Unmanned combat aerial vehicles require lightweight,stealth-capable exhaust systems.However,traditional metallic nozzles increase radar detectability and reduce range,while advanced composites offer high performance b...Unmanned combat aerial vehicles require lightweight,stealth-capable exhaust systems.However,traditional metallic nozzles increase radar detectability and reduce range,while advanced composites offer high performance but are expensive.Therefore,to improve the operational range and survivability of unmanned combat aerial vehicles,a lightweight,high-temperature-resistant,oxidation-resistant,and low-observable composite exhaust nozzle is developed to replace conventional metallic straight-type nozzles.The nozzle features a double serpentine shape to reduce radar and infrared signatures and is manufactured as a monolithic structure using the filament winding process,accommodating the complex geometry and large size(length:1.8 m,width:0.8 m).The exhaust nozzle consists of a ceramic matrix composite made of silicon carbide fibers and a silicon oxycarbide matrix,which absorbs and scatters radio frequency signals while withstanding prolonged exposure to high-temperature(700℃)oxidizing environments typical of engine exhaust gases.The polysiloxane resin used to produce the silicon oxycarbide matrix poses significant challenges owing to its low tackiness and high viscosity variations depending on the presence of nanoparticles,making filament winding difficult.These challenges are addressed by optimizing resin viscosity and winding pattern design.As a result,the tensile strength of the composite specimens fabricated with the optimized viscosity increases by 228.03% before pyrolysis and 97.68%after pyrolysis,compared with that of the non-optimized specimens.In addition,the density and tensile strength of the composite processed via three cycles of polymer infiltration and pyrolysis increased by 13.08% and 80.37%,respectively,compared to those of the non-densified composite.High-temperature oxidation and flame tests demonstrate exceptional thermal and oxidative stability.Furthermore,when compared with carbon fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites,the developed composite exhibits a permittivity at least two levels lower and a reflection loss below7 dB within the frequency range of 9.3-10.9 GHz,underscoring its superior electromagnetic stealth performance.展开更多
Intermediate filaments(IFs)in human cells are the products of six distinct gene families,all sharing homology in a core rod domain.These IFs assemble into non-polar polymers,providing cytoplasmic and nuclear mechanica...Intermediate filaments(IFs)in human cells are the products of six distinct gene families,all sharing homology in a core rod domain.These IFs assemble into non-polar polymers,providing cytoplasmic and nuclear mechanical support.Recent research has revealed the active and dynamic properties of IFs and their binding partners.This regulation extends beyond cell mechanics to include migration,mechanotransduction,and tumor growth.Therefore,this comprehensive review aims to catalog all human IF genes and IF-associated proteins(IFAPs),detailing their names,sizes,functions,associated human diseases,relevant literature,and links to resources like UniProt and the Protein Atlas database.These links provide access to additional information such as protein structure,subcellular localization,disease-causing mutations,and pathology.Using this catalog,we will provide an overview of the current understanding of the biological functions of IFs and IFAPs.This overview is crucial for identifying gaps in their characterization and understanding IF-mediated mechanotransduction.Additionally,we will consider potential future research directions.展开更多
Alkaline stress in saline soil limits cotton production that may be improved by using emerging nanobiotechnology approaches.Here,we applied poly acrylic acid coated Mn3O4 nanoparticles(PMO)on cotton leaves which showe...Alkaline stress in saline soil limits cotton production that may be improved by using emerging nanobiotechnology approaches.Here,we applied poly acrylic acid coated Mn3O4 nanoparticles(PMO)on cotton leaves which showed higher chlorophyll content(up to 100.0%)and fresh weight(46.9%)and lower electrolyte leakage rate(up to 6.8%)and cell death rate(up to 84.8%)than controls.Further investigation showed that PMO can maintain reactive oxygen species(ROS)homeostasis,increase the stability of actin filament(AF),and reduce Na^(+)content.Confocal imaging and ROS content measurement showed that PMO foliar application effectively alleviated ROS over-accumulation(up to 16.4%decrease for H_(2)O_(2)and 45.3%decrease for O_(2)^(•-))in cotton leaves.Moreover,under alkaline stress,genes for AF depolymerization such as GhADF1/8 and GhADF6 and for AF polymerization such as GhADF5 were significantly down-regulated in PMO treated cotton lines relative to those in the control,consistent with the fluorescence intensities of AFs.Furthermore,our results showed that PMO mitigated Na^(+)toxicity under alkaline stress,as indicated by the reduced Na^(+)fluorescence intensity and Na^(+)content.Furthermore,relative to those of the control,PMO treatment increased seed yield and lint yield by 65.0%and 66.3%respectively.Together,our work demonstrates that ROS scavenging PMO alleviated alkaline stress by stabilizing actin filaments and reducing Na^(+)toxicity.展开更多
The variations of the frontogenetic activity of cold filament driven by the different angle(θ=0°,22.5°,45°,67.5°,and 90°)of the wind and wave fields and the filament axis are studied by non h...The variations of the frontogenetic activity of cold filament driven by the different angle(θ=0°,22.5°,45°,67.5°,and 90°)of the wind and wave fields and the filament axis are studied by non hydrostatic large eddy simulation.Conversion between the frontogenesis and frontolysis of cold filament were created by the chang in the direction of secondary circulations.The changes in the direction of secondary circulation are induced by the Coriolis Effect regardless of wind direction and wave fields.The destructive action of the wind and wave fields on symmetry of the submesoscale flow fields becomes weak as the angle increases.The secondary downwelling jet induced by Stokes shear force is gradually close to that associated with secondary circulations as the angle changes fromθ=0°to 45°and then the downwelling jet is only created by secondary circulations forθ=67.5°and 90°.The frontogenetic intensity of cold filament may be impacted by the angle of the wind and wave fields and the filament axis.The reason is that firstly the odd-symmetry of secondary circulations enhances with the angle increasing,and secondary the secondary downwelling jet created the Stokes shear force gradually weakens and then disappears with the angle increasing.展开更多
A numerical method to predict the bursting strength of filament wound composite rocket motor case is proposed here.This method can evaluate the longitudinal stress evolution of each composite layer as impregnated fila...A numerical method to predict the bursting strength of filament wound composite rocket motor case is proposed here.This method can evaluate the longitudinal stress evolution of each composite layer as impregnated filaments with fiber tension are wound layer by layer,and consider the effects of accumulated stress and deformation during filament winding on the bursting strength of composite case.Taking∅520 mm composite cases as a case study,the filament-winding-process-induced stress and deformation as well as progressive damage behavior are numerically predicted,followed by a comparison with experimental results.The numerical results show that the predicted bursting pressures for composite cases manufactured on the mandrels with and without a flexible component are 14.20 MPa and 21.40 MPa,respectively.These values exhibit slight deviation from the measured pressures of 13.50 MPa and 21.57 MPa.Moreover,the predicted damage locations,situated respectively in the dome and cylinder,agree well with the experimental observation.These observations indicate that use of flexible component reduces the load-bearing capacity of the domes.Furthermore,it validates the reliability and accuracy of the proposed numerical method in predicting the bursting strength of composite cases.展开更多
The conversion of sound vibration into electrical potential is a critical function performed by cochlear hair cells.Unlike the regenerative capacity found in various other cells throughout the body,cochlear sensory ce...The conversion of sound vibration into electrical potential is a critical function performed by cochlear hair cells.Unlike the regenerative capacity found in various other cells throughout the body,cochlear sensory cells lack the ability to regenerate once damaged.Furthermore,a decline in the quantity of these cells results in a deterioration of auditory function.Piezoelectric materials can generate electric charge in response to sound wave vibration,making them theoretically suitable for replacing hair cell function.This study explores an innovative approach using piezoelectric nanocomposite filaments,namely poly(vinylidene fluoride),poly(vinylidene fluoride)/barium titanate,and poly(vinylidene fluoride)/reduced graphene oxide,as self-powered acoustic sensors designed to function in place of cochlear hair cells.These flexible filaments demonstrate a unique ability to generate electricity in response to frequency sounds from 50 up to 1000 Hz at moderate sound pressure levels(60–95 dB),approaching the audible range with an overall acoustoelectric energy conversion efficiency of 3.25%.Serving as self-powered acoustic sensors,these flexible filaments hold promise for potential applications in cochlear implants,with a high sensitivity of 117.5 mV(Pa-cm^(2))^(-1).The cytocompatibility of these filaments was assessed through in vitro viability tests conducted on three cell lines,serving as a model for inner ear cells.展开更多
Accidental exposure to overdose ionizing radiation will inevitably lead to severe biological damage,thus detecting and localizing radiation is essential.Traditional measurement techniques are generally restricted to t...Accidental exposure to overdose ionizing radiation will inevitably lead to severe biological damage,thus detecting and localizing radiation is essential.Traditional measurement techniques are generally restricted to the detection range of few centimeters,posing a great risk to operators.The prospect in remote sensing makes femtosecond laser filament technology a great candidate for constructively addressing this challenge.Here we propose a novel filament-based ionizing radiation sensing method,and clarify the interaction mechanism between filaments and ionizing radiation from systematic experiment to microscopic theory.Specifically,it is demonstrated that the energetic electrons produced byαradiation in air can be effectively accelerated within the filament,serving as seed electrons,which will enhance nitrogen fluorescence.The extended nitrogen fluorescence lifetime of~1 ns is also observed.Lastly,the combined microscopic model was elaborately established to quantitatively explain the modulation of nitrogen fluorescence emission from filament by ionizing radiation.These findings provide insights into the intricate interaction among ultra-strong light field,plasma and energetic particle beam,potentially suggesting a promising novel avenue for remote sensing of ionizing radiation.展开更多
Magnetic reconnection driving a two-sided-loop jet is typically associated with interactions between an emerging bipole and the overlying horizontal magnetic field,or between filaments from separate magnetic systems.L...Magnetic reconnection driving a two-sided-loop jet is typically associated with interactions between an emerging bipole and the overlying horizontal magnetic field,or between filaments from separate magnetic systems.Leveraging high temporal and spatial resolution observations from ground-based and space-borne instruments,we have identified a two-sided-loop jet originating from magnetic reconnection between threads within a single filament.Our observations show that as two initially crossing filamentary threads within the filament converge,reconnection takes place at their intersection.In the Doppler images,distinct redshift and blueshift signals are observed at the locations where the filament threads intersected.This process generates a two-sided-loop jet with outflow speeds of 22.2 and 62.5 km s^(-1).Following reconnection,the original crossing threads transform into two parallel threads that subsequently separate at speeds of 2.8 and 8.3kms^(-1).This observation offers a new perspective on the mechanisms responsible for jet formation.展开更多
The air-sea interactions with the submesoscale warm filament of the oceanic mixed layer are simulated by a coupled atmosphere-ocean model of the parallelized lager eddy simulation model.The results show that the warm ...The air-sea interactions with the submesoscale warm filament of the oceanic mixed layer are simulated by a coupled atmosphere-ocean model of the parallelized lager eddy simulation model.The results show that the warm core of the oceanic warm filament heats the bottom air of the atmospheric boundary layer,the rise of the bottom warm air results in the formation of the atmospheric warm filament.The variation in the width of the oceanic warm filament is generated by the change in the direction of the secondary circulations.The variation in the width of the atmospheric warm filament is created by that of the oceanic warm filament,because the direction of the secondary circulations of the atmospheric warm filament is invariable with time.The Coriolis effect results in the change in the direction of the secondary circulations for the oceanic warm filament.The secondary circulations of the atmospheric warm filament are produced by the rise of the bottom warm air caused by the oceanic warm filament,which leads to the unchanged direction of the secondary circulations.The thermal convection turbulence caused by the temperature difference of the ocean and atmosphere gradually weakens the structure of the oceanic and atmospheric warm filaments.展开更多
A study was conducted to evaluate the cultivable filamentous fungal diversity in organic layers (L, F, and H layers) and A1 layer of two main forest types, Pinus massoniana and Liguidambar formasana mixed forest and Q...A study was conducted to evaluate the cultivable filamentous fungal diversity in organic layers (L, F, and H layers) and A1 layer of two main forest types, Pinus massoniana and Liguidambar formasana mixed forest and Quercus variabilis forest, in Zijin Mountain(325?N, 11848?E), Nanjing, China. A total of 67 taxa comprising 56 Deuteromycetes, 3 Zygomycetes, 5 Asco-mycetes and 3 unidentified fungi were recognized from samples from the forest floor of the two forest types. The most abundant group was Deuteromycetes. The dominant genera in both forests were Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp., Gliocladium sp. and Trichoderma spp. The fungal diversity was higher in the mixed forest than that in Q. variabilis forest. For both forest types, the maximum fungal diversity was found in layer F and there existed significantly different in fungal diversity between layer F and layer L. In the mixed forest, richness of fungi isolated from needle litter (P. massoniana) was lower than that from leaf litter (L. formasana). The richness of fungi from needle litter increased with the in-crease of forest floor depth, but for leaf litter, the fungal diversity decreased with the depth of forest floor. The co-species of fungi from the two forest types, as well as from two kinds of litters in mixed forest, increased with the depth of the forest floor. The succession of fungi along with the process of decomposition was discussed here. The results also showed that litter quality was a critical factor affecting fungal diversity.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to make use of the limited filamentous sludge bulking characteristics to purify water quality and save energy. [Method] The effects of dissolved oxygen （DO） on sludge bulking were explor...[Objective] This study aimed to make use of the limited filamentous sludge bulking characteristics to purify water quality and save energy. [Method] The effects of dissolved oxygen （DO） on sludge bulking were explored by changing the DO con- centration in the aerobiotic pool of NO system from the low load （0.25 kg COD/（kg MLSS.d）） and the medium to high load （0.55 kgCOD/（kg MLSSod））. [Result] In the NO activated sludge system, when the sludge load was 0.25 kg COD/（kg MLSS.d）, DO=1.5 mg/L, the sludge index was at around 250, while when the sludge load- ing was 0.55 kg COD/（kg MLSS.d）, DO=1.5 mg/L, the sludge index was close to 300, occurring the limited filamentous bulking. The bulked sludge still showed high removal rates to COD, SS, nitrogen and phosphorus. [Conclusion] It could improve the oxygen transfer rate and reduce the aeration rate at low DO conditions to achieve energy-saving.展开更多
Filament-and plasma-grating-induced breakdown spectroscopy(F-GIBS)was demonstrated as an efficient technique for sensitive detection of metals in water,where plasma gratings were established through synchronized nonli...Filament-and plasma-grating-induced breakdown spectroscopy(F-GIBS)was demonstrated as an efficient technique for sensitive detection of metals in water,where plasma gratings were established through synchronized nonlinear interaction of two noncollinear filaments and an additional filament was generated with another fs laser beam propagating along their bisector.A water jet was constructed vertically to the three coplanar filaments,overcoming side effects from violent plasma explosion and bubble generation.Three distinct regimes of different mechanisms were validated for nonlinear couplings of the third filament with plasma gratings.As the third filament was temporally overlapped with the two noncollinear filaments in the interaction zone,all the three filaments participated in synchronous nonlinear interaction and plasma grating structures were altered by the addition of the third filament.As the third filament was positively or negatively delayed,the as-formed plasma gratings were elongated by the delayed third filament,or plasma gratings were formed in the presence of plasma expansion of the ahead third filament,respectively.Using F-GIBS for trace metal detection in water,significant spectral line enhancements were observed.展开更多
A sheet plasma is generated by a mesh anode and a single hot-filament cathode with a DC power supply, and its characteristics are experimentally investigated. The sheet plasma is observed to locate around the anode. B...A sheet plasma is generated by a mesh anode and a single hot-filament cathode with a DC power supply, and its characteristics are experimentally investigated. The sheet plasma is observed to locate around the anode. Both electron density and electron temperature derived from the average energy of the energetic electrons in nitrogen are estimated to be 10s cm^-3 and 20- 40 eV, respectively, using the optical emission spectroscopy （OES） method based on a kinetic model of low-pressure nitrogen discharge. The electron density, electron temperature and their spatial distributions are found to be affected by the supplying voltage on the anode（70 V to 300 V）, filament temperature （600℃ to 780℃） and gas pressure （2 Pa to 20 Pa）. By adjusting these parameters the discharge status can be easily controlled.展开更多
From the effects of the composition of the three kinds ofblended systems, the antistatic agent content and theblending methods on the spinnability, the antistatic prop-erty, and the wash fastness of PET filament, it i...From the effects of the composition of the three kinds ofblended systems, the antistatic agent content and theblending methods on the spinnability, the antistatic prop-erty, and the wash fastness of PET filament, it is foundthat the antistatic behavior of the (PET) - (PEG) -(SDBS) - stearate quaternary system is improved greatlydue to the synergefic effect of the combined antistaticagents and the volume resistivity of the fiber made.Thereof reaches 10~8 ～ 10~9Ω·cm after being washed 20 tines in saponaceous water at 40℃. Its spinnability anddrawing behavior are good. The effect of the antistaticagent content on the mechanical property of PET fila-ment is also studied.展开更多
In this study, freeze - fractured specimens of Allium cepa root tip meristems were examined under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). This technique permitted the visualization of the outer membrane of the nuclear...In this study, freeze - fractured specimens of Allium cepa root tip meristems were examined under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). This technique permitted the visualization of the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope with nuclear pore complexes and polyribosomes. Some of the cell nuclei prepared with this procedure had fissures of various widths on their nuclear envelopes through which the nuclear lamina-like filaments (LLF) underneath the nucleoplasmic side of the envelopes were clearly visible. The diameters of these filaments varied between 25 and 125 nm. Many of the LLFs showed granular thickenings at places, and were attached to the inner surface of nuclear envelope in some regions. Similar LLFs were also seen at the peripheries of the freeze -fractured faces of nuclei. Meanwhile,the spatial relation between the nuclear matrix filaments (NMF) and other nuclear structures (nucleoli, chromatin and peripheral lamina - like filaments) was revealed in these fractured preparations. In addition, the methods and techniques in studying the nuclear lamina morphology and the roles played by NMFs in activities of various nuclear structures were discussed in brief.展开更多
Proliferation of filamentous microorganisms frequently leads to operational failure for activate sludge systems. In this study, it was found that filamentous microorganisms could grow in compact granular structure wit...Proliferation of filamentous microorganisms frequently leads to operational failure for activate sludge systems. In this study, it was found that filamentous microorganisms could grow in compact granular structure with 5% sodium chloride in the substrate. In the early period of experiment, coccoid and rode-like bacteria predominated in the yellowish-brown granules, and later the white and the black granules were developed by filamentous microorganisms. The filamentous granules exhibited low porosity and fast settling velocity, and were more compact even than bacteria granules. It was hypothesized that the elevated pH in the later period might be a possible reason for the compact growth of filamentous granules. However, the bacteria granules showed the high bioactivity in terms of specific oxygen utilizing rate, and comprised of a wider diversity of compounds based on the thermogravimetric evaluation. The findings in this study demonstrated that filamentous microbes could form compact granular structure, which may encourage the utilization of filamentous microorganisms rather than the inhibition of their growth, as the latter is frequently used for sludge bulking control.展开更多
The study of gene function in filamentous fungi is a field of research that has made great advances in very recent years. A number of transformation and gene manipulation strategies have been developed and applied to ...The study of gene function in filamentous fungi is a field of research that has made great advances in very recent years. A number of transformation and gene manipulation strategies have been developed and applied to a diverse and rapidly expanding list of economically important filamentous fungi and oomycetes. With the significant number of fungal genomes now sequenced or being sequenced, functional genomics promises to uncover a great deal of new information in coming years. This review discusses recent advances that have been made in examining gene function in filamentous fungi and describes the advantages and limitations of the different approaches.展开更多
A new compsognathid dinosaur, Sinocalliopteryx gigas gen. et sp. nov., is erected based on a complete skeleton from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, northeastern China. It shares the features...A new compsognathid dinosaur, Sinocalliopteryx gigas gen. et sp. nov., is erected based on a complete skeleton from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, northeastern China. It shares the features with Huaxiagnathus orientalis in having a manus as long as the humerus plus radius, very large and subequally long manual claws I and H, and reduced olecranon process on the ulna. But it differs from Huaxiagnathus orientalis in having the much large size, a very long maxillary process of premaxilla not extending the vertical level of the maxillary antorbital fossa, and the proportionally longer ulna and so on. Sinocalliopteryx gigas gen. et sp. nov. represents the largest species among the known compsognathid dinosaurs, suggesting the tendency of the body enlargement in compsognathids to some extent. The long filamentous integuments are attached to the whole body of this compsognathid, confirming that such integuments evolved firstly in the basal coelurosaurs. This new giant compsognathid was a fierce carnivorous theropod, as shown further by an incomplete dromaeosaurid leg inside its abdominal cavity.展开更多
Recent progress in filament-induced atmospheric sensing is reviewed. Self-guided propagation of ultrashort laser pulses in air induces laser filamentation. All molecules in the path of a filament can be dissociated in...Recent progress in filament-induced atmospheric sensing is reviewed. Self-guided propagation of ultrashort laser pulses in air induces laser filamentation. All molecules in the path of a filament can be dissociated into highly excited fragments, resulting in emission of characteristic fluorescence spectra. The fluorescence spectra provide information about the various molecules in the filaments. By using a filament-induced ＂fingerprinting＂ fluorescence technique, molecules in the atmosphere can be identified.展开更多
基金supported by the Agency for Defense Development Grant Funded by the Korean Government(Grant No.912822501).
文摘Unmanned combat aerial vehicles require lightweight,stealth-capable exhaust systems.However,traditional metallic nozzles increase radar detectability and reduce range,while advanced composites offer high performance but are expensive.Therefore,to improve the operational range and survivability of unmanned combat aerial vehicles,a lightweight,high-temperature-resistant,oxidation-resistant,and low-observable composite exhaust nozzle is developed to replace conventional metallic straight-type nozzles.The nozzle features a double serpentine shape to reduce radar and infrared signatures and is manufactured as a monolithic structure using the filament winding process,accommodating the complex geometry and large size(length:1.8 m,width:0.8 m).The exhaust nozzle consists of a ceramic matrix composite made of silicon carbide fibers and a silicon oxycarbide matrix,which absorbs and scatters radio frequency signals while withstanding prolonged exposure to high-temperature(700℃)oxidizing environments typical of engine exhaust gases.The polysiloxane resin used to produce the silicon oxycarbide matrix poses significant challenges owing to its low tackiness and high viscosity variations depending on the presence of nanoparticles,making filament winding difficult.These challenges are addressed by optimizing resin viscosity and winding pattern design.As a result,the tensile strength of the composite specimens fabricated with the optimized viscosity increases by 228.03% before pyrolysis and 97.68%after pyrolysis,compared with that of the non-optimized specimens.In addition,the density and tensile strength of the composite processed via three cycles of polymer infiltration and pyrolysis increased by 13.08% and 80.37%,respectively,compared to those of the non-densified composite.High-temperature oxidation and flame tests demonstrate exceptional thermal and oxidative stability.Furthermore,when compared with carbon fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites,the developed composite exhibits a permittivity at least two levels lower and a reflection loss below7 dB within the frequency range of 9.3-10.9 GHz,underscoring its superior electromagnetic stealth performance.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32070777 to F.N.).
文摘Intermediate filaments(IFs)in human cells are the products of six distinct gene families,all sharing homology in a core rod domain.These IFs assemble into non-polar polymers,providing cytoplasmic and nuclear mechanical support.Recent research has revealed the active and dynamic properties of IFs and their binding partners.This regulation extends beyond cell mechanics to include migration,mechanotransduction,and tumor growth.Therefore,this comprehensive review aims to catalog all human IF genes and IF-associated proteins(IFAPs),detailing their names,sizes,functions,associated human diseases,relevant literature,and links to resources like UniProt and the Protein Atlas database.These links provide access to additional information such as protein structure,subcellular localization,disease-causing mutations,and pathology.Using this catalog,we will provide an overview of the current understanding of the biological functions of IFs and IFAPs.This overview is crucial for identifying gaps in their characterization and understanding IF-mediated mechanotransduction.Additionally,we will consider potential future research directions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32120103008)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1901700-3)+3 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662024JC011,2662025HXPY005)the HZAU-AGIS Fund(SZYJY2021008)the Key Research and Development Projects of Henan province(231111113000)the Hubei Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center Program(2021-620-000-001-032).
文摘Alkaline stress in saline soil limits cotton production that may be improved by using emerging nanobiotechnology approaches.Here,we applied poly acrylic acid coated Mn3O4 nanoparticles(PMO)on cotton leaves which showed higher chlorophyll content(up to 100.0%)and fresh weight(46.9%)and lower electrolyte leakage rate(up to 6.8%)and cell death rate(up to 84.8%)than controls.Further investigation showed that PMO can maintain reactive oxygen species(ROS)homeostasis,increase the stability of actin filament(AF),and reduce Na^(+)content.Confocal imaging and ROS content measurement showed that PMO foliar application effectively alleviated ROS over-accumulation(up to 16.4%decrease for H_(2)O_(2)and 45.3%decrease for O_(2)^(•-))in cotton leaves.Moreover,under alkaline stress,genes for AF depolymerization such as GhADF1/8 and GhADF6 and for AF polymerization such as GhADF5 were significantly down-regulated in PMO treated cotton lines relative to those in the control,consistent with the fluorescence intensities of AFs.Furthermore,our results showed that PMO mitigated Na^(+)toxicity under alkaline stress,as indicated by the reduced Na^(+)fluorescence intensity and Na^(+)content.Furthermore,relative to those of the control,PMO treatment increased seed yield and lint yield by 65.0%and 66.3%respectively.Together,our work demonstrates that ROS scavenging PMO alleviated alkaline stress by stabilizing actin filaments and reducing Na^(+)toxicity.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.92158204,42176027,41876017,42076026)the project supported by Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(No.SML2023SP240)+1 种基金the Open Research Project Program of the State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City (University of Macao)(No.SKL-IoTSC (UM)-2021-2023/ORPF/A20/2022)the Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Hezhu University and the Guangxi Yuchai New Energy Co.,Ltd.。
文摘The variations of the frontogenetic activity of cold filament driven by the different angle(θ=0°,22.5°,45°,67.5°,and 90°)of the wind and wave fields and the filament axis are studied by non hydrostatic large eddy simulation.Conversion between the frontogenesis and frontolysis of cold filament were created by the chang in the direction of secondary circulations.The changes in the direction of secondary circulation are induced by the Coriolis Effect regardless of wind direction and wave fields.The destructive action of the wind and wave fields on symmetry of the submesoscale flow fields becomes weak as the angle increases.The secondary downwelling jet induced by Stokes shear force is gradually close to that associated with secondary circulations as the angle changes fromθ=0°to 45°and then the downwelling jet is only created by secondary circulations forθ=67.5°and 90°.The frontogenetic intensity of cold filament may be impacted by the angle of the wind and wave fields and the filament axis.The reason is that firstly the odd-symmetry of secondary circulations enhances with the angle increasing,and secondary the secondary downwelling jet created the Stokes shear force gradually weakens and then disappears with the angle increasing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11902231)the Major Program(JD)of Hubei Province,China(No.2023BAA004).
文摘A numerical method to predict the bursting strength of filament wound composite rocket motor case is proposed here.This method can evaluate the longitudinal stress evolution of each composite layer as impregnated filaments with fiber tension are wound layer by layer,and consider the effects of accumulated stress and deformation during filament winding on the bursting strength of composite case.Taking∅520 mm composite cases as a case study,the filament-winding-process-induced stress and deformation as well as progressive damage behavior are numerically predicted,followed by a comparison with experimental results.The numerical results show that the predicted bursting pressures for composite cases manufactured on the mandrels with and without a flexible component are 14.20 MPa and 21.40 MPa,respectively.These values exhibit slight deviation from the measured pressures of 13.50 MPa and 21.57 MPa.Moreover,the predicted damage locations,situated respectively in the dome and cylinder,agree well with the experimental observation.These observations indicate that use of flexible component reduces the load-bearing capacity of the domes.Furthermore,it validates the reliability and accuracy of the proposed numerical method in predicting the bursting strength of composite cases.
基金financial support received from Deakin University through the Alfred Deakin Postdoctoral Research Fellowship(2022)partially funded by the European Union–Next-Generation EU via the Italian Ministry of University and Research(MUR),PRIN 2022 Program(PROMISE project,CUP 153D23004700006)+1 种基金support from the Australian National Fabrication Facility(ANFF)the ARC Research Hub for Future Fibres.
文摘The conversion of sound vibration into electrical potential is a critical function performed by cochlear hair cells.Unlike the regenerative capacity found in various other cells throughout the body,cochlear sensory cells lack the ability to regenerate once damaged.Furthermore,a decline in the quantity of these cells results in a deterioration of auditory function.Piezoelectric materials can generate electric charge in response to sound wave vibration,making them theoretically suitable for replacing hair cell function.This study explores an innovative approach using piezoelectric nanocomposite filaments,namely poly(vinylidene fluoride),poly(vinylidene fluoride)/barium titanate,and poly(vinylidene fluoride)/reduced graphene oxide,as self-powered acoustic sensors designed to function in place of cochlear hair cells.These flexible filaments demonstrate a unique ability to generate electricity in response to frequency sounds from 50 up to 1000 Hz at moderate sound pressure levels(60–95 dB),approaching the audible range with an overall acoustoelectric energy conversion efficiency of 3.25%.Serving as self-powered acoustic sensors,these flexible filaments hold promise for potential applications in cochlear implants,with a high sensitivity of 117.5 mV(Pa-cm^(2))^(-1).The cytocompatibility of these filaments was assessed through in vitro viability tests conducted on three cell lines,serving as a model for inner ear cells.
基金financial supports from National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFB3613900)National Natural Science Foundation of China(W2412044)+1 种基金Russian Science Foundation(25-4900154)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(63253214)。
文摘Accidental exposure to overdose ionizing radiation will inevitably lead to severe biological damage,thus detecting and localizing radiation is essential.Traditional measurement techniques are generally restricted to the detection range of few centimeters,posing a great risk to operators.The prospect in remote sensing makes femtosecond laser filament technology a great candidate for constructively addressing this challenge.Here we propose a novel filament-based ionizing radiation sensing method,and clarify the interaction mechanism between filaments and ionizing radiation from systematic experiment to microscopic theory.Specifically,it is demonstrated that the energetic electrons produced byαradiation in air can be effectively accelerated within the filament,serving as seed electrons,which will enhance nitrogen fluorescence.The extended nitrogen fluorescence lifetime of~1 ns is also observed.Lastly,the combined microscopic model was elaborately established to quantitatively explain the modulation of nitrogen fluorescence emission from filament by ionizing radiation.These findings provide insights into the intricate interaction among ultra-strong light field,plasma and energetic particle beam,potentially suggesting a promising novel avenue for remote sensing of ionizing radiation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,grant Nos.12303062 and 12203043)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2023NSFSC1351,2025ZNSFSC0315)+1 种基金Key Laboratory of Detection and Application of Space Effect in Southwest Sichuan at Leshan Normal University,Education Department of Sichuan Province(No.ZDXM20241002)Project Supported by the Specialized Research Fund for State Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather。
文摘Magnetic reconnection driving a two-sided-loop jet is typically associated with interactions between an emerging bipole and the overlying horizontal magnetic field,or between filaments from separate magnetic systems.Leveraging high temporal and spatial resolution observations from ground-based and space-borne instruments,we have identified a two-sided-loop jet originating from magnetic reconnection between threads within a single filament.Our observations show that as two initially crossing filamentary threads within the filament converge,reconnection takes place at their intersection.In the Doppler images,distinct redshift and blueshift signals are observed at the locations where the filament threads intersected.This process generates a two-sided-loop jet with outflow speeds of 22.2 and 62.5 km s^(-1).Following reconnection,the original crossing threads transform into two parallel threads that subsequently separate at speeds of 2.8 and 8.3kms^(-1).This observation offers a new perspective on the mechanisms responsible for jet formation.
基金The Scientific Research Fund for Doctor/Professor of Hezhou University under contract No.2024BSQD01the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.42466001the project supported by Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)under contract No.SML2023SP240。
文摘The air-sea interactions with the submesoscale warm filament of the oceanic mixed layer are simulated by a coupled atmosphere-ocean model of the parallelized lager eddy simulation model.The results show that the warm core of the oceanic warm filament heats the bottom air of the atmospheric boundary layer,the rise of the bottom warm air results in the formation of the atmospheric warm filament.The variation in the width of the oceanic warm filament is generated by the change in the direction of the secondary circulations.The variation in the width of the atmospheric warm filament is created by that of the oceanic warm filament,because the direction of the secondary circulations of the atmospheric warm filament is invariable with time.The Coriolis effect results in the change in the direction of the secondary circulations for the oceanic warm filament.The secondary circulations of the atmospheric warm filament are produced by the rise of the bottom warm air caused by the oceanic warm filament,which leads to the unchanged direction of the secondary circulations.The thermal convection turbulence caused by the temperature difference of the ocean and atmosphere gradually weakens the structure of the oceanic and atmospheric warm filaments.
基金This paper was supported by Chinese Program for High Technology Research and Development (2003AA209030) Scien-tific Research Foundation for doctoral supervising laboratory State Education Ministry (20030284044) and National Natural Sc
文摘A study was conducted to evaluate the cultivable filamentous fungal diversity in organic layers (L, F, and H layers) and A1 layer of two main forest types, Pinus massoniana and Liguidambar formasana mixed forest and Quercus variabilis forest, in Zijin Mountain(325?N, 11848?E), Nanjing, China. A total of 67 taxa comprising 56 Deuteromycetes, 3 Zygomycetes, 5 Asco-mycetes and 3 unidentified fungi were recognized from samples from the forest floor of the two forest types. The most abundant group was Deuteromycetes. The dominant genera in both forests were Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp., Gliocladium sp. and Trichoderma spp. The fungal diversity was higher in the mixed forest than that in Q. variabilis forest. For both forest types, the maximum fungal diversity was found in layer F and there existed significantly different in fungal diversity between layer F and layer L. In the mixed forest, richness of fungi isolated from needle litter (P. massoniana) was lower than that from leaf litter (L. formasana). The richness of fungi from needle litter increased with the in-crease of forest floor depth, but for leaf litter, the fungal diversity decreased with the depth of forest floor. The co-species of fungi from the two forest types, as well as from two kinds of litters in mixed forest, increased with the depth of the forest floor. The succession of fungi along with the process of decomposition was discussed here. The results also showed that litter quality was a critical factor affecting fungal diversity.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51208068)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to make use of the limited filamentous sludge bulking characteristics to purify water quality and save energy. [Method] The effects of dissolved oxygen （DO） on sludge bulking were explored by changing the DO con- centration in the aerobiotic pool of NO system from the low load （0.25 kg COD/（kg MLSS.d）） and the medium to high load （0.55 kgCOD/（kg MLSSod））. [Result] In the NO activated sludge system, when the sludge load was 0.25 kg COD/（kg MLSS.d）, DO=1.5 mg/L, the sludge index was at around 250, while when the sludge load- ing was 0.55 kg COD/（kg MLSS.d）, DO=1.5 mg/L, the sludge index was close to 300, occurring the limited filamentous bulking. The bulked sludge still showed high removal rates to COD, SS, nitrogen and phosphorus. [Conclusion] It could improve the oxygen transfer rate and reduce the aeration rate at low DO conditions to achieve energy-saving.
基金sponsored by Shanghai Rising-Star Program(Grant No.22QC1401000)the National Defense Administration of Science,Technology and Industry(Grant No.HTKJ2021KL504014)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2018YFB0504400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11621404,11727812,and 62035005)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2019SHZDZX01-ZX05).
文摘Filament-and plasma-grating-induced breakdown spectroscopy(F-GIBS)was demonstrated as an efficient technique for sensitive detection of metals in water,where plasma gratings were established through synchronized nonlinear interaction of two noncollinear filaments and an additional filament was generated with another fs laser beam propagating along their bisector.A water jet was constructed vertically to the three coplanar filaments,overcoming side effects from violent plasma explosion and bubble generation.Three distinct regimes of different mechanisms were validated for nonlinear couplings of the third filament with plasma gratings.As the third filament was temporally overlapped with the two noncollinear filaments in the interaction zone,all the three filaments participated in synchronous nonlinear interaction and plasma grating structures were altered by the addition of the third filament.As the third filament was positively or negatively delayed,the as-formed plasma gratings were elongated by the delayed third filament,or plasma gratings were formed in the presence of plasma expansion of the ahead third filament,respectively.Using F-GIBS for trace metal detection in water,significant spectral line enhancements were observed.
基金supported by National Defence Research Foundation of China (No.A1420060181)
文摘A sheet plasma is generated by a mesh anode and a single hot-filament cathode with a DC power supply, and its characteristics are experimentally investigated. The sheet plasma is observed to locate around the anode. Both electron density and electron temperature derived from the average energy of the energetic electrons in nitrogen are estimated to be 10s cm^-3 and 20- 40 eV, respectively, using the optical emission spectroscopy （OES） method based on a kinetic model of low-pressure nitrogen discharge. The electron density, electron temperature and their spatial distributions are found to be affected by the supplying voltage on the anode（70 V to 300 V）, filament temperature （600℃ to 780℃） and gas pressure （2 Pa to 20 Pa）. By adjusting these parameters the discharge status can be easily controlled.
文摘From the effects of the composition of the three kinds ofblended systems, the antistatic agent content and theblending methods on the spinnability, the antistatic prop-erty, and the wash fastness of PET filament, it is foundthat the antistatic behavior of the (PET) - (PEG) -(SDBS) - stearate quaternary system is improved greatlydue to the synergefic effect of the combined antistaticagents and the volume resistivity of the fiber made.Thereof reaches 10~8 ～ 10~9Ω·cm after being washed 20 tines in saponaceous water at 40℃. Its spinnability anddrawing behavior are good. The effect of the antistaticagent content on the mechanical property of PET fila-ment is also studied.
文摘In this study, freeze - fractured specimens of Allium cepa root tip meristems were examined under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). This technique permitted the visualization of the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope with nuclear pore complexes and polyribosomes. Some of the cell nuclei prepared with this procedure had fissures of various widths on their nuclear envelopes through which the nuclear lamina-like filaments (LLF) underneath the nucleoplasmic side of the envelopes were clearly visible. The diameters of these filaments varied between 25 and 125 nm. Many of the LLFs showed granular thickenings at places, and were attached to the inner surface of nuclear envelope in some regions. Similar LLFs were also seen at the peripheries of the freeze -fractured faces of nuclei. Meanwhile,the spatial relation between the nuclear matrix filaments (NMF) and other nuclear structures (nucleoli, chromatin and peripheral lamina - like filaments) was revealed in these fractured preparations. In addition, the methods and techniques in studying the nuclear lamina morphology and the roles played by NMFs in activities of various nuclear structures were discussed in brief.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50708089)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of MOE of China (PCSIRT) (No.IRT0853)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (No.2009JQ7002)the Research Plant for Key Laboratoryof Universities of Shaanxi Province (No.09JS027)
文摘Proliferation of filamentous microorganisms frequently leads to operational failure for activate sludge systems. In this study, it was found that filamentous microorganisms could grow in compact granular structure with 5% sodium chloride in the substrate. In the early period of experiment, coccoid and rode-like bacteria predominated in the yellowish-brown granules, and later the white and the black granules were developed by filamentous microorganisms. The filamentous granules exhibited low porosity and fast settling velocity, and were more compact even than bacteria granules. It was hypothesized that the elevated pH in the later period might be a possible reason for the compact growth of filamentous granules. However, the bacteria granules showed the high bioactivity in terms of specific oxygen utilizing rate, and comprised of a wider diversity of compounds based on the thermogravimetric evaluation. The findings in this study demonstrated that filamentous microbes could form compact granular structure, which may encourage the utilization of filamentous microorganisms rather than the inhibition of their growth, as the latter is frequently used for sludge bulking control.
文摘The study of gene function in filamentous fungi is a field of research that has made great advances in very recent years. A number of transformation and gene manipulation strategies have been developed and applied to a diverse and rapidly expanding list of economically important filamentous fungi and oomycetes. With the significant number of fungal genomes now sequenced or being sequenced, functional genomics promises to uncover a great deal of new information in coming years. This review discusses recent advances that have been made in examining gene function in filamentous fungi and describes the advantages and limitations of the different approaches.
基金This research was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China （973 Project, grant no. 2006CB701405）the National Natural Science Foundation of China （grant no. 40272008）the China Geological Survey.
文摘A new compsognathid dinosaur, Sinocalliopteryx gigas gen. et sp. nov., is erected based on a complete skeleton from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, northeastern China. It shares the features with Huaxiagnathus orientalis in having a manus as long as the humerus plus radius, very large and subequally long manual claws I and H, and reduced olecranon process on the ulna. But it differs from Huaxiagnathus orientalis in having the much large size, a very long maxillary process of premaxilla not extending the vertical level of the maxillary antorbital fossa, and the proportionally longer ulna and so on. Sinocalliopteryx gigas gen. et sp. nov. represents the largest species among the known compsognathid dinosaurs, suggesting the tendency of the body enlargement in compsognathids to some extent. The long filamentous integuments are attached to the whole body of this compsognathid, confirming that such integuments evolved firstly in the basal coelurosaurs. This new giant compsognathid was a fierce carnivorous theropod, as shown further by an incomplete dromaeosaurid leg inside its abdominal cavity.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2011CB808105)the International Science and Technology Collaboration Program,China(Grant Nos.2010DFA04410 and 11530700900)+1 种基金the National Key Scientific Instrument Project(Grant No.2012YQ150092)the Canada Research Chair,Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada,Canada Foundation for Innovation,Canadian Institute for Photonics Innovation and le FQRNT
文摘Recent progress in filament-induced atmospheric sensing is reviewed. Self-guided propagation of ultrashort laser pulses in air induces laser filamentation. All molecules in the path of a filament can be dissociated into highly excited fragments, resulting in emission of characteristic fluorescence spectra. The fluorescence spectra provide information about the various molecules in the filaments. By using a filament-induced ＂fingerprinting＂ fluorescence technique, molecules in the atmosphere can be identified.
