The thickness and upper densification structure of an ice sheet are important parameters for dynamic ice sheet modeling and glacier mass balance studies.Seismic ambient noise methods,such as the horizontal-to-vertical...The thickness and upper densification structure of an ice sheet are important parameters for dynamic ice sheet modeling and glacier mass balance studies.Seismic ambient noise methods,such as the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio(H/V)method and ambient noise cross-correlation method,are becoming increasingly popular in glacier structure investigations.During China's 39th expedition to Antarctica,seismic ambient noise experiments were conducted to investigate the structure of the ice sheet at Kunlun Station,Dome A,using a seismic nodal system.We obtained a broad band(0.1–10 Hz)H/V curve with a 1-hour noise record from a seismic node.In addition,we extracted the Rayleigh wave dispersion curve with 5-day noise cross-correlation functions from a linear dense seismic array.Three clear peaks were observed in the H/V curve—a lower peak at~0.17 Hz and two higher frequency peaks at~3 Hz and~6 Hz.We inverted the ice sheet thickness using the lower frequency portion of the H/V curve and inverted the upper structure of the ice sheet using the higher frequency portion of the H/V curve jointly with the dispersion curve.Our estimations from ambient noise observations were consistent with those derived from the BedMachine ice sheet thickness dataset and the density profile determined by ground-penetrating radar investigations at the same site.展开更多
Mountain glaciers are sensitive to climate variability and can be of great importance for downstream populations due to their hydrological significance.Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)images are often used to monitor the...Mountain glaciers are sensitive to climate variability and can be of great importance for downstream populations due to their hydrological significance.Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)images are often used to monitor the characteristics of glaciers based on the backscattering coefficient.However,the influence of satellite orbit and polarization when collecting images for wide regions has not been well considered.This study focuses on the extraction of wet snow in summer and firn in winter in West Kunlun Shan and the Xizang Interior Mountains by using Sentinel-1 C-band SAR data.The investigated regions have different climate patterns.We compare backscatter coefficient distributions for wet snow and firn,derived from maximum likelihood classification under various polarizations,alongside their respective ratios and show that polarization has a minor impact on the identification and monitoring of both wet snow and firn.However,a comparison of the wet snow ratios at different satellite orbits reveals notable differences between ascending and descending orbits in summer.We furthermore show,by analyzing weather stations on glaciers,that such effect can be related to the different acquisition time and different temperatures in the morning and afternoon and therefore to the orbit.In contrast,firn ratios across different orbits show less variation in winter,and the monitoring results consistently align with the patterns of ablation and accumulation typical under both climatic influences.These findings demonstrate glaciers’sensitivity to temperature fluctuations and the radar wave’s responsiveness to surface characteristics.Consequently,when employing SAR for glacier monitoring,it is crucial to consider the influence of orbit and polarization,in combination with temperature variations,and whether the season is winter or summer.展开更多
In order to study the chemical characteristics of snow-firn pack in Altai Mountains and its environmental significance, a 1.5-m deep snow-firn pack was dug in the accumulation zone （3 300 m a.s.I.） of the Kanas Glac...In order to study the chemical characteristics of snow-firn pack in Altai Mountains and its environmental significance, a 1.5-m deep snow-firn pack was dug in the accumulation zone （3 300 m a.s.I.） of the Kanas Glacier in August 2009. A total of 15 samples were analyzed for major ions. Results show that the concentrations of major ions in the snow-firn pack are NH4＋〉SO4 2-〉Ca2＋〉NO3＋〉 Na＋〉CI〉K＋〉Mg2＋. NH4＋ is the dominant cation with a medium value of 4.7 ueq-L-1, accounting for 39.8% of the total cations, and SO42- is the dominant anion, with a medium value of 4.0 ueq.L-I, which accounts for 33.9% of the total cations. Compared with Belukha Glacier （Altai）, Urumqi Glacier No. 1, and the Inilchek Glacier （Tienshan）, there is a lower ion concentrations in the Kanas snow-firn pack. Potential sources of these chemical species are explored using correlation and empirical orthogonal function （EOF） analyses. The analyses indicate that major ion concentrations （except NH4＋） originate from crustal dust. Backward trajectory analysis was applied to get the origin of the air mass to Kanas Glacier. The results suggest that air pollutants emitted by forest fires in Siberia could be transported and influence the NH4＋, NO3, and SO42 concentrations on the Kanas Glacier.展开更多
A 51.85-m tim core collected from site DT001 （accumulation rate 127 kgm^-2a^-1, mean annual temperature -33.1 ℃） on Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, during the 1996-97 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Expedi...A 51.85-m tim core collected from site DT001 （accumulation rate 127 kgm^-2a^-1, mean annual temperature -33.1 ℃） on Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, during the 1996-97 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Expedition has been analyzed for chemical composition and oxygen isotope ratio. A comparison between the seasonal variations of major ions was carried out in order to reduce the dating uncertainty, using the volcanic markers as time constrains. A deposition period of 251 years was determined. The calculated accumulation rates display an increasing trend before 1820, while after 1820, the trend of the accumulation is not obvious. Overall, temperature change in the region shows a slight increasing trend over the past 250 years. But, notably, a temperature decline of -2 ℃ is observed from 1860 to the present. This feature, at odds with the warming trend over the past century recorded in both hemispheres, likely reflects a regional characteristic related to the lack of a high latitude/low latitude link in the Southern Hemisphere circulation patterns. The results of the glaciochemical records of the firn core show that the mean concentrations of Cl^-, Na^＋ and Mg^2＋ are similar to those reported from other sites in East Antarctica. However, the mean concentration of Ca^2＋ is much higher than that reported from other regions, suggesting the influence of the strong local terrestrial sources in Princess Elizabeth Land. There is no evidence of a positive correlation between NO3^- concentrations and solar activity （11-year solar cycle and solar cycle length）, although solar proton events may account for some of the NO3^- peak values in the record.展开更多
Mt. Yulong is the southernmost currently glacier covered area in Eurasia, including China. There are 19 sub tropical temperate glaciers on the mountain, controlled by the south western monsoon climate. In the sum...Mt. Yulong is the southernmost currently glacier covered area in Eurasia, including China. There are 19 sub tropical temperate glaciers on the mountain, controlled by the south western monsoon climate. In the summer of 1999, a firn core, 10.10 m long, extending down to glacier ice, was recovered in the accumulation area of the largest glacier, Baishui No.1. Periodic variations of climatic signals above 7.8 m depth were apparent, and net accumulation of four years was identified by the annual oscillations of isotopic and ionic composition. The boundaries of annual accumulation were confirmed by higher values of electrical conductivity and pH, and by dirty refreezing ice layers at the levels of summer surfaces. Calculated mean annual net accumulation from 1994/1995 to 1997/1998 was about 900 mm water equivalent. The amplitude of isotopic variations in the profile decreased with increasing depth, and isotopic homogenization occurred below 7.8 m as a result of meltwater percolation. Variations of δ 18 O above 7.8 m showed an approximate correlation with the winter climatic trend at Li Jiang Station, 25 km away. Concentrations of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ were much higher than those of Na + and K +, indicating that the air masses for precipitation were mainly from a continental source, and that the core material accumulated during the winter period. The close correspondence of Cl - and Na + indicated their common origin. Very low concentrations of SO 2- 4 and NO - 3 suggest that pollution caused by human activities is quite low in the area. The mean annual net accumulation in the core and the estimated ablation indicate that the average annual precipitation above the glacier's equilibrium line is 2400 3150 mm, but this needs to be confirmed by long term observation of mass balance.展开更多
Mt. Yulong, located in the eastern part of Tibetan Plateau, is the southmost present glaciation area both in China and Europe\|Asia continent,where distributes 19 typical sub\|tropics temperate glaciers. In the summer...Mt. Yulong, located in the eastern part of Tibetan Plateau, is the southmost present glaciation area both in China and Europe\|Asia continent,where distributes 19 typical sub\|tropics temperate glaciers. In the summer of 1999, a firn core, 10 10m long to the glacier ice, was successfully recovered in the accumulation area at the largest glacier (No.1 Baishui) on Mt. Yulong. Annual and seasonal variations of different climatic signals above the depth of 7 8m are apparent and five\|year snow accumulation can be clearly identified by the seasonal changes of isotopic and ionic composition, some higher values of electrical conductivity and pH values. These annual boundaries can be also verified by the positions of dirty refrozen ice layers at summer surface of each year. The mean annual net accumulation between the balance years of 94/95 and 97/98 are calculated to about 900mm water equivalent. The amplitude of isotopic changes becomes smaller with the increasing depth of the core and isotopic homogenization occurred below the depth of 7 8m. Concentrations of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ are much higher than those of Na + and K +, reflecting that the air masses for precipitation came far from their marine sources and passed over a longer continental route. Cl - and Na + show well corresponding variation patterns in the firn profile,indicating their same genesis. Concentrations of SO 2- 4 and NO - 3 are low, reflecting very slight pollution caused by human activities in this area. According to the sum of net income recovered from the firn core and the estimated ablation amount, the average annual precipitation above the equilibrium line is estimated in the scope of 2250mm and 3200mm but it needed to be verified by long\|term observation of mass balance. As indicated by the trend of local climatic changes in last 50years, climatic signals in the firn core and recent observation at the terminal of glacier No.1 Baishui, the glaciers in Mt. Yulong start to advance in 1998 after continuous retreat from early 1980’s to late 1990’s.展开更多
The firn aquifer beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet may play a significant role in rising sea level. Both traditional mechanical drilling and electric thermal drilling are poorly adapted for effective, low-disturbance sa...The firn aquifer beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet may play a significant role in rising sea level. Both traditional mechanical drilling and electric thermal drilling are poorly adapted for effective, low-disturbance sampling in firn aquifers. We propose using a vibrocoring technique for the undisturbed sampling of dry firn and firn aquifer layers. A remote-controlled vibrocorer is designed to obtain 1-m-long cores with a diameter of 100 mm. The depth capacity of the system is approximately 50 m. The total weight of the vibrocoring system with the surface auxiliary equipment is approximately 110 kg, and corer assembly itself weighs ~60 kg.展开更多
An approximately 195 mm diameter flrn / ice core, 234 m long, was thermally drilled in 1987 austral summer at DE08 (66°43'S, 113°12'E) on Law Dome, East Antarctica, where the accumulation rate is abo...An approximately 195 mm diameter flrn / ice core, 234 m long, was thermally drilled in 1987 austral summer at DE08 (66°43'S, 113°12'E) on Law Dome, East Antarctica, where the accumulation rate is about 1200kg/(m2-a); 10mice temperature is about-18.8℃. Analysis was mainly made at the site immediately after drilling. The snow stratigraphy at DE08 is characterised by the lack of coarse-grained snow and other distinct visible feature normally corresponding to annual layers. There is a smooth transformation from fine-grained snow at shallow depth to ice at about 80-90m which is greater than that at most other polar locations due to its abnormally high accumulation rate. According to the marked change in the trend of density with depth and in the crystal properties four stages of the transformation of snow to ice and development of crystal structure can be distinguished; settling stage (0-10m); sintering stage (10-90m); rapid crystal growth stage (90-170m); and dynamic metamorphism stage (170-234m). The rates of densification and crystal growth from the surface to the depth of the firn-ice transition closely depend on the general temperature. Below the transition zone, the crystal growth rate is higher by a factor of 4.3 in comparison with that at other sites. The very high vertical strain rate at DE08 compared to that at the other sites suggests that the crystal growth rate in the ice layer may increase by the associated deformation.展开更多
A 51.85 m firn core drilled in Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica, during the 1996-1997 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Expedition, has been measured for δ 18 O and major ions. Based on the high quality data ...A 51.85 m firn core drilled in Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica, during the 1996-1997 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Expedition, has been measured for δ 18 O and major ions. Based on the high quality data of the seasonal variations of major ions, the firn core was dated with errors within ±3 years. The 51.85 m firn core record extends for 251 years (A. D. 1745-1996). The results of the glaciochemistry data of the firn core show that the mean concentrations of Cl -, Na + and Mg 2+ are similar to those reported from other coastal areas in East Antarctica. However, mean concentrations of Ca 2+ are much higher than those reported from other regions, this anomaly phenomenon may be related to the strong local terrestrial sources. It is found that the variations of three kinds of sea salt ions (Cl -, Na + and Mg 2+ ) in the past 150 years show very similarly rising trends, which may be the results the Southern Hemisphere warming in the past century.展开更多
Based on detailed measurements of density and a numerous data on temperature in shallow boreholes (about 20m deep), the thermal properties and temperature distribution of snow / firn layer on the Law Dome ice cap, Ant...Based on detailed measurements of density and a numerous data on temperature in shallow boreholes (about 20m deep), the thermal properties and temperature distribution of snow / firn layer on the Law Dome ice cap, Antarctica, are discussed. According to a review of works on thermal properties of snow by Yen (1981), a relationship between thermal conductivity (K) and density (ρ) is proposed to be expressed by a formula, K=0.0784+2.697/ρ2. Then an eqation of heat transfer in a deformed ununiform medium is applied and solved analytically by two approaches. Comparison of calculated and measured temperatures indicates that the difference is mainly dependent on the determination of boundary donditions.展开更多
In September 1997, a 15-m firn core was recovered from an elevation of 7 000 m a. s.l. from the Dasuopu Glacier in the central Himalayas. The analysis of δ18O values and major ion (Ca2+ , Mg2+ , NH4+ , SO2- and NO3-)...In September 1997, a 15-m firn core was recovered from an elevation of 7 000 m a. s.l. from the Dasuopu Glacier in the central Himalayas. The analysis of δ18O values and major ion (Ca2+ , Mg2+ , NH4+ , SO2- and NO3-) concentrations shows that average annual accumulation is 0.75 m (water equivalent) in the Dasuopu firn core. The seasonal variations of δ18O values and major ion concentrations in the core indicate that present summer monsoon and展开更多
近几十年,格陵兰冰盖表面物质平衡(surface mass balance,SMB)和溢出冰川崩解造成冰盖物质损失加速,其中SMB的贡献近年来持续增大。因此,掌握SMB时空分布对于理解格陵兰冰盖物质平衡具有重要意义。然而,研究格陵兰冰盖SMB的2种主要手段...近几十年,格陵兰冰盖表面物质平衡(surface mass balance,SMB)和溢出冰川崩解造成冰盖物质损失加速,其中SMB的贡献近年来持续增大。因此,掌握SMB时空分布对于理解格陵兰冰盖物质平衡具有重要意义。然而,研究格陵兰冰盖SMB的2种主要手段中,区域气候模型模拟的SMB存在较大不确定性,溢出冰川通量门遥感观测仅能间接获得通量门上游流域整体的SMB值,难以反映SMB的空间分布。本研究提出了一种综合冰通量散度的格陵兰冰盖表面物质平衡遥感估算方法,能够较为准确地估算SMB空间分布:①利用ICESat-2卫星激光测高数据获取格陵兰冰盖高程年际变化量;②利用MEaSUREs冰流速遥感数据和BedMachine冰厚度数据,采用基于像元的有限差分法计算冰通量散度,估算冰流造成的冰盖高程变化,进而从ICESat-2冰盖高程变化中减去由冰流造成的冰盖高程变化,获得由SMB引起的冰盖高程变化;③利用粒雪密实化模型将SMB引起的高程变化转换为质量变化,即可反映格陵兰冰盖年际SMB空间分布。研究采用该方法估算了2019年与2020年格陵兰冰盖SMB空间分布,通过与观测站点实测SMB对比分析,表明本方法估算SMB的精度较高(RMSE为0.519 m w.e.),优于区域气候模型(RMSE为0.565~0.877 m w.e.),是一种较为可靠的格陵兰冰盖表面物质平衡时空分布遥感估算方法。展开更多
A database of Antarctic 10 m firn temperature was constructed using available borehole temperature measurements with data quality control to extend knowledge of Antarctic climate. Slopes from a high-resolution digital...A database of Antarctic 10 m firn temperature was constructed using available borehole temperature measurements with data quality control to extend knowledge of Antarctic climate. Slopes from a high-resolution digital elevation model and the main ice divide were used to delineate main drainage sectors across Antarctica. In each drainage sector, a quantitative relationship between temperature and latitude, longitude and altitude was established using available tim temperature data. Quantitative relationships incorporating other factors affecting Antarctic air temperature such as atmospheric circulation and small-scale to- pography were used to derive a 10-km resolution grid map of surface temperature. The resulting temperature patterns presented a reasonable depiction of both large and small-scale variations in Antarctic 10 m firn temperature. This map is useful for many spatial variation studies, Antarctic ice sheet models, and comparison with satellite-derived temperature data and outputs of atmospheric general circulation models.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC),grant number 42076234the National Key Research and Development Program of China,grant number 2021YFC2801404。
文摘The thickness and upper densification structure of an ice sheet are important parameters for dynamic ice sheet modeling and glacier mass balance studies.Seismic ambient noise methods,such as the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio(H/V)method and ambient noise cross-correlation method,are becoming increasingly popular in glacier structure investigations.During China's 39th expedition to Antarctica,seismic ambient noise experiments were conducted to investigate the structure of the ice sheet at Kunlun Station,Dome A,using a seismic nodal system.We obtained a broad band(0.1–10 Hz)H/V curve with a 1-hour noise record from a seismic node.In addition,we extracted the Rayleigh wave dispersion curve with 5-day noise cross-correlation functions from a linear dense seismic array.Three clear peaks were observed in the H/V curve—a lower peak at~0.17 Hz and two higher frequency peaks at~3 Hz and~6 Hz.We inverted the ice sheet thickness using the lower frequency portion of the H/V curve and inverted the upper structure of the ice sheet using the higher frequency portion of the H/V curve jointly with the dispersion curve.Our estimations from ambient noise observations were consistent with those derived from the BedMachine ice sheet thickness dataset and the density profile determined by ground-penetrating radar investigations at the same site.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 41971393]the Dragon 5 programme[grant number 400059344/21/I-NB]supported by ESA and NRSCC/MOST and by Key scientific and technological research projects in the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps:[grant number 2023AB074]。
文摘Mountain glaciers are sensitive to climate variability and can be of great importance for downstream populations due to their hydrological significance.Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)images are often used to monitor the characteristics of glaciers based on the backscattering coefficient.However,the influence of satellite orbit and polarization when collecting images for wide regions has not been well considered.This study focuses on the extraction of wet snow in summer and firn in winter in West Kunlun Shan and the Xizang Interior Mountains by using Sentinel-1 C-band SAR data.The investigated regions have different climate patterns.We compare backscatter coefficient distributions for wet snow and firn,derived from maximum likelihood classification under various polarizations,alongside their respective ratios and show that polarization has a minor impact on the identification and monitoring of both wet snow and firn.However,a comparison of the wet snow ratios at different satellite orbits reveals notable differences between ascending and descending orbits in summer.We furthermore show,by analyzing weather stations on glaciers,that such effect can be related to the different acquisition time and different temperatures in the morning and afternoon and therefore to the orbit.In contrast,firn ratios across different orbits show less variation in winter,and the monitoring results consistently align with the patterns of ablation and accumulation typical under both climatic influences.These findings demonstrate glaciers’sensitivity to temperature fluctuations and the radar wave’s responsiveness to surface characteristics.Consequently,when employing SAR for glacier monitoring,it is crucial to consider the influence of orbit and polarization,in combination with temperature variations,and whether the season is winter or summer.
基金supported by the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-EW-311)the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2010CB951003)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 91025012, 111141001, J0930003/J0109)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (No. NCET-10-0019)the SKLCS founding (No. SKLCS-ZZ-2010-04)
文摘In order to study the chemical characteristics of snow-firn pack in Altai Mountains and its environmental significance, a 1.5-m deep snow-firn pack was dug in the accumulation zone （3 300 m a.s.I.） of the Kanas Glacier in August 2009. A total of 15 samples were analyzed for major ions. Results show that the concentrations of major ions in the snow-firn pack are NH4＋〉SO4 2-〉Ca2＋〉NO3＋〉 Na＋〉CI〉K＋〉Mg2＋. NH4＋ is the dominant cation with a medium value of 4.7 ueq-L-1, accounting for 39.8% of the total cations, and SO42- is the dominant anion, with a medium value of 4.0 ueq.L-I, which accounts for 33.9% of the total cations. Compared with Belukha Glacier （Altai）, Urumqi Glacier No. 1, and the Inilchek Glacier （Tienshan）, there is a lower ion concentrations in the Kanas snow-firn pack. Potential sources of these chemical species are explored using correlation and empirical orthogonal function （EOF） analyses. The analyses indicate that major ion concentrations （except NH4＋） originate from crustal dust. Backward trajectory analysis was applied to get the origin of the air mass to Kanas Glacier. The results suggest that air pollutants emitted by forest fires in Siberia could be transported and influence the NH4＋, NO3, and SO42 concentrations on the Kanas Glacier.
基金The Key International Cooperation Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, No. 2001CB711003 Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS, No.KZCX3-SW-354
文摘A 51.85-m tim core collected from site DT001 （accumulation rate 127 kgm^-2a^-1, mean annual temperature -33.1 ℃） on Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, during the 1996-97 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Expedition has been analyzed for chemical composition and oxygen isotope ratio. A comparison between the seasonal variations of major ions was carried out in order to reduce the dating uncertainty, using the volcanic markers as time constrains. A deposition period of 251 years was determined. The calculated accumulation rates display an increasing trend before 1820, while after 1820, the trend of the accumulation is not obvious. Overall, temperature change in the region shows a slight increasing trend over the past 250 years. But, notably, a temperature decline of -2 ℃ is observed from 1860 to the present. This feature, at odds with the warming trend over the past century recorded in both hemispheres, likely reflects a regional characteristic related to the lack of a high latitude/low latitude link in the Southern Hemisphere circulation patterns. The results of the glaciochemical records of the firn core show that the mean concentrations of Cl^-, Na^＋ and Mg^2＋ are similar to those reported from other sites in East Antarctica. However, the mean concentration of Ca^2＋ is much higher than that reported from other regions, suggesting the influence of the strong local terrestrial sources in Princess Elizabeth Land. There is no evidence of a positive correlation between NO3^- concentrations and solar activity （11-year solar cycle and solar cycle length）, although solar proton events may account for some of the NO3^- peak values in the record.
文摘Mt. Yulong is the southernmost currently glacier covered area in Eurasia, including China. There are 19 sub tropical temperate glaciers on the mountain, controlled by the south western monsoon climate. In the summer of 1999, a firn core, 10.10 m long, extending down to glacier ice, was recovered in the accumulation area of the largest glacier, Baishui No.1. Periodic variations of climatic signals above 7.8 m depth were apparent, and net accumulation of four years was identified by the annual oscillations of isotopic and ionic composition. The boundaries of annual accumulation were confirmed by higher values of electrical conductivity and pH, and by dirty refreezing ice layers at the levels of summer surfaces. Calculated mean annual net accumulation from 1994/1995 to 1997/1998 was about 900 mm water equivalent. The amplitude of isotopic variations in the profile decreased with increasing depth, and isotopic homogenization occurred below 7.8 m as a result of meltwater percolation. Variations of δ 18 O above 7.8 m showed an approximate correlation with the winter climatic trend at Li Jiang Station, 25 km away. Concentrations of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ were much higher than those of Na + and K +, indicating that the air masses for precipitation were mainly from a continental source, and that the core material accumulated during the winter period. The close correspondence of Cl - and Na + indicated their common origin. Very low concentrations of SO 2- 4 and NO - 3 suggest that pollution caused by human activities is quite low in the area. The mean annual net accumulation in the core and the estimated ablation indicate that the average annual precipitation above the glacier's equilibrium line is 2400 3150 mm, but this needs to be confirmed by long term observation of mass balance.
文摘Mt. Yulong, located in the eastern part of Tibetan Plateau, is the southmost present glaciation area both in China and Europe\|Asia continent,where distributes 19 typical sub\|tropics temperate glaciers. In the summer of 1999, a firn core, 10 10m long to the glacier ice, was successfully recovered in the accumulation area at the largest glacier (No.1 Baishui) on Mt. Yulong. Annual and seasonal variations of different climatic signals above the depth of 7 8m are apparent and five\|year snow accumulation can be clearly identified by the seasonal changes of isotopic and ionic composition, some higher values of electrical conductivity and pH values. These annual boundaries can be also verified by the positions of dirty refrozen ice layers at summer surface of each year. The mean annual net accumulation between the balance years of 94/95 and 97/98 are calculated to about 900mm water equivalent. The amplitude of isotopic changes becomes smaller with the increasing depth of the core and isotopic homogenization occurred below the depth of 7 8m. Concentrations of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ are much higher than those of Na + and K +, reflecting that the air masses for precipitation came far from their marine sources and passed over a longer continental route. Cl - and Na + show well corresponding variation patterns in the firn profile,indicating their same genesis. Concentrations of SO 2- 4 and NO - 3 are low, reflecting very slight pollution caused by human activities in this area. According to the sum of net income recovered from the firn core and the estimated ablation amount, the average annual precipitation above the equilibrium line is estimated in the scope of 2250mm and 3200mm but it needed to be verified by long\|term observation of mass balance. As indicated by the trend of local climatic changes in last 50years, climatic signals in the firn core and recent observation at the terminal of glacier No.1 Baishui, the glaciers in Mt. Yulong start to advance in 1998 after continuous retreat from early 1980’s to late 1990’s.
基金supported the by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant no. 2021YFC2801400)。
文摘The firn aquifer beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet may play a significant role in rising sea level. Both traditional mechanical drilling and electric thermal drilling are poorly adapted for effective, low-disturbance sampling in firn aquifers. We propose using a vibrocoring technique for the undisturbed sampling of dry firn and firn aquifer layers. A remote-controlled vibrocorer is designed to obtain 1-m-long cores with a diameter of 100 mm. The depth capacity of the system is approximately 50 m. The total weight of the vibrocoring system with the surface auxiliary equipment is approximately 110 kg, and corer assembly itself weighs ~60 kg.
文摘An approximately 195 mm diameter flrn / ice core, 234 m long, was thermally drilled in 1987 austral summer at DE08 (66°43'S, 113°12'E) on Law Dome, East Antarctica, where the accumulation rate is about 1200kg/(m2-a); 10mice temperature is about-18.8℃. Analysis was mainly made at the site immediately after drilling. The snow stratigraphy at DE08 is characterised by the lack of coarse-grained snow and other distinct visible feature normally corresponding to annual layers. There is a smooth transformation from fine-grained snow at shallow depth to ice at about 80-90m which is greater than that at most other polar locations due to its abnormally high accumulation rate. According to the marked change in the trend of density with depth and in the crystal properties four stages of the transformation of snow to ice and development of crystal structure can be distinguished; settling stage (0-10m); sintering stage (10-90m); rapid crystal growth stage (90-170m); and dynamic metamorphism stage (170-234m). The rates of densification and crystal growth from the surface to the depth of the firn-ice transition closely depend on the general temperature. Below the transition zone, the crystal growth rate is higher by a factor of 4.3 in comparison with that at other sites. The very high vertical strain rate at DE08 compared to that at the other sites suggests that the crystal growth rate in the ice layer may increase by the associated deformation.
基金the Key International Cooperation Project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China,No.2001CB711003the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.40305007the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Northwest Normal University,No.NWNU-KJCXGC-02-20.
文摘A 51.85 m firn core drilled in Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica, during the 1996-1997 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Expedition, has been measured for δ 18 O and major ions. Based on the high quality data of the seasonal variations of major ions, the firn core was dated with errors within ±3 years. The 51.85 m firn core record extends for 251 years (A. D. 1745-1996). The results of the glaciochemistry data of the firn core show that the mean concentrations of Cl -, Na + and Mg 2+ are similar to those reported from other coastal areas in East Antarctica. However, mean concentrations of Ca 2+ are much higher than those reported from other regions, this anomaly phenomenon may be related to the strong local terrestrial sources. It is found that the variations of three kinds of sea salt ions (Cl -, Na + and Mg 2+ ) in the past 150 years show very similarly rising trends, which may be the results the Southern Hemisphere warming in the past century.
文摘Based on detailed measurements of density and a numerous data on temperature in shallow boreholes (about 20m deep), the thermal properties and temperature distribution of snow / firn layer on the Law Dome ice cap, Antarctica, are discussed. According to a review of works on thermal properties of snow by Yen (1981), a relationship between thermal conductivity (K) and density (ρ) is proposed to be expressed by a formula, K=0.0784+2.697/ρ2. Then an eqation of heat transfer in a deformed ununiform medium is applied and solved analytically by two approaches. Comparison of calculated and measured temperatures indicates that the difference is mainly dependent on the determination of boundary donditions.
文摘In September 1997, a 15-m firn core was recovered from an elevation of 7 000 m a. s.l. from the Dasuopu Glacier in the central Himalayas. The analysis of δ18O values and major ion (Ca2+ , Mg2+ , NH4+ , SO2- and NO3-) concentrations shows that average annual accumulation is 0.75 m (water equivalent) in the Dasuopu firn core. The seasonal variations of δ18O values and major ion concentrations in the core indicate that present summer monsoon and
文摘近几十年,格陵兰冰盖表面物质平衡(surface mass balance,SMB)和溢出冰川崩解造成冰盖物质损失加速,其中SMB的贡献近年来持续增大。因此,掌握SMB时空分布对于理解格陵兰冰盖物质平衡具有重要意义。然而,研究格陵兰冰盖SMB的2种主要手段中,区域气候模型模拟的SMB存在较大不确定性,溢出冰川通量门遥感观测仅能间接获得通量门上游流域整体的SMB值,难以反映SMB的空间分布。本研究提出了一种综合冰通量散度的格陵兰冰盖表面物质平衡遥感估算方法,能够较为准确地估算SMB空间分布:①利用ICESat-2卫星激光测高数据获取格陵兰冰盖高程年际变化量;②利用MEaSUREs冰流速遥感数据和BedMachine冰厚度数据,采用基于像元的有限差分法计算冰通量散度,估算冰流造成的冰盖高程变化,进而从ICESat-2冰盖高程变化中减去由冰流造成的冰盖高程变化,获得由SMB引起的冰盖高程变化;③利用粒雪密实化模型将SMB引起的高程变化转换为质量变化,即可反映格陵兰冰盖年际SMB空间分布。研究采用该方法估算了2019年与2020年格陵兰冰盖SMB空间分布,通过与观测站点实测SMB对比分析,表明本方法估算SMB的精度较高(RMSE为0.519 m w.e.),优于区域气候模型(RMSE为0.565~0.877 m w.e.),是一种较为可靠的格陵兰冰盖表面物质平衡时空分布遥感估算方法。
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40825017)Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. SKLCSZZ-2008-06)National Key Technology R & D Program (Grant No. 2006BAB18B01)
文摘A database of Antarctic 10 m firn temperature was constructed using available borehole temperature measurements with data quality control to extend knowledge of Antarctic climate. Slopes from a high-resolution digital elevation model and the main ice divide were used to delineate main drainage sectors across Antarctica. In each drainage sector, a quantitative relationship between temperature and latitude, longitude and altitude was established using available tim temperature data. Quantitative relationships incorporating other factors affecting Antarctic air temperature such as atmospheric circulation and small-scale to- pography were used to derive a 10-km resolution grid map of surface temperature. The resulting temperature patterns presented a reasonable depiction of both large and small-scale variations in Antarctic 10 m firn temperature. This map is useful for many spatial variation studies, Antarctic ice sheet models, and comparison with satellite-derived temperature data and outputs of atmospheric general circulation models.
文摘以祁连山七一冰川为例,基于Landsat TM/ETM+数据建立了通过单波段(近红外波段)阈值法提取雪线的方法,并结合观测数据进行了验证.将此方法应用到2000-2013年木孜塔格冰鳞川冰川粒雪线高度变化的估算中,结合茫崖气象站暖季气温(9、7、8月份的平均气温)和6-8月降水量数据,探索粒雪线高度与气温、降水量之间的关系.结果表明:单波段阈值法可较为准确地估计冰川的雪线位置,2000-2013年冰鳞川冰川粒雪线高度呈波动变化,在2006年达到最大值(海拔5 678 m).气温升高是冰鳞川冰川粒雪线高度变化的主导因素,气温上升1℃可导致粒雪线高度升高约83 m.
