The alternating copolymer of CO_(2) with epoxide is a green plastic that can efficiently transform CO_(2) into valuable chemicals. Despite the significant advances made, the restricted practical application of CO_(2)-...The alternating copolymer of CO_(2) with epoxide is a green plastic that can efficiently transform CO_(2) into valuable chemicals. Despite the significant advances made, the restricted practical application of CO_(2)-sourced polycarbonates due to their lack of functionality has hindered field development. We successfully demonstrated the flame retardancy of poly(chloropropylene carbonate) (PCPC), a perfectly alternating copolymer of epichlorohydrin (ECH) and CO_(2). This was prepared at a 200-gram scale using a high-efficacy tetranuclear organoborane catalyst. PCPC’s excellent flame-retardant performance has been proven by both the vertical combustion test (UL94 V-0) and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value (29.1%). The underlaid flame-retardant mechanism of PCPC was clearly elucidated. As a result, we confirmed that the generated cyclic carbonates and concurrently released flame-retardant chlorine radicals, hydrogen chloride, and CO_(2) during combustion render PCPC an excellent flame retardant. Furthermore, we investigated the practicability of PCPC as a halogen-rich polymeric flame retardant by blending it with commercial bisphenol A polycarbonate (BPA-PC). PCPC upgraded the flame retardancy rating of BPA polycarbonate from V-2 to V-0 even with a mere 1 wt% addition. It is our hope that this result will prove useful in future developments of advanced CO_(2)-sourced polymeric materials.展开更多
Poor formability is a key problem that limits the application of flame-retardant Mg-Al-Ca based alloys at room temperature.In this study,we present a new Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn(wt%)alloy which exhibits excellent flame-r...Poor formability is a key problem that limits the application of flame-retardant Mg-Al-Ca based alloys at room temperature.In this study,we present a new Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn(wt%)alloy which exhibits excellent flame-retardant performance and excellent formability.Due to the high Ca content,the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn(wt%)alloy does not burn at 1065℃.The formability of the alloys is measured using a three-point bending test,and the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn(wt%)alloy shows excellent formability,with a significant increase in bending displacement from 7.1 mm to 23.8 mm compared to the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn(wt%)alloy.The combined effect of the weakened basal texture,the reduction of twins and the plastically deformable Al2Ca phase particles ensures good formability of the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn(wt%)alloy.The dynamic recrystallization mechanisms of the alloys have been analyzed,and the promotion of dynamic recrystallization by the PSN mechanism is responsible for the weakened basal texture and the reduction of twins in the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn(wt%)alloy.The new Mg alloy is attractive for industrial applications due to its excellent flame-retardant performance and formability.展开更多
The effect of extrusion temperature on the dynamic recrystallization behavior and mechanical properties of the flame-retardant Mg−6Al−3Ca−1Zn−1Sn−Mn(wt.%)alloy was investigated.The observed dynamic recrystallization m...The effect of extrusion temperature on the dynamic recrystallization behavior and mechanical properties of the flame-retardant Mg−6Al−3Ca−1Zn−1Sn−Mn(wt.%)alloy was investigated.The observed dynamic recrystallization mechanisms in the alloy include continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX)and particle simulated nucleation(PSN)during hot extrusion.A significant increase in yield strength,from 218 to 358 MPa,representing a 140 MPa increase,is achieved by decreasing the extrusion temperature.The strengthening mechanisms were analyzed quantitatively,with the enhanced strength primarily attributed to grain boundary and dislocation strengthening.The plasticity mechanism was analyzed qualitatively,and the increase in the volume fraction of unDRXed grains caused by the decrease in extrusion temperature leads to an increase in the number of{1012}tensile twins during the tensile deformation,resulting in a reduction in plasticity.展开更多
Single ion gel polymer electrolyte has the advantages of high Li^(+)conductivity and dendrite mitigation.However,the addition of organic solvent makes the electrolyte flammable,posing serious safety hazards.Herein,we ...Single ion gel polymer electrolyte has the advantages of high Li^(+)conductivity and dendrite mitigation.However,the addition of organic solvent makes the electrolyte flammable,posing serious safety hazards.Herein,we report a flame-retard ant cross-linked sp^(3)boron-based single-ion gel polymer electrolyte(BSIPE).BSIPE was prepared by a simple one-step photoinitiated in situ thiol-ene click reaction.Due to the boron-based anions being immobilized in the cross-linking network,the developed BSIPE/PFN exhibits a high t_(Li^(+))(0.87),which can mitigate concentration polarization phenomenon and suppress the growth of lithium dendrites.BSIPE/PFN plasticized with triethyl phosphate(TEP),fluoroethylene carbonate(FEC)and LiNO_(3)exhibits enhanced ionic conductivity of 4.25×10^(-4)S cm^(-1)at 30℃ and flame retardancy.FEC and LiNO_(3) are conducive to form a stable solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)rich in Li_(3)N and LiF to improve interface stability.As expected,the dendrite-free Li‖BSIPE/PFN‖Li symmetric cell exhibits considerable cycling life over 1500 h.BSIPE/PFN significantly boosts the performance of LFP‖Li cell,which displays a capacity retention of 84.6%after 500 cycles.The BSIPE/PFN has promising applications in highsafety and high-performance lithium metal batteries.展开更多
Different reactive flame retardants have been extensively developed for vinyl ester resins(VERs),but very few of them can yield a flame-retardant resin that meets defined standards(e.g.UL-94 V-0 rating).In this work,p...Different reactive flame retardants have been extensively developed for vinyl ester resins(VERs),but very few of them can yield a flame-retardant resin that meets defined standards(e.g.UL-94 V-0 rating).In this work,phosphorous-containing 1-vinylimidazole salts(called VIDHP and VIDPP)were synthesized through the facile neutralization of the acid and 1-vinylimidazole.VIDHP and VIDPP were then applied as flame-retardant crosslinking agents of VERs,by which phosphorus-containing groups could be incorporated into the resin chain via ionic bonds.VIDHP/VER and VIDPP/VER showed a high curing activity and can be well cured in moderate temperatures.With 20 wt.%additions of VIDHP and VIDPP,VIDHP20/VER,and VIDPP20/VER presented a limiting oxygen index value of 29.7%and 28.4%,respectively,with the latter achieving a UL 94 V0 rating.In the cone calorimetric test,compared to the unmodified VERs,VIDPP20/VER exhibited large reductions in the peak heat release rate,total heat release rate,and total smoke release rate while VIDHP20/VER demonstrated comparatively inferior performance in terms of the heat release.VIDHP20/VER and VIDPP20/VER showed good thermal stability and presented a little lower glass transition temperature than the control sample.VIDPP with a low phosphorus oxidation state(+1)demonstrated high flame-retardant activities in the gaseous phase,whereas VIDHP with a high phosphorus oxidation state(+5)primarily exhibited efficacy in the condensed phase.展开更多
Phase change materials(PCMs)offer a promising solution to address the challenges posed by intermittency and fluctuations in solar thermal utilization.However,for organic solid-liquid PCMs,issues such as leakage,low th...Phase change materials(PCMs)offer a promising solution to address the challenges posed by intermittency and fluctuations in solar thermal utilization.However,for organic solid-liquid PCMs,issues such as leakage,low thermal conductivity,lack of efficient solar-thermal media,and flamma-bility have constrained their broad applications.Herein,we present an innova-tive class of versatile composite phase change materials(CPCMs)developed through a facile and environmentally friendly synthesis approach,leveraging the inherent anisotropy and unidirectional porosity of wood aerogel(nanowood)to support polyethylene glycol(PEG).The wood modification process involves the incorporation of phytic acid(PA)and MXene hybrid structure through an evaporation-induced assembly method,which could impart non-leaking PEG filling while concurrently facilitating thermal conduction,light absorption,and flame-retardant.Consequently,the as-prepared wood-based CPCMs showcase enhanced thermal conductivity(0.82 W m^(-1)K^(-1),about 4.6 times than PEG)as well as high latent heat of 135.5 kJ kg^(-1)(91.5%encapsula-tion)with thermal durability and stability throughout at least 200 heating and cooling cycles,featuring dramatic solar-thermal conversion efficiency up to 98.58%.In addition,with the synergistic effect of phytic acid and MXene,the flame-retardant performance of the CPCMs has been significantly enhanced,showing a self-extinguishing behavior.Moreover,the excellent electromagnetic shielding of 44.45 dB was endowed to the CPCMs,relieving contemporary health hazards associated with electromagnetic waves.Overall,we capitalize on the exquisite wood cell structure with unidirectional transport inherent in the development of multifunctional CPCMs,showcasing the operational principle through a proof-of-concept prototype system.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are one of the most promising modern-day energy supply systems because of their high theoretical energy density and low cost.However,the development of high-energy density Li-S batteries ...Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are one of the most promising modern-day energy supply systems because of their high theoretical energy density and low cost.However,the development of high-energy density Li-S batteries with high loading of flammable sulfur faces the challenges of electrochemical performance degradation owing to the shuttle effect and safety issues related to fire or explosion accidents.In this work,we report a three-dimensional(3D)conductive nitrogen-doped carbon foam supported electrostatic self-assembled MXene-ammonium polyphosphate(NCF-MXene-APP)layer as a heat-resistant,thermally-insulated,flame-retardant,and freestanding host for Li-S batteries with a facile and costeffective synthesis method.Consequently,through the use of NCF-MXene-APP hosts that strongly anchor polysulfides,the Li-S batteries demonstrate outstanding electrochemical properties,including a high initial discharge capacity of 1191.6 mA h g^(-1),excellent rate capacity of 755.0 mA h g^(-1)at 1 C,and long-term cycling stability with an extremely low-capacity decay rate of 0.12%per cycle at 2 C.More importantly,these batteries can continue to operate reliably under high temperature or flame attack conditions.Thus,this study provides valuable insights into the design of safe high-performance Li-S batteries.展开更多
Although polyimide fibers are excellent intrinsic flame-retardant fibers, their price is so high that they are rarely used in clothing. To expand their application, the polyimide fibers were blended with flame-retarda...Although polyimide fibers are excellent intrinsic flame-retardant fibers, their price is so high that they are rarely used in clothing. To expand their application, the polyimide fibers were blended with flame-retardant viscose fibers at a ratio of 30∶70, and the blended yarns were woven with flame-retardant polyester filaments. Fabrics with different parameters, including fabric weaves, warp yarn densities, and fabric layers, were designed, and the effects of those fabric parameters on mechanical properties and flame-retardant properties were tested and analyzed. The results show that the tearing load of the fabrics is affected by fabric weaves, warp yarn densities, and fabric layers, and the tearing load of the weft mountain weave fabric and the twill weave fabric is higher than that of the plain weave fabric. The bursting load of the fabric increases with the increase of warp yarn densities and layers. Among the tested fabric samples, the triple-layer twill fabric has the best flame-retardant performance, which meets the standard of flame-retardant protective fabric Grade B1 level. The research of this paper would provide guidance for the development and production of polyimide blended fabrics.展开更多
Flame-retardant mechanism of magnesium oxychloride （M OC） in EP was in-vestigated by limiting oxygen index （LOI）, XRD, SEM, TG-DTG and DSC. The results show that MOC performed well as an inorganic flame-retardant ...Flame-retardant mechanism of magnesium oxychloride （M OC） in EP was in-vestigated by limiting oxygen index （LOI）, XRD, SEM, TG-DTG and DSC. The results show that MOC performed well as an inorganic flame-retardant in EP. When the content of MOC is 50%, the LOI of EP reaches 29.6% and mass of residual char reaches 9.6%. The flame retarde mechanism of MOC is due to the synergies of diluting, cooling, catalyzing char forming and obstructing effects.展开更多
In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, developing flame retardants from bio-based resources has aroused extensive interest in recent years. In this work, we utilized furfural(biomass) and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-p...In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, developing flame retardants from bio-based resources has aroused extensive interest in recent years. In this work, we utilized furfural(biomass) and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide(DOPO) to synthesize a biobased co-curing agent(FGD) to combine with 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl methane(DDM) for obtaining a low-phosphorus loading flame-retardant epoxy thermosets. The introduction of FGD decreased the activation energy of the curing progress, enhanced the mechanical properties of the epoxy thermosets, and did not affect the glass transition temperature of the epoxy thermosets. EP-5.0 had a lower thermal degradation rate and a doubled char yield compared with EP-0. The phosphorus content of EP-5.0 was only 0.45 wt%, while EP-5.0 reached the UL-94 V-0 rating with a high LOI value of 32%. Compared with EP-0, the PHRR of EP-2.5 and EP-5.0 decreased by 22.3% and 31.3%, respectively. The SEM results showed that the addition of FGD made the char residues more uniform and denser, which could effectively prevent combustible volatiles from escaping from the degradation area to the flame area and isolate the heat transfer so that the epoxy thermosets had an excellent flame-retardant performance.展开更多
For solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs),improving their mechanical and electrochemical properties is the key to obtaining batteries with higher safety and higher energy density.Herein,a novel synergistic strategy propose...For solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs),improving their mechanical and electrochemical properties is the key to obtaining batteries with higher safety and higher energy density.Herein,a novel synergistic strategy proposed is preparing a 3D flame-retardant skeleton(3DPA)and adding nano-multifunctional fillers(Li-ILs@ZIF-8).In addition to providing mechanical support for the polyethylene oxide(PEO)matrix,3DPA also has further contributed to the system’s flame retardancy and further improved the safety.Simultaneously,the electrochemical performance is fully guaranteed by rigid Li-ILs@ZIF-8,which provides fast migration channels forLi^(+),reduces the crystallinity of PEO and effectively inhibits lithium dendrites.The limiting oxygen index of the optimal sample(PL3Z/PA)is as high as 20.5%,and the ionic conductivity reaches 2.89×10^(-4) and 0.91×10^(-3) S cm^(-1) at 25 and 55°C,respectively.The assembled Li|PL3Z/PA|Li battery can be cycled stably for more than 1000 h at a current density of 0.1 m A cm^(-2) without short circuit being pierced by lithium dendrites.The specific capacity of the LFP|PL3Z/PA|Li battery was 160.5 m Ah g^(-1) under a current density of 0.5 C,and the capacity retention rate was 90.0%after 300 cycles.展开更多
A halogen-free flame-retardant (hydroquinone bis (N,N’-diarylphosphoramidate),4N-HDP) containing phosphorus-nitrogen was synthesized.Its structure was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR),nuclear magnetic reso...A halogen-free flame-retardant (hydroquinone bis (N,N’-diarylphosphoramidate),4N-HDP) containing phosphorus-nitrogen was synthesized.Its structure was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR),nuclear magnetic resonance (^(1)H-NMR and^(31)P-NMR).Thermogravimetric analysis (TG),limiting oxygen index (LOI),UL-94 vertical burning test (UL-94),thermogravimetric-infrared instrument (TG-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to compare the flame-retarding performance and mechanism of hydroquinone bis (diphenyl phosphate) (HDP) and 4N-HDP.TG,IR and TG-IR were used for comparative analysis,indicating that both HDP and 4N-HDP are flame-retardants,and the gas phase and condensed phase act synergistically.In the pyrolysis process,it is divided into two steps:the first step is the breakage of large molecules to small molecules;the second step is the gasification and carbonization of small molecules,and eventually produces phosphate ester and non-flammable gases.Through the comparison of various results,it could be found that 4N-HDP has better flame-retarding performance compared to HDP in the composite with polycarbonate (PC).展开更多
Preparing both safe and high-performance lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) based on commonly used commercial electrolytes is highly desirable,yet challenging.To overcome the poor compatibility of conventional small-molecula...Preparing both safe and high-performance lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) based on commonly used commercial electrolytes is highly desirable,yet challenging.To overcome the poor compatibility of conventional small-molecular flame-retardants as electrolyte additives for safe LIBs with graphite anodes,in this study,we propose and design a novel low-cost flame-retardant oligomer that achieves an accurate and complete reconciliation of fire safety and electrochemical performance in LIBs.Owing to the integration of phosphonate units and polyethylene glycol(PEG) chains,this oligomer,which is a phosphonatecontaining PEG-based oligomer(PPO),not only endows commercial electrolytes with excellent flame retardancy but also helps stabilize the electrodes and Li-ion migration.Specifically,adding 15 wt% of PPO can reduce 70% of the self-extinguishing time and 54% of total heat release for commercial electrolytes.Moreover,LiFePO_(4)/lithium and graphite/lithium cells as well as LiFePO_(4)/graphite pouch full cells exhibit good long-term cycling stability.展开更多
Six new optically active and flame-retardant poly（amide-imide）s PAls 5a-5f containing phosphine oxide moiety as a flame-retardant unit in the main chain were synthesized from direct polycondensation reaction of six ...Six new optically active and flame-retardant poly（amide-imide）s PAls 5a-5f containing phosphine oxide moiety as a flame-retardant unit in the main chain were synthesized from direct polycondensation reaction of six chiral N,N＇-（pyromellitoyl）-bis-L-amino acid 3a-3f with bis（3-aminophenyl）phenyl phosphine oxide 4 in a medium consisting of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone （NMP）, triphenyl phosphite （TPP）, calcium chloride （CaCl2） and pyridine. The polymerization reactions produced a series of optically active poly（amide-imide）s with good yield and good inherent viscosity of 0.34-0.70 dLg^-1. The resulted polymers were fully characterized by means of FTIR and ^1H-NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography （GPC）, elemental analyses, inherent viscosity and solubility tests. Thermal properties and flameretardant behavior of the PAIs 5a-5f were investigated using thermal gravimetric analysis （TGA and DTG） and limiting oxygen index （LOI）. Data obtained by thermal analysis （TGA and DTG） revealed that these polymers showed good thermal stability. Furthermore, high char yield in TGA and good LOI values indicated that the resulting polymers were capable of exhibiting good flame retardant properties. N,N＇-（pyromellitoyl）-bis-L-amino acids 3a-3f were prepared in quantitative yields by the condensation reaction of pyromellitic dianhydride （1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylicacid-1,2,4,5-dianhydride） 1 with L-alanine 2a, L-valine 2b, L-leucine 2c, L-isoleucine 2d, L-phenyl alanine 2e and L-2-aminobutyric acid 2f in acetic acid solution.展开更多
Ultrafine steel slag powder(shield powder)was prepared by grinding ordinary steel slag with a functional compound.As a substitute for aluminum hydroxide,the shield powder was combined with rubber to prepare flame-reta...Ultrafine steel slag powder(shield powder)was prepared by grinding ordinary steel slag with a functional compound.As a substitute for aluminum hydroxide,the shield powder was combined with rubber to prepare flame-retardant composites.Vulcanization tests showed that the incorporation of shield powder enhances the crosslinkage of the composite and speeds up the curing rate.The gaseous products formed in the pyrolysis process are mainly hydrocarbons.Mechanical and combustion tests revealed that the introduction of shield powder improves flame-retardant performance without sacrificing mechanical properties.Specifically,the optimum substitution ratio of shield powder for aluminum hydroxide is 50.0%.In this case,the composite has the highest degree of graphitization and exhibits excellent flame-retardant performance.展开更多
Some organoboron compounds as flame-retardants for fiber materials were prepared.Flame-retarding properties of these compounds determined by the Oxygen-Index Method weregood.These new compounds were characterized by I...Some organoboron compounds as flame-retardants for fiber materials were prepared.Flame-retarding properties of these compounds determined by the Oxygen-Index Method weregood.These new compounds were characterized by IR,~1H NMR spectrum and elementalanalysis.展开更多
Flame-retardant polymer electrolytes(FRSPEs)are attractive due to their potential for fundamentally settling the safety issues of liquid electrolytes.However,the current FRSPEs have introduced large quantity of flame-...Flame-retardant polymer electrolytes(FRSPEs)are attractive due to their potential for fundamentally settling the safety issues of liquid electrolytes.However,the current FRSPEs have introduced large quantity of flame-retardant composition which cannot conduct lithium ions,thus decreasing the Li-ion conductivity.Here,we synthesize a novel liquid monomer 2-((bis((2-oxo-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy)phosphoryl)oxy)ethyl acrylate(BDPA)for preparing FRSPE by in-situ polymerization,in which PBDPA polymer can not only conduct lithium ions,but also prevent burning.The prepared FRSPE demonstrated outstanding flame-retardant property,favorable lithium-ion conductivity of 5.65×10^(-4) S cm^(-1) at ambient temperature,and a wide electrochemical window up to 4.5 V.Moreover,the Li/in-situ FRSPE/S@pPAN cell exhibited favorable electrochemical performances.We believe that this work provides an effective strategy for establishing high-performance fireproof quasi-solid-state battery system.展开更多
The advancement of lithium-based batteries has spurred anticipation for enhanced energy density,extended cycle life and reduced capacity degradation.However,these benefits are accompanied by potential risks,such as th...The advancement of lithium-based batteries has spurred anticipation for enhanced energy density,extended cycle life and reduced capacity degradation.However,these benefits are accompanied by potential risks,such as thermal runaway and explosions due to higher energy density.Currently,liquid organic electrolytes are the predominant choice for lithium batteries,despite their limitations in terms of mechanical strength and vulnerability to leakage.The development of polymer electrolytes,with their high Young’s modulus and enhanced safety features,offers a potential solution to the drawbacks of traditional liquid electrolytes.Despite these advantages,polymer electrolytes are still susceptible to burning and decomposition.To address this issue,researchers have conducted extensive studies to improve their flame-retardant properties from various perspectives.This review provides a concise overview of the thermal runaway mechanisms,flame-retardant mechanisms and electrochemical performance of polymer electrolytes.It also outlines the advancements in flame-retardant polymer electrolytes through the incorporation of various additives and the selection of inherently flame-retardant matrix.This review aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of flame-retardant polymer electrolytes and serve as a guide for future research in this field.展开更多
Red phosphorus （RP） has attracted considerable attention as the anode for high-performance Na-ion batteries, owing to its low cost and high theoretical specific capacity of -2,600 mAh/g. In this study, a facile sing...Red phosphorus （RP） has attracted considerable attention as the anode for high-performance Na-ion batteries, owing to its low cost and high theoretical specific capacity of -2,600 mAh/g. In this study, a facile single-step flash-heat treatment was developed to achieve the reduction of graphene oxide （GO） and the simultaneous deposition of RP onto the reduced graphene oxide （rGO） sheets. The resulting RP/rGO composite was shown to be a promising candidate for overcoming the issues associated with the poor electronic conductivity and large volume variation of RP during cycling. The RP/rGO flexible film anode delivered an average capacity of 1,625 mAh/g during 200 cycles at a charge/ discharge current density of 1 A/g. Average charge capacities of 1,786, 1,597, 1,324, and 679 mAh/g at 1, 2, 4, and 6 A/g current densities were obtained in the rate capability tests. Moreover, owing to the RP component, the RP/rGO film presented superior flame retardancy compared to an rGO film. This work thus introduces a highly accessible synthesis method to prepare flexible and safe RP anodes with superior electrochemical performance toward Na-ion storage.展开更多
This paper focuses on the superiority of organic?inorganic hybrid ion-gel electrolytes for lithiumion batteries(LiBs)over commercial electrolytes,such as 1 M LiPF6 in 1:1 ethylene carbonate(EC):dimethyl carbonate{DMC)...This paper focuses on the superiority of organic?inorganic hybrid ion-gel electrolytes for lithiumion batteries(LiBs)over commercial electrolytes,such as 1 M LiPF6 in 1:1 ethylene carbonate(EC):dimethyl carbonate{DMC){1 M LiPF6-EC:DMC},in terms of their flame susceptibility.These ion-gel electrolytes possess ionic liquid monomers,which are confined within the borosilicate or silicate matrices that are ideal for nonflammability.Naked flame tests confirm that the organicinorganic hybrid electrolytes are less susceptible to flames,and these electrolytes do not suffer from a major loss in terms of weight.In addition,the hybrids are self-extinguishable.Therefore,these hybrids are only oxidized when subjected to a flame unlike other commercial electrolytes used in lithium-ion batteries.Supplementary analyses using differential scanning calorimetric studies reveal that the hybrids are glassy until the temperature reaches more than 100℃.The current results are consistent with previously published data on the organic-inorganic hybrids.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.T2225004)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52373092)Shccig-Qinling Program.
文摘The alternating copolymer of CO_(2) with epoxide is a green plastic that can efficiently transform CO_(2) into valuable chemicals. Despite the significant advances made, the restricted practical application of CO_(2)-sourced polycarbonates due to their lack of functionality has hindered field development. We successfully demonstrated the flame retardancy of poly(chloropropylene carbonate) (PCPC), a perfectly alternating copolymer of epichlorohydrin (ECH) and CO_(2). This was prepared at a 200-gram scale using a high-efficacy tetranuclear organoborane catalyst. PCPC’s excellent flame-retardant performance has been proven by both the vertical combustion test (UL94 V-0) and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value (29.1%). The underlaid flame-retardant mechanism of PCPC was clearly elucidated. As a result, we confirmed that the generated cyclic carbonates and concurrently released flame-retardant chlorine radicals, hydrogen chloride, and CO_(2) during combustion render PCPC an excellent flame retardant. Furthermore, we investigated the practicability of PCPC as a halogen-rich polymeric flame retardant by blending it with commercial bisphenol A polycarbonate (BPA-PC). PCPC upgraded the flame retardancy rating of BPA polycarbonate from V-2 to V-0 even with a mere 1 wt% addition. It is our hope that this result will prove useful in future developments of advanced CO_(2)-sourced polymeric materials.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB3701100)the Applied Basic Research Program Project of Liaoning Province of China(No.2023020253-JH2/1016)the Key Research and Development Plan of Shanxi Province(No.202102050201005)。
文摘Poor formability is a key problem that limits the application of flame-retardant Mg-Al-Ca based alloys at room temperature.In this study,we present a new Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn(wt%)alloy which exhibits excellent flame-retardant performance and excellent formability.Due to the high Ca content,the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn(wt%)alloy does not burn at 1065℃.The formability of the alloys is measured using a three-point bending test,and the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn(wt%)alloy shows excellent formability,with a significant increase in bending displacement from 7.1 mm to 23.8 mm compared to the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn(wt%)alloy.The combined effect of the weakened basal texture,the reduction of twins and the plastically deformable Al2Ca phase particles ensures good formability of the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn(wt%)alloy.The dynamic recrystallization mechanisms of the alloys have been analyzed,and the promotion of dynamic recrystallization by the PSN mechanism is responsible for the weakened basal texture and the reduction of twins in the Mg-6Al-3Ca-0.4Mn-2Zn(wt%)alloy.The new Mg alloy is attractive for industrial applications due to its excellent flame-retardant performance and formability.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB3701100)the Applied Basic Research Program Project of Liaoning Province,China(No.2023020253-JH2/1016)the Key Research and Development Plan of Shanxi Province,China(No.202102050201005).
文摘The effect of extrusion temperature on the dynamic recrystallization behavior and mechanical properties of the flame-retardant Mg−6Al−3Ca−1Zn−1Sn−Mn(wt.%)alloy was investigated.The observed dynamic recrystallization mechanisms in the alloy include continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX)and particle simulated nucleation(PSN)during hot extrusion.A significant increase in yield strength,from 218 to 358 MPa,representing a 140 MPa increase,is achieved by decreasing the extrusion temperature.The strengthening mechanisms were analyzed quantitatively,with the enhanced strength primarily attributed to grain boundary and dislocation strengthening.The plasticity mechanism was analyzed qualitatively,and the increase in the volume fraction of unDRXed grains caused by the decrease in extrusion temperature leads to an increase in the number of{1012}tensile twins during the tensile deformation,resulting in a reduction in plasticity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22179149,22075329,51573215,and 21978332)Research and Development Project of Henan Academy Sciences China(232018002)。
文摘Single ion gel polymer electrolyte has the advantages of high Li^(+)conductivity and dendrite mitigation.However,the addition of organic solvent makes the electrolyte flammable,posing serious safety hazards.Herein,we report a flame-retard ant cross-linked sp^(3)boron-based single-ion gel polymer electrolyte(BSIPE).BSIPE was prepared by a simple one-step photoinitiated in situ thiol-ene click reaction.Due to the boron-based anions being immobilized in the cross-linking network,the developed BSIPE/PFN exhibits a high t_(Li^(+))(0.87),which can mitigate concentration polarization phenomenon and suppress the growth of lithium dendrites.BSIPE/PFN plasticized with triethyl phosphate(TEP),fluoroethylene carbonate(FEC)and LiNO_(3)exhibits enhanced ionic conductivity of 4.25×10^(-4)S cm^(-1)at 30℃ and flame retardancy.FEC and LiNO_(3) are conducive to form a stable solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)rich in Li_(3)N and LiF to improve interface stability.As expected,the dendrite-free Li‖BSIPE/PFN‖Li symmetric cell exhibits considerable cycling life over 1500 h.BSIPE/PFN significantly boosts the performance of LFP‖Li cell,which displays a capacity retention of 84.6%after 500 cycles.The BSIPE/PFN has promising applications in highsafety and high-performance lithium metal batteries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51991351 and51903132)the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.2022QNRC001).
文摘Different reactive flame retardants have been extensively developed for vinyl ester resins(VERs),but very few of them can yield a flame-retardant resin that meets defined standards(e.g.UL-94 V-0 rating).In this work,phosphorous-containing 1-vinylimidazole salts(called VIDHP and VIDPP)were synthesized through the facile neutralization of the acid and 1-vinylimidazole.VIDHP and VIDPP were then applied as flame-retardant crosslinking agents of VERs,by which phosphorus-containing groups could be incorporated into the resin chain via ionic bonds.VIDHP/VER and VIDPP/VER showed a high curing activity and can be well cured in moderate temperatures.With 20 wt.%additions of VIDHP and VIDPP,VIDHP20/VER,and VIDPP20/VER presented a limiting oxygen index value of 29.7%and 28.4%,respectively,with the latter achieving a UL 94 V0 rating.In the cone calorimetric test,compared to the unmodified VERs,VIDPP20/VER exhibited large reductions in the peak heat release rate,total heat release rate,and total smoke release rate while VIDHP20/VER demonstrated comparatively inferior performance in terms of the heat release.VIDHP20/VER and VIDPP20/VER showed good thermal stability and presented a little lower glass transition temperature than the control sample.VIDPP with a low phosphorus oxidation state(+1)demonstrated high flame-retardant activities in the gaseous phase,whereas VIDHP with a high phosphorus oxidation state(+5)primarily exhibited efficacy in the condensed phase.
基金funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22268025)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(NO.2022MD713757)+2 种基金Yunnan Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation(NO.34Y2022)Yunnan Province Joint Special Project for Enterprise Fundamental Research and Applied Basic Research(No.202101BC070001-016)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2023A1515011985).
文摘Phase change materials(PCMs)offer a promising solution to address the challenges posed by intermittency and fluctuations in solar thermal utilization.However,for organic solid-liquid PCMs,issues such as leakage,low thermal conductivity,lack of efficient solar-thermal media,and flamma-bility have constrained their broad applications.Herein,we present an innova-tive class of versatile composite phase change materials(CPCMs)developed through a facile and environmentally friendly synthesis approach,leveraging the inherent anisotropy and unidirectional porosity of wood aerogel(nanowood)to support polyethylene glycol(PEG).The wood modification process involves the incorporation of phytic acid(PA)and MXene hybrid structure through an evaporation-induced assembly method,which could impart non-leaking PEG filling while concurrently facilitating thermal conduction,light absorption,and flame-retardant.Consequently,the as-prepared wood-based CPCMs showcase enhanced thermal conductivity(0.82 W m^(-1)K^(-1),about 4.6 times than PEG)as well as high latent heat of 135.5 kJ kg^(-1)(91.5%encapsula-tion)with thermal durability and stability throughout at least 200 heating and cooling cycles,featuring dramatic solar-thermal conversion efficiency up to 98.58%.In addition,with the synergistic effect of phytic acid and MXene,the flame-retardant performance of the CPCMs has been significantly enhanced,showing a self-extinguishing behavior.Moreover,the excellent electromagnetic shielding of 44.45 dB was endowed to the CPCMs,relieving contemporary health hazards associated with electromagnetic waves.Overall,we capitalize on the exquisite wood cell structure with unidirectional transport inherent in the development of multifunctional CPCMs,showcasing the operational principle through a proof-of-concept prototype system.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2021R1A2C1008272)supported by the Institute of Information&communications Technology Planning&Evaluation(IITP)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.2021-0-00259,Development of a Fast Wireless Charging System for Portable Terminals with improved heat dissipation and shielding performance)supported by the Applied Basic Research Program of Changzhou City(CJ20220030).
文摘Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are one of the most promising modern-day energy supply systems because of their high theoretical energy density and low cost.However,the development of high-energy density Li-S batteries with high loading of flammable sulfur faces the challenges of electrochemical performance degradation owing to the shuttle effect and safety issues related to fire or explosion accidents.In this work,we report a three-dimensional(3D)conductive nitrogen-doped carbon foam supported electrostatic self-assembled MXene-ammonium polyphosphate(NCF-MXene-APP)layer as a heat-resistant,thermally-insulated,flame-retardant,and freestanding host for Li-S batteries with a facile and costeffective synthesis method.Consequently,through the use of NCF-MXene-APP hosts that strongly anchor polysulfides,the Li-S batteries demonstrate outstanding electrochemical properties,including a high initial discharge capacity of 1191.6 mA h g^(-1),excellent rate capacity of 755.0 mA h g^(-1)at 1 C,and long-term cycling stability with an extremely low-capacity decay rate of 0.12%per cycle at 2 C.More importantly,these batteries can continue to operate reliably under high temperature or flame attack conditions.Thus,this study provides valuable insights into the design of safe high-performance Li-S batteries.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.11802161)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China (No.2020J05160)Startup Foundation for Doctors of Quanzhou Normal University,China (No.H18012)。
文摘Although polyimide fibers are excellent intrinsic flame-retardant fibers, their price is so high that they are rarely used in clothing. To expand their application, the polyimide fibers were blended with flame-retardant viscose fibers at a ratio of 30∶70, and the blended yarns were woven with flame-retardant polyester filaments. Fabrics with different parameters, including fabric weaves, warp yarn densities, and fabric layers, were designed, and the effects of those fabric parameters on mechanical properties and flame-retardant properties were tested and analyzed. The results show that the tearing load of the fabrics is affected by fabric weaves, warp yarn densities, and fabric layers, and the tearing load of the weft mountain weave fabric and the twill weave fabric is higher than that of the plain weave fabric. The bursting load of the fabric increases with the increase of warp yarn densities and layers. Among the tested fabric samples, the triple-layer twill fabric has the best flame-retardant performance, which meets the standard of flame-retardant protective fabric Grade B1 level. The research of this paper would provide guidance for the development and production of polyimide blended fabrics.
基金Funded by the Defense Preresearch Project of the Eleventh-Five-Year-Plan of China (No. 51312040404)
文摘Flame-retardant mechanism of magnesium oxychloride （M OC） in EP was in-vestigated by limiting oxygen index （LOI）, XRD, SEM, TG-DTG and DSC. The results show that MOC performed well as an inorganic flame-retardant in EP. When the content of MOC is 50%, the LOI of EP reaches 29.6% and mass of residual char reaches 9.6%. The flame retarde mechanism of MOC is due to the synergies of diluting, cooling, catalyzing char forming and obstructing effects.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22075265)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 2021459)。
文摘In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, developing flame retardants from bio-based resources has aroused extensive interest in recent years. In this work, we utilized furfural(biomass) and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide(DOPO) to synthesize a biobased co-curing agent(FGD) to combine with 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl methane(DDM) for obtaining a low-phosphorus loading flame-retardant epoxy thermosets. The introduction of FGD decreased the activation energy of the curing progress, enhanced the mechanical properties of the epoxy thermosets, and did not affect the glass transition temperature of the epoxy thermosets. EP-5.0 had a lower thermal degradation rate and a doubled char yield compared with EP-0. The phosphorus content of EP-5.0 was only 0.45 wt%, while EP-5.0 reached the UL-94 V-0 rating with a high LOI value of 32%. Compared with EP-0, the PHRR of EP-2.5 and EP-5.0 decreased by 22.3% and 31.3%, respectively. The SEM results showed that the addition of FGD made the char residues more uniform and denser, which could effectively prevent combustible volatiles from escaping from the degradation area to the flame area and isolate the heat transfer so that the epoxy thermosets had an excellent flame-retardant performance.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0204600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.5210021666)the Key R&D and Promotion Projects of Henan Province(Grant No.212102310016)。
文摘For solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs),improving their mechanical and electrochemical properties is the key to obtaining batteries with higher safety and higher energy density.Herein,a novel synergistic strategy proposed is preparing a 3D flame-retardant skeleton(3DPA)and adding nano-multifunctional fillers(Li-ILs@ZIF-8).In addition to providing mechanical support for the polyethylene oxide(PEO)matrix,3DPA also has further contributed to the system’s flame retardancy and further improved the safety.Simultaneously,the electrochemical performance is fully guaranteed by rigid Li-ILs@ZIF-8,which provides fast migration channels forLi^(+),reduces the crystallinity of PEO and effectively inhibits lithium dendrites.The limiting oxygen index of the optimal sample(PL3Z/PA)is as high as 20.5%,and the ionic conductivity reaches 2.89×10^(-4) and 0.91×10^(-3) S cm^(-1) at 25 and 55°C,respectively.The assembled Li|PL3Z/PA|Li battery can be cycled stably for more than 1000 h at a current density of 0.1 m A cm^(-2) without short circuit being pierced by lithium dendrites.The specific capacity of the LFP|PL3Z/PA|Li battery was 160.5 m Ah g^(-1) under a current density of 0.5 C,and the capacity retention rate was 90.0%after 300 cycles.
基金Funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFD0200404)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2018RZ0145)the National“Double First-Rate”Strategic Plan of Sichuan University,China(No.2030704401004)。
文摘A halogen-free flame-retardant (hydroquinone bis (N,N’-diarylphosphoramidate),4N-HDP) containing phosphorus-nitrogen was synthesized.Its structure was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR),nuclear magnetic resonance (^(1)H-NMR and^(31)P-NMR).Thermogravimetric analysis (TG),limiting oxygen index (LOI),UL-94 vertical burning test (UL-94),thermogravimetric-infrared instrument (TG-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to compare the flame-retarding performance and mechanism of hydroquinone bis (diphenyl phosphate) (HDP) and 4N-HDP.TG,IR and TG-IR were used for comparative analysis,indicating that both HDP and 4N-HDP are flame-retardants,and the gas phase and condensed phase act synergistically.In the pyrolysis process,it is divided into two steps:the first step is the breakage of large molecules to small molecules;the second step is the gasification and carbonization of small molecules,and eventually produces phosphate ester and non-flammable gases.Through the comparison of various results,it could be found that 4N-HDP has better flame-retarding performance compared to HDP in the composite with polycarbonate (PC).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51773134, U19A2095)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2019YFH0112)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesInstitutional Research Fund from Sichuan University (2021SCUNL201)the 111 Project (B20001)。
文摘Preparing both safe and high-performance lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) based on commonly used commercial electrolytes is highly desirable,yet challenging.To overcome the poor compatibility of conventional small-molecular flame-retardants as electrolyte additives for safe LIBs with graphite anodes,in this study,we propose and design a novel low-cost flame-retardant oligomer that achieves an accurate and complete reconciliation of fire safety and electrochemical performance in LIBs.Owing to the integration of phosphonate units and polyethylene glycol(PEG) chains,this oligomer,which is a phosphonatecontaining PEG-based oligomer(PPO),not only endows commercial electrolytes with excellent flame retardancy but also helps stabilize the electrodes and Li-ion migration.Specifically,adding 15 wt% of PPO can reduce 70% of the self-extinguishing time and 54% of total heat release for commercial electrolytes.Moreover,LiFePO_(4)/lithium and graphite/lithium cells as well as LiFePO_(4)/graphite pouch full cells exhibit good long-term cycling stability.
文摘Six new optically active and flame-retardant poly（amide-imide）s PAls 5a-5f containing phosphine oxide moiety as a flame-retardant unit in the main chain were synthesized from direct polycondensation reaction of six chiral N,N＇-（pyromellitoyl）-bis-L-amino acid 3a-3f with bis（3-aminophenyl）phenyl phosphine oxide 4 in a medium consisting of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone （NMP）, triphenyl phosphite （TPP）, calcium chloride （CaCl2） and pyridine. The polymerization reactions produced a series of optically active poly（amide-imide）s with good yield and good inherent viscosity of 0.34-0.70 dLg^-1. The resulted polymers were fully characterized by means of FTIR and ^1H-NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography （GPC）, elemental analyses, inherent viscosity and solubility tests. Thermal properties and flameretardant behavior of the PAIs 5a-5f were investigated using thermal gravimetric analysis （TGA and DTG） and limiting oxygen index （LOI）. Data obtained by thermal analysis （TGA and DTG） revealed that these polymers showed good thermal stability. Furthermore, high char yield in TGA and good LOI values indicated that the resulting polymers were capable of exhibiting good flame retardant properties. N,N＇-（pyromellitoyl）-bis-L-amino acids 3a-3f were prepared in quantitative yields by the condensation reaction of pyromellitic dianhydride （1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylicacid-1,2,4,5-dianhydride） 1 with L-alanine 2a, L-valine 2b, L-leucine 2c, L-isoleucine 2d, L-phenyl alanine 2e and L-2-aminobutyric acid 2f in acetic acid solution.
基金supported by the University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province(GXXT-2020-072)Anhui Province Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars(2208085J19).
文摘Ultrafine steel slag powder(shield powder)was prepared by grinding ordinary steel slag with a functional compound.As a substitute for aluminum hydroxide,the shield powder was combined with rubber to prepare flame-retardant composites.Vulcanization tests showed that the incorporation of shield powder enhances the crosslinkage of the composite and speeds up the curing rate.The gaseous products formed in the pyrolysis process are mainly hydrocarbons.Mechanical and combustion tests revealed that the introduction of shield powder improves flame-retardant performance without sacrificing mechanical properties.Specifically,the optimum substitution ratio of shield powder for aluminum hydroxide is 50.0%.In this case,the composite has the highest degree of graphitization and exhibits excellent flame-retardant performance.
文摘Some organoboron compounds as flame-retardants for fiber materials were prepared.Flame-retarding properties of these compounds determined by the Oxygen-Index Method weregood.These new compounds were characterized by IR,~1H NMR spectrum and elementalanalysis.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21773154 and U1705255)。
文摘Flame-retardant polymer electrolytes(FRSPEs)are attractive due to their potential for fundamentally settling the safety issues of liquid electrolytes.However,the current FRSPEs have introduced large quantity of flame-retardant composition which cannot conduct lithium ions,thus decreasing the Li-ion conductivity.Here,we synthesize a novel liquid monomer 2-((bis((2-oxo-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy)phosphoryl)oxy)ethyl acrylate(BDPA)for preparing FRSPE by in-situ polymerization,in which PBDPA polymer can not only conduct lithium ions,but also prevent burning.The prepared FRSPE demonstrated outstanding flame-retardant property,favorable lithium-ion conductivity of 5.65×10^(-4) S cm^(-1) at ambient temperature,and a wide electrochemical window up to 4.5 V.Moreover,the Li/in-situ FRSPE/S@pPAN cell exhibited favorable electrochemical performances.We believe that this work provides an effective strategy for establishing high-performance fireproof quasi-solid-state battery system.
基金support by the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2023YFC3008804)the Tsinghua University-China Petrochemical Corporation Joint Institute for Green Chemical Engineering(No.224247)Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(No.Z231100006123003).
文摘The advancement of lithium-based batteries has spurred anticipation for enhanced energy density,extended cycle life and reduced capacity degradation.However,these benefits are accompanied by potential risks,such as thermal runaway and explosions due to higher energy density.Currently,liquid organic electrolytes are the predominant choice for lithium batteries,despite their limitations in terms of mechanical strength and vulnerability to leakage.The development of polymer electrolytes,with their high Young’s modulus and enhanced safety features,offers a potential solution to the drawbacks of traditional liquid electrolytes.Despite these advantages,polymer electrolytes are still susceptible to burning and decomposition.To address this issue,researchers have conducted extensive studies to improve their flame-retardant properties from various perspectives.This review provides a concise overview of the thermal runaway mechanisms,flame-retardant mechanisms and electrochemical performance of polymer electrolytes.It also outlines the advancements in flame-retardant polymer electrolytes through the incorporation of various additives and the selection of inherently flame-retardant matrix.This review aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of flame-retardant polymer electrolytes and serve as a guide for future research in this field.
文摘Red phosphorus （RP） has attracted considerable attention as the anode for high-performance Na-ion batteries, owing to its low cost and high theoretical specific capacity of -2,600 mAh/g. In this study, a facile single-step flash-heat treatment was developed to achieve the reduction of graphene oxide （GO） and the simultaneous deposition of RP onto the reduced graphene oxide （rGO） sheets. The resulting RP/rGO composite was shown to be a promising candidate for overcoming the issues associated with the poor electronic conductivity and large volume variation of RP during cycling. The RP/rGO flexible film anode delivered an average capacity of 1,625 mAh/g during 200 cycles at a charge/ discharge current density of 1 A/g. Average charge capacities of 1,786, 1,597, 1,324, and 679 mAh/g at 1, 2, 4, and 6 A/g current densities were obtained in the rate capability tests. Moreover, owing to the RP component, the RP/rGO film presented superior flame retardancy compared to an rGO film. This work thus introduces a highly accessible synthesis method to prepare flexible and safe RP anodes with superior electrochemical performance toward Na-ion storage.
文摘This paper focuses on the superiority of organic?inorganic hybrid ion-gel electrolytes for lithiumion batteries(LiBs)over commercial electrolytes,such as 1 M LiPF6 in 1:1 ethylene carbonate(EC):dimethyl carbonate{DMC){1 M LiPF6-EC:DMC},in terms of their flame susceptibility.These ion-gel electrolytes possess ionic liquid monomers,which are confined within the borosilicate or silicate matrices that are ideal for nonflammability.Naked flame tests confirm that the organicinorganic hybrid electrolytes are less susceptible to flames,and these electrolytes do not suffer from a major loss in terms of weight.In addition,the hybrids are self-extinguishable.Therefore,these hybrids are only oxidized when subjected to a flame unlike other commercial electrolytes used in lithium-ion batteries.Supplementary analyses using differential scanning calorimetric studies reveal that the hybrids are glassy until the temperature reaches more than 100℃.The current results are consistent with previously published data on the organic-inorganic hybrids.
