Flowering time is a critical agronomic trait in rice,directly influencing grain yield and adaptability to specific planting regions and seasons.Florigens,including FLOWERING LOCUST(FT)proteins Hd3a(OsFTL2)and RFT1(OsF...Flowering time is a critical agronomic trait in rice,directly influencing grain yield and adaptability to specific planting regions and seasons.Florigens,including FLOWERING LOCUST(FT)proteins Hd3a(OsFTL2)and RFT1(OsFTL3),play central roles in transmitting flowering signals through rice's photoperiod regulatory network.While Hd3a and RFT1have been extensively studied,the functions and interactions of other FT-like proteins remain unclear,limiting advancements in breeding strategies for early-maturing rice varieties.Here,we demonstrate that the florigen-like protein OsFTL1 forms a florigen activation complex(FAC)and promotes flowering under both short-day and long-day conditions.OsFTL1 localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm,with predominant expression in the shoot base,facilitating its mobilization to the shoot apical meristem(SAM)to initiate flowering.Overexpression of OsFTL1(OsFTL1-OE)in leaves or shoot bases significantly accelerates flowering and alters plant architecture.In the nucleus,OsFTL1interacts with GF14c and OsFD1 to form an FAC,activating OsMADS14 and OsMADS15 expression to drive flowering.Markedly,OsFTL1-OE plants deficient in Hd3a and RFT1 exhibited earlier flowering compared with wild-type plants,indicating that OsFTL1 can independently promote flowering.Furthermore,haplotype analysis identified OsFTL1-Hap3,a beneficial variant associated with early flowering and comparable grain yields.These findings revealed that OsFTL1 can substitute for Hd3a and RFT1 in FAC formation,promoting flowering across photoperiods,and highlighting its potential application in breeding early-maturing,high-yield rice varieties suitable for diverse environments.展开更多
The photoperiodic control of flowering time is essential for the adaptation of plants to variable environments and for successful reproduction. The identification of genes encoding florigens, which had been elusive bu...The photoperiodic control of flowering time is essential for the adaptation of plants to variable environments and for successful reproduction. The identification of genes encoding florigens, which had been elusive but were supposedly synthesized in leaves and then transmitted to shoot apices to induce floral transitions, has greatly advanced our understanding of the photoperiodic regulation of flowering. Studies on the photoperiodism of Arabidopsis, a model long-day plant, revealed the molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of the Arabidopsis florigen gene FT, which is gradually induced in response to increase in day length. By contrast, in rice, a model short-day plant, the expression of the florigen gene Hd3a （an FTortholog in rice） is regulated in an on/off fashion, with strong induction under short-day conditions and repression under long-day conditions. This critical day length dependence of Hd3a expression enables rice to recognize a slight change in the photoperiod as a trigger to initiate floral induction. Rice possesses a second florigen gene, RFT1, which can be expressed to induce floral transition under non-inductive long-day conditions. The complex transcriptional regulation of florigen genes and the resulting precise control over flowering time provides rice with the adaptability required for a crop species of increasing global importance.展开更多
Heading date is a critical trait that determines the regional adaptability and grain productivity of many crops.Although rice is a facultative short-day plant,its domestication led to the Ghd7-Ehd1-Hd3a/RFT1 pathway f...Heading date is a critical trait that determines the regional adaptability and grain productivity of many crops.Although rice is a facultative short-day plant,its domestication led to the Ghd7-Ehd1-Hd3a/RFT1 pathway for adaptation to long-day conditions(LDs).The formation of the"florigen activation complex"(FAC)containing florigen Hd3a has been characterized.However,the molecular composition of the FAC that contains RFT1 for long-day flowering is unclear.We show here that RFT1 forms a ternary FAC with 14-3-3 proteins and OsFD1 to promote flowering under LDs.We identified a calcineurin B-like-interacting protein kinase,OsCIPK3,which directly interacts with and phosphorylates OsFD1,thereby facilitating the localization of the FAC to the nucleus.Mutation in OsCIPK3 results in a late heading date under LDs but a normal heading date under short-day conditions.Collectively,our results suggest that OsCIPK3 phosphorylates OsFD1 to promote RFT1-containing FAC formation and consequently induce flowering in rice under LDs.展开更多
Florlgen（s） are molecules that are synthesized In response to appropriate photoperlods and transmitted from leaves to shoot apices to promote floral Initiation. It has been recently discovered In Arabldopsls that mR...Florlgen（s） are molecules that are synthesized In response to appropriate photoperlods and transmitted from leaves to shoot apices to promote floral Initiation. It has been recently discovered In Arabldopsls that mRNA of the FT gene acts as a florlgen. In Arabldopsls, cryptochromes and phytochromes mediate long- day promotion of CO protein expression, which activates FT mRNA expression In leaves. FT mRNA Is transmitted to the shoot apex, where it acts together with FD to activate transcription of floral meristem Identlty genes, resulting In floral initiation. The discovery of the molecular nature of a florlgen was a major scientific breakthrough In 2005.展开更多
The true identity of florigen - the molecule（s） that migrates from leaves to apical meristem to initiate flowering - was notoriously elusive, having made it almost the ＂Bigfoot＂ of plant biology. There was never a...The true identity of florigen - the molecule（s） that migrates from leaves to apical meristem to initiate flowering - was notoriously elusive, having made it almost the ＂Bigfoot＂ of plant biology. There was never a lack of drama in the field of florigen study, and florigen researchers have once again experienced such a swing in the last two years. We wrote a minireview last year in this journal （Yu et al. 2006） to excitedly salute, among other discoveries, the notion that the flowering locus T （FT） mRNA might be the molecular form of a florigen. However, this hypothesis was challenged in a little less than two years after its initial proposition, and the original paper proposed that the FT mRNA hypothesis was retracted （Huang et al. 2005; Bohlenius et al. 2007）. Interestingly enough, the FT gene previously proposed to encode a florigen was never challenged. Rather, the FT protein, instead of the FT mRNA, is now believed to migrate from leaves to the apical meristem to promote floral initiation. In this update, we will share with our readers some entertaining stories concerning the recent studies of florigen in five different plant species. In addition to the published reports referenced inthis update, readers may also refer to our previous minireview and references therein for additional background information （Yu et al. 2006）.展开更多
植物经历生殖生长与营养生长阶段来确保生命周期的顺利完成,适当的开花时机对生长转变至关重要,开花的机制在植物中高度保守,这一机制的核心在于环境和内源性信号对成花素基因FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)的转录调控。FT蛋白属于一类保守的蛋...植物经历生殖生长与营养生长阶段来确保生命周期的顺利完成,适当的开花时机对生长转变至关重要,开花的机制在植物中高度保守,这一机制的核心在于环境和内源性信号对成花素基因FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)的转录调控。FT蛋白属于一类保守的蛋白家族,是营养生长和生殖生长转变过程的重要遗传因子,在两个生长阶段中都发挥着重要作用,从不同物种的生殖生长和营养生长两个方面综述FT基因的功能、作用机制和调控网络,为理解植物通过整合多种信号产生对环境变化的适应性和精确性,也为围绕植物生殖调控育种目标进行分子遗传改良提供参考。展开更多
[目的]水稻Hd1(Heading date 1)在不同遗传背景的品种中存在多种单体型,利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术创制hd1突变体探究其对抽穗期的调控,解析Hd1单体型的功能特性。[方法]在Hd1的CDS设计靶位点,构建敲除载体,利用农杆菌介导法转入受体...[目的]水稻Hd1(Heading date 1)在不同遗传背景的品种中存在多种单体型,利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术创制hd1突变体探究其对抽穗期的调控,解析Hd1单体型的功能特性。[方法]在Hd1的CDS设计靶位点,构建敲除载体,利用农杆菌介导法转入受体品种龙粳11(LJ11)和松粳2(SJ2)中。测序鉴定转基因植株突变类型,与对照同时种植调查抽穗期,qRT-PCR检测突变体中成花素基因Hd3a和RFT1的表达量。[结果]Hd1的编码区在LJ11背景下第30个碱基后面插入G,在SJ2背景下第31个碱基后面插入T,获得纯合突变体hd1(LJ11)和hd1(SJ2),相较于野生型,hd1(LJ11)延迟了水稻开花,Hd3a和RFT1的表达量下降,而hd1(SJ2)提早了水稻开花伴随着Hd3a和RFT1的表达量上升。[结论]hd1(LJ11)延迟抽穗6.1 d,hd1(SJ2)提早开花2.8 d,说明两种遗传背景下Hd1发挥功能存在差异性,调控抽穗期具有背景依赖性。展开更多
通过RT-PCR和RACE技术,从新疆海岛棉品种新海14中克隆得到了一个MFT(MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1)类似基因,命名为GbMFT1基因(GenBank登录号为KC513744)。GbMFT1基因的开放阅读框(ORF)为528 bp,编码175个氨基酸的蛋白,含一个磷脂酰乙醇胺结...通过RT-PCR和RACE技术,从新疆海岛棉品种新海14中克隆得到了一个MFT(MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1)类似基因,命名为GbMFT1基因(GenBank登录号为KC513744)。GbMFT1基因的开放阅读框(ORF)为528 bp,编码175个氨基酸的蛋白,含一个磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白(PEBP)结构域。GbMFT1蛋白的羧基端含有MFT蛋白都含有的脯氨酸。系统进化树分析表明GbMFT1编码产物与葡萄、番茄亲缘关系较近,属于同一进化分支。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,GbMFT1基因在棉花的不同组织中均有表达,在花瓣中的表达量较高;在纤维发育的不同时期中均有表达,在开花后2 d的胚珠、9 d的纤维中表达量最高。半定量RT-PCR结果表明,GbMFT1基因在刚萌发的种子中表达量高,用不同浓度的ABA处理种子后其表达变化不明显,表明GbMFT1基因的表达不受ABA的调节。展开更多
磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白(phosphatidyl ethanolamine-binding proteins,PEBP)基因家族广泛存在于真核生物中,在被子植物中主要起着促进或抑制开花和控制株型的作用。利用亚洲棉(Gossypium arboreum,A2)和雷蒙德氏棉(Gossypium raimondii,...磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白(phosphatidyl ethanolamine-binding proteins,PEBP)基因家族广泛存在于真核生物中,在被子植物中主要起着促进或抑制开花和控制株型的作用。利用亚洲棉(Gossypium arboreum,A2)和雷蒙德氏棉(Gossypium raimondii,D5)的基因组数据库,分别搜索到8个棉花PEBP同源基因,都包含4个外显子和3个内含子,编码的蛋白都存在PEBP家族的保守基序和关键氨基酸位点,表明二倍体棉花中至少存在8个PEBP家族基因。进化分析表明,8个PEBP基因分属于3个亚家族,含FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)-like亚家族1个、TERMINAL FLOWER 1(TFL1)-like亚家族5个(包括3个TFL1和2个BFT)、MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1(MFT)-like亚家族2个。实时荧光定量PCR分析陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum)8个PEBP基因在根、茎、叶、幼苗顶端分生组织、花、胚珠和25 d的纤维组织中的表达,表明FT1在叶片中表达量最高,其次在纤维、胚珠和花中;MFT1在各组织中均表达,但在纤维中表达量最高,其次是花和叶片中,而MFT2以在叶片中表达为主;TFL1a、TFL1b和TFL1c均在根中表达量最高,但TFL1c在叶片、花和胚珠中也有相对较高的表达;BFT1和BFT2在叶片中表达量最高,但除幼苗顶端分生组织外,BFT1在其他各组织中的表达明显高于BFT2。这些结果表明,PEBP家族基因在棉花的生长发育中可能具有不同的功能。展开更多
基金supported by grants from the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(32330079)the STI 2030-Major Projects(2023ZD0407203)+2 种基金the Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,the Nanfan Special Project of CAAS(YBXM02)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M743846)the Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(32401746)。
文摘Flowering time is a critical agronomic trait in rice,directly influencing grain yield and adaptability to specific planting regions and seasons.Florigens,including FLOWERING LOCUST(FT)proteins Hd3a(OsFTL2)and RFT1(OsFTL3),play central roles in transmitting flowering signals through rice's photoperiod regulatory network.While Hd3a and RFT1have been extensively studied,the functions and interactions of other FT-like proteins remain unclear,limiting advancements in breeding strategies for early-maturing rice varieties.Here,we demonstrate that the florigen-like protein OsFTL1 forms a florigen activation complex(FAC)and promotes flowering under both short-day and long-day conditions.OsFTL1 localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm,with predominant expression in the shoot base,facilitating its mobilization to the shoot apical meristem(SAM)to initiate flowering.Overexpression of OsFTL1(OsFTL1-OE)in leaves or shoot bases significantly accelerates flowering and alters plant architecture.In the nucleus,OsFTL1interacts with GF14c and OsFD1 to form an FAC,activating OsMADS14 and OsMADS15 expression to drive flowering.Markedly,OsFTL1-OE plants deficient in Hd3a and RFT1 exhibited earlier flowering compared with wild-type plants,indicating that OsFTL1 can independently promote flowering.Furthermore,haplotype analysis identified OsFTL1-Hap3,a beneficial variant associated with early flowering and comparable grain yields.These findings revealed that OsFTL1 can substitute for Hd3a and RFT1 in FAC formation,promoting flowering across photoperiods,and highlighting its potential application in breeding early-maturing,high-yield rice varieties suitable for diverse environments.
文摘The photoperiodic control of flowering time is essential for the adaptation of plants to variable environments and for successful reproduction. The identification of genes encoding florigens, which had been elusive but were supposedly synthesized in leaves and then transmitted to shoot apices to induce floral transitions, has greatly advanced our understanding of the photoperiodic regulation of flowering. Studies on the photoperiodism of Arabidopsis, a model long-day plant, revealed the molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of the Arabidopsis florigen gene FT, which is gradually induced in response to increase in day length. By contrast, in rice, a model short-day plant, the expression of the florigen gene Hd3a （an FTortholog in rice） is regulated in an on/off fashion, with strong induction under short-day conditions and repression under long-day conditions. This critical day length dependence of Hd3a expression enables rice to recognize a slight change in the photoperiod as a trigger to initiate floral induction. Rice possesses a second florigen gene, RFT1, which can be expressed to induce floral transition under non-inductive long-day conditions. The complex transcriptional regulation of florigen genes and the resulting precise control over flowering time provides rice with the adaptability required for a crop species of increasing global importance.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31630054,32070855,31821005)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100903)the Ministry of Agriculture Innovation Team Plan.
文摘Heading date is a critical trait that determines the regional adaptability and grain productivity of many crops.Although rice is a facultative short-day plant,its domestication led to the Ghd7-Ehd1-Hd3a/RFT1 pathway for adaptation to long-day conditions(LDs).The formation of the"florigen activation complex"(FAC)containing florigen Hd3a has been characterized.However,the molecular composition of the FAC that contains RFT1 for long-day flowering is unclear.We show here that RFT1 forms a ternary FAC with 14-3-3 proteins and OsFD1 to promote flowering under LDs.We identified a calcineurin B-like-interacting protein kinase,OsCIPK3,which directly interacts with and phosphorylates OsFD1,thereby facilitating the localization of the FAC to the nucleus.Mutation in OsCIPK3 results in a late heading date under LDs but a normal heading date under short-day conditions.Collectively,our results suggest that OsCIPK3 phosphorylates OsFD1 to promote RFT1-containing FAC formation and consequently induce flowering in rice under LDs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30424813)Science Publication Foundation ot the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Florlgen（s） are molecules that are synthesized In response to appropriate photoperlods and transmitted from leaves to shoot apices to promote floral Initiation. It has been recently discovered In Arabldopsls that mRNA of the FT gene acts as a florlgen. In Arabldopsls, cryptochromes and phytochromes mediate long- day promotion of CO protein expression, which activates FT mRNA expression In leaves. FT mRNA Is transmitted to the shoot apex, where it acts together with FD to activate transcription of floral meristem Identlty genes, resulting In floral initiation. The discovery of the molecular nature of a florlgen was a major scientific breakthrough In 2005.
文摘The true identity of florigen - the molecule（s） that migrates from leaves to apical meristem to initiate flowering - was notoriously elusive, having made it almost the ＂Bigfoot＂ of plant biology. There was never a lack of drama in the field of florigen study, and florigen researchers have once again experienced such a swing in the last two years. We wrote a minireview last year in this journal （Yu et al. 2006） to excitedly salute, among other discoveries, the notion that the flowering locus T （FT） mRNA might be the molecular form of a florigen. However, this hypothesis was challenged in a little less than two years after its initial proposition, and the original paper proposed that the FT mRNA hypothesis was retracted （Huang et al. 2005; Bohlenius et al. 2007）. Interestingly enough, the FT gene previously proposed to encode a florigen was never challenged. Rather, the FT protein, instead of the FT mRNA, is now believed to migrate from leaves to the apical meristem to promote floral initiation. In this update, we will share with our readers some entertaining stories concerning the recent studies of florigen in five different plant species. In addition to the published reports referenced inthis update, readers may also refer to our previous minireview and references therein for additional background information （Yu et al. 2006）.
文摘植物经历生殖生长与营养生长阶段来确保生命周期的顺利完成,适当的开花时机对生长转变至关重要,开花的机制在植物中高度保守,这一机制的核心在于环境和内源性信号对成花素基因FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)的转录调控。FT蛋白属于一类保守的蛋白家族,是营养生长和生殖生长转变过程的重要遗传因子,在两个生长阶段中都发挥着重要作用,从不同物种的生殖生长和营养生长两个方面综述FT基因的功能、作用机制和调控网络,为理解植物通过整合多种信号产生对环境变化的适应性和精确性,也为围绕植物生殖调控育种目标进行分子遗传改良提供参考。
文摘[目的]水稻Hd1(Heading date 1)在不同遗传背景的品种中存在多种单体型,利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术创制hd1突变体探究其对抽穗期的调控,解析Hd1单体型的功能特性。[方法]在Hd1的CDS设计靶位点,构建敲除载体,利用农杆菌介导法转入受体品种龙粳11(LJ11)和松粳2(SJ2)中。测序鉴定转基因植株突变类型,与对照同时种植调查抽穗期,qRT-PCR检测突变体中成花素基因Hd3a和RFT1的表达量。[结果]Hd1的编码区在LJ11背景下第30个碱基后面插入G,在SJ2背景下第31个碱基后面插入T,获得纯合突变体hd1(LJ11)和hd1(SJ2),相较于野生型,hd1(LJ11)延迟了水稻开花,Hd3a和RFT1的表达量下降,而hd1(SJ2)提早了水稻开花伴随着Hd3a和RFT1的表达量上升。[结论]hd1(LJ11)延迟抽穗6.1 d,hd1(SJ2)提早开花2.8 d,说明两种遗传背景下Hd1发挥功能存在差异性,调控抽穗期具有背景依赖性。
文摘通过RT-PCR和RACE技术,从新疆海岛棉品种新海14中克隆得到了一个MFT(MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1)类似基因,命名为GbMFT1基因(GenBank登录号为KC513744)。GbMFT1基因的开放阅读框(ORF)为528 bp,编码175个氨基酸的蛋白,含一个磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白(PEBP)结构域。GbMFT1蛋白的羧基端含有MFT蛋白都含有的脯氨酸。系统进化树分析表明GbMFT1编码产物与葡萄、番茄亲缘关系较近,属于同一进化分支。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,GbMFT1基因在棉花的不同组织中均有表达,在花瓣中的表达量较高;在纤维发育的不同时期中均有表达,在开花后2 d的胚珠、9 d的纤维中表达量最高。半定量RT-PCR结果表明,GbMFT1基因在刚萌发的种子中表达量高,用不同浓度的ABA处理种子后其表达变化不明显,表明GbMFT1基因的表达不受ABA的调节。
文摘磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白(phosphatidyl ethanolamine-binding proteins,PEBP)基因家族广泛存在于真核生物中,在被子植物中主要起着促进或抑制开花和控制株型的作用。利用亚洲棉(Gossypium arboreum,A2)和雷蒙德氏棉(Gossypium raimondii,D5)的基因组数据库,分别搜索到8个棉花PEBP同源基因,都包含4个外显子和3个内含子,编码的蛋白都存在PEBP家族的保守基序和关键氨基酸位点,表明二倍体棉花中至少存在8个PEBP家族基因。进化分析表明,8个PEBP基因分属于3个亚家族,含FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)-like亚家族1个、TERMINAL FLOWER 1(TFL1)-like亚家族5个(包括3个TFL1和2个BFT)、MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1(MFT)-like亚家族2个。实时荧光定量PCR分析陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum)8个PEBP基因在根、茎、叶、幼苗顶端分生组织、花、胚珠和25 d的纤维组织中的表达,表明FT1在叶片中表达量最高,其次在纤维、胚珠和花中;MFT1在各组织中均表达,但在纤维中表达量最高,其次是花和叶片中,而MFT2以在叶片中表达为主;TFL1a、TFL1b和TFL1c均在根中表达量最高,但TFL1c在叶片、花和胚珠中也有相对较高的表达;BFT1和BFT2在叶片中表达量最高,但除幼苗顶端分生组织外,BFT1在其他各组织中的表达明显高于BFT2。这些结果表明,PEBP家族基因在棉花的生长发育中可能具有不同的功能。
