As interest in tropical forest restoration accelerates,understanding its hydrological implications is increasingly urgent.While concerns persist that reforestation will reduce annual water yields—particularly in drie...As interest in tropical forest restoration accelerates,understanding its hydrological implications is increasingly urgent.While concerns persist that reforestation will reduce annual water yields—particularly in drier climates—we highlight conditions under which forest landscape restoration(FLR)can improve seasonal water availability,especially during the dry season.We examine the trade-off between increased vegetation water use(“pumping”)and enhanced infiltration and subsurface retention(“sponging”)following forestation of degraded lands,the recovery of vegetation's ability to capture“occult”precipitation(fog)in specific coastal and montane settings,and the role of forest cover in enhancing moisture recycling and transport at multiple scales.A pan-tropical sensitivity analysis shows that in degraded landscapes with deep soils and pronounced rainfall seasonality,infiltration gains following forestation can offset or exceed evaporative losses,thereby supporting groundwater recharge and increasing dry-season flows in approximately 10%of cases,with an additional 8%showing near-neutral(slightly negative)outcomes.These findings challenge the assumption that forestation uniformly reduces water availability and underscore the need to prioritize dry-season flow recovery—rather than annual water yield—as a central hydrological goal of FLR.We call for trans-disciplinary research and long-term monitoring to inform forest restoration strategies,particularly in seasonally dry regions where water scarcity is most acute.展开更多
基于垂直双扩散金属氧化物(VDMOS)场效应晶体管终端场限环(FLR)与场板(FP)理论,在场限环上依次添加金属场板与多晶硅场板,并通过软件仿真对其进行参数优化,最终实现了一款700 V VDMOS终端结构的优化设计。对比场限环终端结构,金属场板...基于垂直双扩散金属氧化物(VDMOS)场效应晶体管终端场限环(FLR)与场板(FP)理论,在场限环上依次添加金属场板与多晶硅场板,并通过软件仿真对其进行参数优化,最终实现了一款700 V VDMOS终端结构的优化设计。对比场限环终端结构,金属场板与多晶硅复合场板的终端结构,能够更加有效地降低表面电场峰值,增强环间耐压能力,从而减少场限环个数并增大终端击穿电压。终端有效长度仅为145μm,击穿电压能够达到855.0 V,表面电场最大值为2.0×105V/cm,且分布比较均匀,终端稳定性和可靠性高。此外,没有增加额外掩膜和其他工艺步骤,工艺兼容性好,易于实现。展开更多
文摘As interest in tropical forest restoration accelerates,understanding its hydrological implications is increasingly urgent.While concerns persist that reforestation will reduce annual water yields—particularly in drier climates—we highlight conditions under which forest landscape restoration(FLR)can improve seasonal water availability,especially during the dry season.We examine the trade-off between increased vegetation water use(“pumping”)and enhanced infiltration and subsurface retention(“sponging”)following forestation of degraded lands,the recovery of vegetation's ability to capture“occult”precipitation(fog)in specific coastal and montane settings,and the role of forest cover in enhancing moisture recycling and transport at multiple scales.A pan-tropical sensitivity analysis shows that in degraded landscapes with deep soils and pronounced rainfall seasonality,infiltration gains following forestation can offset or exceed evaporative losses,thereby supporting groundwater recharge and increasing dry-season flows in approximately 10%of cases,with an additional 8%showing near-neutral(slightly negative)outcomes.These findings challenge the assumption that forestation uniformly reduces water availability and underscore the need to prioritize dry-season flow recovery—rather than annual water yield—as a central hydrological goal of FLR.We call for trans-disciplinary research and long-term monitoring to inform forest restoration strategies,particularly in seasonally dry regions where water scarcity is most acute.
文摘基于垂直双扩散金属氧化物(VDMOS)场效应晶体管终端场限环(FLR)与场板(FP)理论,在场限环上依次添加金属场板与多晶硅场板,并通过软件仿真对其进行参数优化,最终实现了一款700 V VDMOS终端结构的优化设计。对比场限环终端结构,金属场板与多晶硅复合场板的终端结构,能够更加有效地降低表面电场峰值,增强环间耐压能力,从而减少场限环个数并增大终端击穿电压。终端有效长度仅为145μm,击穿电压能够达到855.0 V,表面电场最大值为2.0×105V/cm,且分布比较均匀,终端稳定性和可靠性高。此外,没有增加额外掩膜和其他工艺步骤,工艺兼容性好,易于实现。
