patients that uses CHAP-hyaluronic acid (CHAP-HA) filler. The longevity of the filler was assessed using high-resolution ultrasound (HRU) imaging. Fifteen patients were examined using HRU before and immediately after treatment and at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. As evident in HRU imaging, CHAP-HA remained visible within surrounding tissue for 6.4 ± 3.7 months. The mean Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale rating was 2.4 ± 0.5 immediately after treatment, 2.8 ± 0.3 at 1 month, 2.7 ± 0.5 at 3 months, 2.1 ± 0.6 at 6 months, and 1.5 ± 0.6 at 12 months. Minimal side effects were reported. The authors demonstrated that CHAP-HA filler may be an optimal candidate for forehead filler augmentation using a 3-point injection technique.展开更多
The outbreak of the novel coronavirus pneumonia has had a great impact on the life safety of our people and social production activities.Therefore,it is very important and meaningful to analyze the application value o...The outbreak of the novel coronavirus pneumonia has had a great impact on the life safety of our people and social production activities.Therefore,it is very important and meaningful to analyze the application value of infrared forehead thermometers in body temperature screening under the new crown pneumonia epidemic and propose improved measures for body temperature detection.This paper summarizes the questionnaire on the application value of infrared forehead thermometer in body temperature screening and the results of staff interviews,and analyzes the principle of infrared forehead thermometer temperature measurement to explain the factors that affect the accuracy of temperature measurement results.Finally,it is concluded that the reflected radiation of the environment and the temperature measurement distance affect the accuracy of the temperature measurement results of the infrared forehead gun.展开更多
Background: The forehead is particularly prone to repetitive facial expressions and hyperdynamic activity, resulting in deep wrinkles and a loss of elasticity and hydration. Although botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) has...Background: The forehead is particularly prone to repetitive facial expressions and hyperdynamic activity, resulting in deep wrinkles and a loss of elasticity and hydration. Although botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) has been shown to reduce the appearance of wrinkles and allow patients to have a smoother and hence younger upper face, it cannot help to improve the other aspects that determine overall skin quality. Objective: This case series aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy of combining BoNTA injections with a biorevitalizing treatment (NCTF®135HA) on skin aging signs and quality using a split face approach. Patients and Methods: A total of eight patients from 30 to 55 years old were treated with botulinum toxin type A combined with NCTF®-135HA or alone. Results: At D60, clinical skin quality scoring showed that NCTF®135HA injection significantly reduced wrinkles and enhanced skin homogeneity, hydration, firmness, and radiance. The Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) by the evaluator at D60 reported mean scores of 2375 (much improved) on the side of the face treated with BoNTA + NCTF®-135HA compared to the side of the face without NCTF®135HA. According to patients, the NCTF®135HA injections resulted in a significantly better aesthetic improvement score on D60 (mean score of 2.5 compared to 0.125 without NCTF®135HA, p 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings show that combining a biorevitalizing treatment with a BoNTA injection can significantly improve the skin’s overall appearance and decrease the wrinkle score when compared to the BoNTA injections alone. The results suggest that the combinatory strategy is effective, safe, and associated with a high level of patient satisfaction.展开更多
Reconstruction of the forehead has been a challenge for many surgeons. Some use skin grafts, other microvascular flaps, but local flaps for coverage of forehead skin are still the cornerstone principle in providing th...Reconstruction of the forehead has been a challenge for many surgeons. Some use skin grafts, other microvascular flaps, but local flaps for coverage of forehead skin are still the cornerstone principle in providing the ideal skin color and texture. In this article, the forehead is classified into surgical reconstructive subunits. These subunits are set according to the surrounding structures. Flaps are rectangular in shape in mobility in order to follow the natural lines of the forehead.展开更多
Background The forehead flap is the best flap for nasal defect repair and nasal reconstruction.It is also an ideal option for repairing skin lesions in the midface(including the nasal area,inner area of the cheek,and ...Background The forehead flap is the best flap for nasal defect repair and nasal reconstruction.It is also an ideal option for repairing skin lesions in the midface(including the nasal area,inner area of the cheek,and upper lip of the perioral area).However,the traditional frontal myocutaneous flap is relatively bulky for repairing pure skin lesions.In addition,the original forehead flap is generally not sufficient to cover a large wound area.If a large forehead flap is removed,the donor site cannot be sutured in one stage.In this study,an expanded forehead stepped flap was used to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional frontal myocutaneous flap.Methods In stage one surgery,a rectangular expander(80–100 mL)was implanted on the side of the forehead.The expansion pot was built-in,and the excess expansion amount was 160–200 mL.After 4 weeks of rest,stage two operation was performed to remove the skin lesions in the midface.The pulsation point of the supratrochlear artery on one side was used as the pedicle,and the flap was designed diagonally to the upper region of the opposite side.The flap was designed according to the size and shape of the wound.The distal portion of the flap was separated in the superficial layer of the frontalis muscle,approximately 1.7 cm above the superior orbital edge,and cut into the submuscle.The flap pedicle was cut from the superficial layer of the periosteum to form a stepped flap.Then,the flap was rotated downward to repair the wound in the midface.Five weeks later,stage three of the operation which involved flap pedicle division,was performed.Results Expanded forehead stepped flaps were used in 12 cases with 6–36 months of follow-up.In all cases,the blood supply to the flaps was good,and their color,texture,and thickness matched well with those of the surrounding skin.All patients were satisfied with the outcome of the repair.Conclusion Expanded forehead stepped flaps present an ideal option for repairing wounds after large skin lesion resections in the midface since they have multiple edges from a reliable blood supply,easiness to transfer,and well-matched color,texture,and thickness to those of the surrounding skin of the face to no need for many auxiliary incisions.展开更多
目的观察王氏额针治疗紧张型头痛的临床有效性和安全性。方法回顾分析120例紧张型头痛患者,将采用额针治疗的60例患者纳入观察组,将采用常规针刺治疗的60例患者纳入对照组,连续治疗3周。对比两组的临床疗效、疼痛视觉模拟量表(visual an...目的观察王氏额针治疗紧张型头痛的临床有效性和安全性。方法回顾分析120例紧张型头痛患者,将采用额针治疗的60例患者纳入观察组,将采用常规针刺治疗的60例患者纳入对照组,连续治疗3周。对比两组的临床疗效、疼痛视觉模拟量表(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分、中医证候积分、头痛发作频率及持续时间、健康调查简表(the MOS item short from health survey,SF-36)评分,记录不良反应。结果观察组的有效率92.98%(53/57),明显高于对照组的77.59%(45/58)(P<0.05);同一时间点比较,观察组患者的头痛VAS评分、中医证候总积分均明显低于对照组(P<0.01);与对照组比较,观察组治疗后降低头痛的发作频率,缩短疼痛持续时间,均优于对照组(P<0.01);治疗后随访3个月,观察组患者躯体疼痛、精神健康评分明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),生命活力、社会功能评分明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余各项评分均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论王氏额针能有效改善紧张型头痛患者的头痛程度,提高生活质量,安全有效,值得推广。展开更多
Dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF) is a rare intracranial vascular disease. It is pathologically characterized by direct shunting of the intracranial artery and vein, which results in cerebral ischemia, intracranial ...Dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF) is a rare intracranial vascular disease. It is pathologically characterized by direct shunting of the intracranial artery and vein, which results in cerebral ischemia, intracranial hemorrhage, neural deficit and intracranial murmur. The etiological mechanism of DAVF is not well known, but most researchers think it is associated with congenital abnormal development, especially abnormal development of dural blood vessels at the stage of embryogenesis. Recently, some researchers have found that DAVF is also associated with some acquired factors. This article reports a case who developed DAVF within 2 years after debridement of frontal bone fragmentation, depressed fracture, left frontal lobe contusion and superior sagittal sinus injury due to forehead knife-cut injury. The pathogenic mechanism was explored through a review of the related literatures.展开更多
Aim:Reconstruction of orofacial soft tissue defect is often challenging and this is more difficult in resource challenged environment.This retrospective study highlights our experience with the use of forehead flap to...Aim:Reconstruction of orofacial soft tissue defect is often challenging and this is more difficult in resource challenged environment.This retrospective study highlights our experience with the use of forehead flap to overcome some of the challenges of orofacial reconstruction in a resource depleted environment.Methods:A 23-year retrospective analysis of all patients who had orofacial defect reconstruction using forehead flap in our department was undertaken.Information was sourced from patient’s case notes and operating theatre records.Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS)version 16(SPSS Inc.,Chicago,IL,USA)and Microsoft Excel 2007(Microsoft,Redmond,WA,USA).Results:A total of 43 patients were managed within the period reviewed and consisted of 31(72.1%)males and 12(27.9%)females.Trauma 24(55.8%)accounted for most defect and the lip was the commonest site of defect.Complete forehead flap was used in 31(72.1%)of cases and when timing of defect repair is considered,delayed reconstruction was the preferred method.Postoperative complications was observed in 8(18.6%)patients and consisted of failed flap in 2(25.0%)patients,tumor recurrence in reconstructed site in 2(25.0%)patients and tumor occurrence in forehead flap donor site in 1(12.5%)patient.Conclusion:The forehead flap remains a reliable option in orofacial soft tissue defect reconstruction.It is easy to raise and can provide coverage for wide defects as far as the paramandibular and submandibular regions.Moreover,it does not require patient repositioning.展开更多
Due to the complex three-dimensional structure of the nose,the repair of the nasal defect requires reconstruction of three different layers:skin envelope,osteocartilaginous framework and nasal lining.Before nasal reco...Due to the complex three-dimensional structure of the nose,the repair of the nasal defect requires reconstruction of three different layers:skin envelope,osteocartilaginous framework and nasal lining.Before nasal reconstruction can be accomplished,the nose must rest on a stable platform to avoid late nasal obstructions,and septal deviations resulting from scar contraction.We present three cases of nasal reconstruction using a forehead flap in which we performed a preliminary stage to increase reliability of outcomes.展开更多
选注者言:也许是从世界杯足球赛期间球迷们彩绘脸庞得到的启发,英国人开始在大学生的脸上动脑筋了。文章中的一句话,让我们得知英国学生的日子不好过:The idea came when we realized how much coverage students gained in thenewspape...选注者言:也许是从世界杯足球赛期间球迷们彩绘脸庞得到的启发,英国人开始在大学生的脸上动脑筋了。文章中的一句话,让我们得知英国学生的日子不好过:The idea came when we realized how much coverage students gained in thenewspapers during recent demonstrations over debt.展开更多
文摘Background: Coverage of post-traumatic or post-oncosurgical nasal defects is a very challenging procedure. Small nasal defects may be covered by skin grafts or small local flaps while larger nasal defects require more complex flap coverage techniques as using tissue expanders, prefabricated flaps or free flaps. The forehead flap has been used for centuries and remains a workhorse flap for reconstruction of large and complex nasal defects. Aim: evaluate the feasibility and versatility of forehead flap for resurfacing nasal defects. Materials and Methods: 12 patients underwent coverage of nasal defects after trauma or tumor excision using forehead flaps. All flaps needed a second stage for flap separation 3 weeks after the time of operation. The size of the harvested flap, the harvesting time, results of transferred flaps, patient satisfaction and flap-related complications were analyzed. Results: 12 patients (10 males and 2 females) underwent reconstruction of different nasal defects using 12 forehead flaps. The overall complications occurred in 2 patients. The remaining 10 patients showed no complications and passed an uneventful follow-up period. 7 Patients were very satisfied, 4 were satisfied and only one patient was not satisfied as she was 23 years old young female and was subjected to human bite. Follow-up periods ranged from 6 to 12 months. Conclusion: Nasal defects can successfully be managed with the forehead flap. Probably, the flap provides the best result due to the good matching of the skin in terms of color, texture, and thickness. Also, despite the increasing use of free flaps, the forehead flap is still a valid and safe option for nasal defects coverage that allows good aesthetics and functional outcomes.
基金This study was supported by project grants(Y20008)from the postgraduate educational reform of Fujian Medical University.
文摘Objective To introduce a method for total nasal defect reconstruction with a double forehead expanded flap.Case presentation A 55-year-old man underwent three-stage total nasal reconstruction for a complete nasal defect due to electrical injury.The skin expander was implanted during the 1st stage.Total nasal reconstruction was performed with double expanded forehead flap transfer during the 2nd stage.The unilateral forehead flap was used for lining and the contralateral forehead flap,together with the autologous cartilage and titanium mesh framework,were used for skin replacement.The forehead donor defect was covered with a skin graft.Pedicle division and inset were performed in the 3rd stage.Results There was no flap loss,infection,hematoma,rhinostenosis,or implant exposure over the 2-year follow-up,and satisfactory aesthetic results were achieved.Conclusion The double forehead expanded flap method is useful for the reconstruction of large composite nasal defects in patients who are not suitable for nasolabial flaps and those who may not tolerate free tissue transfer.The operation has fewer complications and is uncomplicated.
文摘Minimally invasive forehead augmentation is becoming increasingly popular in Asia. However, treatment of the glabella is associated with injection-related complications. The safety of injections can be increased through a thorough understanding of the anatomy and precise injection planes. The authors propose a 3-point injection technique for forehead augmentation in Asian patients that uses CHAP-hyaluronic acid (CHAP-HA) filler. The longevity of the filler was assessed using high-resolution ultrasound (HRU) imaging. Fifteen patients were examined using HRU before and immediately after treatment and at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. As evident in HRU imaging, CHAP-HA remained visible within surrounding tissue for 6.4 ± 3.7 months. The mean Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale rating was 2.4 ± 0.5 immediately after treatment, 2.8 ± 0.3 at 1 month, 2.7 ± 0.5 at 3 months, 2.1 ± 0.6 at 6 months, and 1.5 ± 0.6 at 12 months. Minimal side effects were reported. The authors demonstrated that CHAP-HA filler may be an optimal candidate for forehead filler augmentation using a 3-point injection technique.
文摘The outbreak of the novel coronavirus pneumonia has had a great impact on the life safety of our people and social production activities.Therefore,it is very important and meaningful to analyze the application value of infrared forehead thermometers in body temperature screening under the new crown pneumonia epidemic and propose improved measures for body temperature detection.This paper summarizes the questionnaire on the application value of infrared forehead thermometer in body temperature screening and the results of staff interviews,and analyzes the principle of infrared forehead thermometer temperature measurement to explain the factors that affect the accuracy of temperature measurement results.Finally,it is concluded that the reflected radiation of the environment and the temperature measurement distance affect the accuracy of the temperature measurement results of the infrared forehead gun.
文摘Background: The forehead is particularly prone to repetitive facial expressions and hyperdynamic activity, resulting in deep wrinkles and a loss of elasticity and hydration. Although botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) has been shown to reduce the appearance of wrinkles and allow patients to have a smoother and hence younger upper face, it cannot help to improve the other aspects that determine overall skin quality. Objective: This case series aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy of combining BoNTA injections with a biorevitalizing treatment (NCTF®135HA) on skin aging signs and quality using a split face approach. Patients and Methods: A total of eight patients from 30 to 55 years old were treated with botulinum toxin type A combined with NCTF®-135HA or alone. Results: At D60, clinical skin quality scoring showed that NCTF®135HA injection significantly reduced wrinkles and enhanced skin homogeneity, hydration, firmness, and radiance. The Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) by the evaluator at D60 reported mean scores of 2375 (much improved) on the side of the face treated with BoNTA + NCTF®-135HA compared to the side of the face without NCTF®135HA. According to patients, the NCTF®135HA injections resulted in a significantly better aesthetic improvement score on D60 (mean score of 2.5 compared to 0.125 without NCTF®135HA, p 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings show that combining a biorevitalizing treatment with a BoNTA injection can significantly improve the skin’s overall appearance and decrease the wrinkle score when compared to the BoNTA injections alone. The results suggest that the combinatory strategy is effective, safe, and associated with a high level of patient satisfaction.
文摘Reconstruction of the forehead has been a challenge for many surgeons. Some use skin grafts, other microvascular flaps, but local flaps for coverage of forehead skin are still the cornerstone principle in providing the ideal skin color and texture. In this article, the forehead is classified into surgical reconstructive subunits. These subunits are set according to the surrounding structures. Flaps are rectangular in shape in mobility in order to follow the natural lines of the forehead.
文摘Background The forehead flap is the best flap for nasal defect repair and nasal reconstruction.It is also an ideal option for repairing skin lesions in the midface(including the nasal area,inner area of the cheek,and upper lip of the perioral area).However,the traditional frontal myocutaneous flap is relatively bulky for repairing pure skin lesions.In addition,the original forehead flap is generally not sufficient to cover a large wound area.If a large forehead flap is removed,the donor site cannot be sutured in one stage.In this study,an expanded forehead stepped flap was used to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional frontal myocutaneous flap.Methods In stage one surgery,a rectangular expander(80–100 mL)was implanted on the side of the forehead.The expansion pot was built-in,and the excess expansion amount was 160–200 mL.After 4 weeks of rest,stage two operation was performed to remove the skin lesions in the midface.The pulsation point of the supratrochlear artery on one side was used as the pedicle,and the flap was designed diagonally to the upper region of the opposite side.The flap was designed according to the size and shape of the wound.The distal portion of the flap was separated in the superficial layer of the frontalis muscle,approximately 1.7 cm above the superior orbital edge,and cut into the submuscle.The flap pedicle was cut from the superficial layer of the periosteum to form a stepped flap.Then,the flap was rotated downward to repair the wound in the midface.Five weeks later,stage three of the operation which involved flap pedicle division,was performed.Results Expanded forehead stepped flaps were used in 12 cases with 6–36 months of follow-up.In all cases,the blood supply to the flaps was good,and their color,texture,and thickness matched well with those of the surrounding skin.All patients were satisfied with the outcome of the repair.Conclusion Expanded forehead stepped flaps present an ideal option for repairing wounds after large skin lesion resections in the midface since they have multiple edges from a reliable blood supply,easiness to transfer,and well-matched color,texture,and thickness to those of the surrounding skin of the face to no need for many auxiliary incisions.
文摘目的观察王氏额针治疗紧张型头痛的临床有效性和安全性。方法回顾分析120例紧张型头痛患者,将采用额针治疗的60例患者纳入观察组,将采用常规针刺治疗的60例患者纳入对照组,连续治疗3周。对比两组的临床疗效、疼痛视觉模拟量表(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分、中医证候积分、头痛发作频率及持续时间、健康调查简表(the MOS item short from health survey,SF-36)评分,记录不良反应。结果观察组的有效率92.98%(53/57),明显高于对照组的77.59%(45/58)(P<0.05);同一时间点比较,观察组患者的头痛VAS评分、中医证候总积分均明显低于对照组(P<0.01);与对照组比较,观察组治疗后降低头痛的发作频率,缩短疼痛持续时间,均优于对照组(P<0.01);治疗后随访3个月,观察组患者躯体疼痛、精神健康评分明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),生命活力、社会功能评分明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余各项评分均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论王氏额针能有效改善紧张型头痛患者的头痛程度,提高生活质量,安全有效,值得推广。
文摘Dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF) is a rare intracranial vascular disease. It is pathologically characterized by direct shunting of the intracranial artery and vein, which results in cerebral ischemia, intracranial hemorrhage, neural deficit and intracranial murmur. The etiological mechanism of DAVF is not well known, but most researchers think it is associated with congenital abnormal development, especially abnormal development of dural blood vessels at the stage of embryogenesis. Recently, some researchers have found that DAVF is also associated with some acquired factors. This article reports a case who developed DAVF within 2 years after debridement of frontal bone fragmentation, depressed fracture, left frontal lobe contusion and superior sagittal sinus injury due to forehead knife-cut injury. The pathogenic mechanism was explored through a review of the related literatures.
文摘Aim:Reconstruction of orofacial soft tissue defect is often challenging and this is more difficult in resource challenged environment.This retrospective study highlights our experience with the use of forehead flap to overcome some of the challenges of orofacial reconstruction in a resource depleted environment.Methods:A 23-year retrospective analysis of all patients who had orofacial defect reconstruction using forehead flap in our department was undertaken.Information was sourced from patient’s case notes and operating theatre records.Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS)version 16(SPSS Inc.,Chicago,IL,USA)and Microsoft Excel 2007(Microsoft,Redmond,WA,USA).Results:A total of 43 patients were managed within the period reviewed and consisted of 31(72.1%)males and 12(27.9%)females.Trauma 24(55.8%)accounted for most defect and the lip was the commonest site of defect.Complete forehead flap was used in 31(72.1%)of cases and when timing of defect repair is considered,delayed reconstruction was the preferred method.Postoperative complications was observed in 8(18.6%)patients and consisted of failed flap in 2(25.0%)patients,tumor recurrence in reconstructed site in 2(25.0%)patients and tumor occurrence in forehead flap donor site in 1(12.5%)patient.Conclusion:The forehead flap remains a reliable option in orofacial soft tissue defect reconstruction.It is easy to raise and can provide coverage for wide defects as far as the paramandibular and submandibular regions.Moreover,it does not require patient repositioning.
文摘Due to the complex three-dimensional structure of the nose,the repair of the nasal defect requires reconstruction of three different layers:skin envelope,osteocartilaginous framework and nasal lining.Before nasal reconstruction can be accomplished,the nose must rest on a stable platform to avoid late nasal obstructions,and septal deviations resulting from scar contraction.We present three cases of nasal reconstruction using a forehead flap in which we performed a preliminary stage to increase reliability of outcomes.
文摘选注者言:也许是从世界杯足球赛期间球迷们彩绘脸庞得到的启发,英国人开始在大学生的脸上动脑筋了。文章中的一句话,让我们得知英国学生的日子不好过:The idea came when we realized how much coverage students gained in thenewspapers during recent demonstrations over debt.
