Among natural disasters,flash floods are the most destructive events,causing signif-icant damage to the economy and posing a serious threat to human life and property.Comprehensive risk assessment of these sudden floo...Among natural disasters,flash floods are the most destructive events,causing signif-icant damage to the economy and posing a serious threat to human life and property.Comprehensive risk assessment of these sudden floods is a key strategy to mitigate their impact.Accurate analysis of flash flood hazards can greatly enhance prevention efforts and inform critical decision-making processes,ultimately improving our ability to protect communities from these fast-onset disasters.This study analyzed the driving forces of flash flood disaster-causing factors in Heilongjiang Province.Meanwhile,nine different categories of variables affecting the occurrence of flash floods were selected,and the degree of influence of each driving factor on flash floods was quantitatively analyzed,and the driving force analysis of the driving factors of flash floods in Hei-longjiang Province was carried out by using the geographic probe model.This paper employs an uncertainty approach,utilizing a statistical-based interval weight deter-mination technique for evaluation indices and a two-dimensional information-based interval number sorting method.These methodologies are combined to construct a comprehensive flash flood risk assessment model.On this basis,the model was implemented in six regions within China's Heilongjiang province to evaluate and prioritize flash flood risks.The resulting risk ranking for these areas was as follows:Bayan≻Shuangcheng≻Boli≻Suibin≻Hailun≻Yian.The findings demonstrate that the interval number-based evaluation method effectively handles uncertainty,providing a more reliable risk grading system.This approach,by leveraging modern scientific advances and risk quantification techniques,is crucial for improving disaster management and mitigating flash flood impacts.展开更多
Flash drought is characterized by a period of rapid drought intensification with impacts on agriculture,water resources,ecosystems,and human environment.In the Qilian Mountains,northwestern China,flash droughts are be...Flash drought is characterized by a period of rapid drought intensification with impacts on agriculture,water resources,ecosystems,and human environment.In the Qilian Mountains,northwestern China,flash droughts are becoming more frequently due to the global climate warming.However,the spatiotemporal variations and their driving factors of flash droughts are not clear in this region.In this study,the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Reanalysis v5-Land(ERA5-Land)dataset was utilized to identify two types of flash drought events(heatwave-induced and water scarcity-induced flash drought events)that occurred in the growing season(April‒September)during 1981-2020 in this area.The results showed that the frequency of heatwave-induced flash droughts has decreased since 2010,while the frequency of water scarcity-induced flash droughts has declined markedly.Spatially,heatwave-induced flash droughts were predominantly concentrated in the western Qilian Mountains,whereas water scarcity-induced flash droughts were primarily concentrated in the central and eastern Qilian Mountains.A significantly increasing temporal trend in both types of flash droughts in the eastern Qilian Mountains was found.Meanwhile,there was a decreasing temporal trend of heatwave-induced flash droughts in the southwestern part of the region.Additionally,the influence of two major atmospheric modes,i.e.,the El Niño‒Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO),on these two types of flash droughts was explored by the Superposed Epoch Analysis.The ENSO mainly influences flash droughts in the central and eastern parts of the Qilian Mountains by altering the strength of the East Asian monsoon,while the NAO mainly affects flash droughts in the entire parts of the Qilian Mountains by inducing anomalous westerlies activity.Our findings have important implications for predicting the evolution of flash drought events in the Qilian Mountains region under continued climate warming.展开更多
In this study,a phosphate-based conversion coating(PCC)was applied as a precursor before forming silicate-fluoride(SiF)and silicate-phosphate-fluoride(SiPF)based flash-plasma electrolytic oxidation(Flash-PEO)coatings ...In this study,a phosphate-based conversion coating(PCC)was applied as a precursor before forming silicate-fluoride(SiF)and silicate-phosphate-fluoride(SiPF)based flash-plasma electrolytic oxidation(Flash-PEO)coatings on AZ31B magnesium alloy.The main novelty is the successful incorporation of calcium,zinc,manganese and phosphate species into the Flash-PEO coatings via a precursor layer rather than using the electrolyte.The precursor also led to longer lasting and more intense discharges during the PEO process,resulting in increased pore size.Corrosion studies revealed similar short-term performance for all coatings,with impedance modulus at low frequencies above 10^(7)Ωcm^(2),and slightly better performance for the SiPF-based coating.Nonetheless,the enlarged pores in the PEO coatings functionalized with the PCC precursor compromised the effectiveness of self-healing mechanisms by creating diffusion pathways for corrosive species,leading to earlier failure.These phenomena were effectively monitored by recording the open circuit potential during immersion in 0.5 wt.%NaCl solution.In summary,this study demonstrates that conversion coatings are a viable option for the functionalization of PEO coatings on magnesium alloys,as they allow for the incorporation of cationic and other species.However,it is crucial to maintain a small pore size to facilitate effective blockage through self-healing mechanisms.展开更多
基金Basic Scientific Research Expense Project of IWHR-Extreme rainstorm development trends and prediction techniques,Grant/Award Number:JZ0145B142024National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:42271095。
文摘Among natural disasters,flash floods are the most destructive events,causing signif-icant damage to the economy and posing a serious threat to human life and property.Comprehensive risk assessment of these sudden floods is a key strategy to mitigate their impact.Accurate analysis of flash flood hazards can greatly enhance prevention efforts and inform critical decision-making processes,ultimately improving our ability to protect communities from these fast-onset disasters.This study analyzed the driving forces of flash flood disaster-causing factors in Heilongjiang Province.Meanwhile,nine different categories of variables affecting the occurrence of flash floods were selected,and the degree of influence of each driving factor on flash floods was quantitatively analyzed,and the driving force analysis of the driving factors of flash floods in Hei-longjiang Province was carried out by using the geographic probe model.This paper employs an uncertainty approach,utilizing a statistical-based interval weight deter-mination technique for evaluation indices and a two-dimensional information-based interval number sorting method.These methodologies are combined to construct a comprehensive flash flood risk assessment model.On this basis,the model was implemented in six regions within China's Heilongjiang province to evaluate and prioritize flash flood risks.The resulting risk ranking for these areas was as follows:Bayan≻Shuangcheng≻Boli≻Suibin≻Hailun≻Yian.The findings demonstrate that the interval number-based evaluation method effectively handles uncertainty,providing a more reliable risk grading system.This approach,by leveraging modern scientific advances and risk quantification techniques,is crucial for improving disaster management and mitigating flash flood impacts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42477481,42477483)the Science and Technology Program in Gansu Province(23JRRA599)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)"Light of West China"Program.
文摘Flash drought is characterized by a period of rapid drought intensification with impacts on agriculture,water resources,ecosystems,and human environment.In the Qilian Mountains,northwestern China,flash droughts are becoming more frequently due to the global climate warming.However,the spatiotemporal variations and their driving factors of flash droughts are not clear in this region.In this study,the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Reanalysis v5-Land(ERA5-Land)dataset was utilized to identify two types of flash drought events(heatwave-induced and water scarcity-induced flash drought events)that occurred in the growing season(April‒September)during 1981-2020 in this area.The results showed that the frequency of heatwave-induced flash droughts has decreased since 2010,while the frequency of water scarcity-induced flash droughts has declined markedly.Spatially,heatwave-induced flash droughts were predominantly concentrated in the western Qilian Mountains,whereas water scarcity-induced flash droughts were primarily concentrated in the central and eastern Qilian Mountains.A significantly increasing temporal trend in both types of flash droughts in the eastern Qilian Mountains was found.Meanwhile,there was a decreasing temporal trend of heatwave-induced flash droughts in the southwestern part of the region.Additionally,the influence of two major atmospheric modes,i.e.,the El Niño‒Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO),on these two types of flash droughts was explored by the Superposed Epoch Analysis.The ENSO mainly influences flash droughts in the central and eastern parts of the Qilian Mountains by altering the strength of the East Asian monsoon,while the NAO mainly affects flash droughts in the entire parts of the Qilian Mountains by inducing anomalous westerlies activity.Our findings have important implications for predicting the evolution of flash drought events in the Qilian Mountains region under continued climate warming.
基金support of the PID2021-124341OB-C22/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER,UE(MICIU)J.M.Vega also acknowledges the Grant RYC2021-034384-I funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by“European Union Next Generation EU/PRTR”.
文摘In this study,a phosphate-based conversion coating(PCC)was applied as a precursor before forming silicate-fluoride(SiF)and silicate-phosphate-fluoride(SiPF)based flash-plasma electrolytic oxidation(Flash-PEO)coatings on AZ31B magnesium alloy.The main novelty is the successful incorporation of calcium,zinc,manganese and phosphate species into the Flash-PEO coatings via a precursor layer rather than using the electrolyte.The precursor also led to longer lasting and more intense discharges during the PEO process,resulting in increased pore size.Corrosion studies revealed similar short-term performance for all coatings,with impedance modulus at low frequencies above 10^(7)Ωcm^(2),and slightly better performance for the SiPF-based coating.Nonetheless,the enlarged pores in the PEO coatings functionalized with the PCC precursor compromised the effectiveness of self-healing mechanisms by creating diffusion pathways for corrosive species,leading to earlier failure.These phenomena were effectively monitored by recording the open circuit potential during immersion in 0.5 wt.%NaCl solution.In summary,this study demonstrates that conversion coatings are a viable option for the functionalization of PEO coatings on magnesium alloys,as they allow for the incorporation of cationic and other species.However,it is crucial to maintain a small pore size to facilitate effective blockage through self-healing mechanisms.
