The common fig(Ficus carica L.),Moraceae family,is a commonly grown fruit tree in the Mediterranean region.Fig mosaic disease(FMD)poses a substantial threat to Saudi Arabia’s fig-producing economy.A survey was conduc...The common fig(Ficus carica L.),Moraceae family,is a commonly grown fruit tree in the Mediterranean region.Fig mosaic disease(FMD)poses a substantial threat to Saudi Arabia’s fig-producing economy.A survey was conducted during the two seasons of 2021 and 2022 on fig trees,displaying various fig mosaic disease symptoms.A total of 200 fig leaves and fruit samples were collected from various governorates in several Regions of Saudi Arabia including Riyadh,Tabuk,Hail,Qassim,Al-Jouf,Makkah,Jazan,Al-Madinah,Asir,and Northern Borders.These samples were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)with specific pairs of primers to assess the existence of Fig mosaic virus(FMV),Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1(FLMaV-1),Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 2(FLMaV-2),Fig mild mottle-associated virus(FMMaV)and Fig fleck-associated virus(FFkaV).The results indicate that four viruses were found in mixed infections and tested positive.FMV was detected with a high infection rate of 46%followed by FLMaV-2 with an infection rate of 20%,FMMaV with an infection rate of 16%,and FLMaV-1 with an infection rate of 7%,respectively,while FFkaV was negative in all tested samples.Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis results showed that the FMV isolates shared 90.3%similarity with other FMV isolates,particularly those from Bosnia and Herzegovina(KU198368).While FLMaV-1 showed 92.5%similarity with the reference isolate FLMaV-1(KX397035),the isolates of FLMaV-2 exhibited 94.7%similarity with reference FLMaV-2 isolate(FN687742),and the isolate of FMMaV showed 94%similarity with reference FMMaV isolate(MG242131)based on sequence comparison.According to the RT-PCR results,FMV was effectively identified in all five fig varieties(Al Faiz Yellow,Asali,Brown Turkey,Iraqi,and Kaab Al-Ghazal).Contrarily,none of these varieties had FLMaV-1,FLMaV-2,or FMMaV.This study investigates the occurrence and economic impact of the viruses that infect fig trees in Saudi Arabia.This suggests that FMV is the primary virus infecting these fig varieties and there is no co-infection with the other tested viruses.These findings underscore the urgent need for implementing region-specific management strategies,such as breeding resistant cultivars,enforcing phytosanitary measures to limit virus spread,and prioritizing vector control to mitigate the economic impact of FMD on Saudi Arabia’s fig industry.展开更多
This study was carried out to assess plasticity to drought of 30 adult fig cultivars,based on a screening of leaf structural and functional traits under sustained deficit irrigation,corresponding to 60%of crop evapotr...This study was carried out to assess plasticity to drought of 30 adult fig cultivars,based on a screening of leaf structural and functional traits under sustained deficit irrigation,corresponding to 60%of crop evapotranspiration.All trees,three per cultivar,are planted in an ex-situ collection in Sais plain,northern Morocco.The measurements concerned leaf area,blade thickness,trichomes density,trichome hair length,stomatal density,stomatal dimensions,stomatal area index,chlorophyll concentration index,relative water content,stomatal conductance,leaf temperature,water loss in detached leaves,cuticular wax content,proline content,total phenolic compounds,and total soluble sugars.The ranking of cultivars regarding drought tolerance was established based on a two-level clustering approach,primarily relying on chlorophyll concentration index and secondarily on water status traits.Results showed significant genotypic variations for all measured traits,except phenolic compounds content.Correlations between structural and functional traits have pinpointed blade thickness and trichome hair length as the key indicators of fig drought tolerance,owing to their involvement in maintaining chlorophyll content under water stress conditions.The extent of the variations shows that fig leaf is endowed with a wide structural and functional diversity,which can give to the species potential for resilience to various environmental stresses,including drought.Among the cultivars assessed,two exotic varieties,“Kadota”and“Royal Blanck”,as well as four local cultivars,namely,“Ferqouch Jmel”,“El Qoti Labied”,“Hamra”and“Fassi”showed the highest drought plasticity level.展开更多
5%China’s GDP grew 5%year-on-year in 2024,meeting the annual target of around 5%.28.3%In 2024,the country’s newly installed photovoltaic capacity reached 277.57 GW,a 28.3 percent year-on-year increase from 2023,acco...5%China’s GDP grew 5%year-on-year in 2024,meeting the annual target of around 5%.28.3%In 2024,the country’s newly installed photovoltaic capacity reached 277.57 GW,a 28.3 percent year-on-year increase from 2023,according to the China Photovoltaic Industry Association.展开更多
Leaf disease identification is one of the most promising applications of convolutional neural networks(CNNs).This method represents a significant step towards revolutionizing agriculture by enabling the quick and accu...Leaf disease identification is one of the most promising applications of convolutional neural networks(CNNs).This method represents a significant step towards revolutionizing agriculture by enabling the quick and accurate assessment of plant health.In this study,a CNN model was specifically designed and tested to detect and categorize diseases on fig tree leaves.The researchers utilized a dataset of 3422 images,divided into four classes:healthy,fig rust,fig mosaic,and anthracnose.These diseases can significantly reduce the yield and quality of fig tree fruit.The objective of this research is to develop a CNN that can identify and categorize diseases in fig tree leaves.The data for this study was collected from gardens in the Amandi and Mamash Khail Bannu districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region in Pakistan.To minimize the risk of overfitting and enhance the model’s performance,early stopping techniques and data augmentation were employed.As a result,the model achieved a training accuracy of 91.53%and a validation accuracy of 90.12%,which are considered respectable.This comprehensive model assists farmers in the early identification and categorization of fig tree leaf diseases.Our experts believe that CNNs could serve as valuable tools for accurate disease classification and detection in precision agriculture.We recommend further research to explore additional data sources and more advanced neural networks to improve the model’s accuracy and applicability.Future research will focus on expanding the dataset by including new diseases and testing the model in real-world scenarios to enhance sustainable farming practices.展开更多
The common fig（Ficus carica L.）was one of the earliest horticultural crops to be domesticated.A number of different viruses can infect fig trees including Fig mosaic virus（FMV）that has been detected in several com...The common fig（Ficus carica L.）was one of the earliest horticultural crops to be domesticated.A number of different viruses can infect fig trees including Fig mosaic virus（FMV）that has been detected in several commercial fig trees in Xinjiang,China.However,the distribution of FMV and other fig-infecting viruses in China remains unknown.In the present study,a sample from an ancient fig tree growing in Xinjiang was investigated by electron microscopy（EM）followed by PCR/RT-PCR,and FMV,Fig badnavirus 1（FBV-1）and Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1（FLMaV-1）were detected.Fig leaf samples（252）from commercial orchards across China were subjected to PCR/RT-PCR,and FMV,FBV-1 and Fig fleck-associated virus（FFka V）were relatively abundant（44.4,48.4 and 44%,respectively）,while FLMaV-1 and Fig mild mottle-associated virus（FMMa V）were much scarcer（5.6 and 0.4%,respectively）,and FLMaV-2,Fig cryptic virus（FCV）,and Fig latent virus（FLV）were not detected.The presence of disease-causing viruses in fig trees presents a significant challenge for fig producers in China.This study may help to promote actions aimed at controlling fig viruses,especially FMV.展开更多
Crane’s most well-known work,The Red Badge of Courage,is commonly believed to be the first great novel of the American Civil War,largely because of its vivid and detailed description of the experience of warfare.This...Crane’s most well-known work,The Red Badge of Courage,is commonly believed to be the first great novel of the American Civil War,largely because of its vivid and detailed description of the experience of warfare.This paper conveys figure images symbolize that human life is insignificant in an indifferent universe in the novel,which are perfect symbolic images distinguish Crane as a forerunner of modernistic writers.展开更多
为了对某型号姿控发动机高空模拟试验推力现场校准斜率进行趋势预测,提出了一种模糊信息粒化(fuzzy information granulation,FIG)和支持向量回归机(support vector regression,SVR)相结合的时间序列预测方法。借助模糊信息粒化方法将...为了对某型号姿控发动机高空模拟试验推力现场校准斜率进行趋势预测,提出了一种模糊信息粒化(fuzzy information granulation,FIG)和支持向量回归机(support vector regression,SVR)相结合的时间序列预测方法。借助模糊信息粒化方法将推力现场校准的斜率映射为包含区间最小值Low、中值R和最大值Up 3个参数的模糊信息粒,以降低样本的维数,并以其为输入构建SVR回归模型。预测结果表明,基于模糊信息粒化SVR确定的预测区间较好地反映了推力现场校准斜率的变化趋势。展开更多
Ficin is an important component of plants in Ficus family such as fig latex. It is of special significance in medicine and industry because it exhibits activity throughout a wide range of temperature and pH values. In...Ficin is an important component of plants in Ficus family such as fig latex. It is of special significance in medicine and industry because it exhibits activity throughout a wide range of temperature and pH values. In this work, we purified a component of ficin from the latex homogeneity of Shandong fig trees, and the properties of the purified ficin were studied. The current findings revealed that heavy metal ions were able to inhibit ficin, while DTT, L-cysteine, and β-ME were found to promote ficin activity. It was also observed that the half life of ficin at 65 °C was longer than 1 h and the Michaelis constant（Km） for casein hydrolyzation was determined to be 1.56 mg/mL. Our study shows that this purified ficin is a cysteine protease.展开更多
文摘The common fig(Ficus carica L.),Moraceae family,is a commonly grown fruit tree in the Mediterranean region.Fig mosaic disease(FMD)poses a substantial threat to Saudi Arabia’s fig-producing economy.A survey was conducted during the two seasons of 2021 and 2022 on fig trees,displaying various fig mosaic disease symptoms.A total of 200 fig leaves and fruit samples were collected from various governorates in several Regions of Saudi Arabia including Riyadh,Tabuk,Hail,Qassim,Al-Jouf,Makkah,Jazan,Al-Madinah,Asir,and Northern Borders.These samples were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)with specific pairs of primers to assess the existence of Fig mosaic virus(FMV),Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1(FLMaV-1),Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 2(FLMaV-2),Fig mild mottle-associated virus(FMMaV)and Fig fleck-associated virus(FFkaV).The results indicate that four viruses were found in mixed infections and tested positive.FMV was detected with a high infection rate of 46%followed by FLMaV-2 with an infection rate of 20%,FMMaV with an infection rate of 16%,and FLMaV-1 with an infection rate of 7%,respectively,while FFkaV was negative in all tested samples.Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis results showed that the FMV isolates shared 90.3%similarity with other FMV isolates,particularly those from Bosnia and Herzegovina(KU198368).While FLMaV-1 showed 92.5%similarity with the reference isolate FLMaV-1(KX397035),the isolates of FLMaV-2 exhibited 94.7%similarity with reference FLMaV-2 isolate(FN687742),and the isolate of FMMaV showed 94%similarity with reference FMMaV isolate(MG242131)based on sequence comparison.According to the RT-PCR results,FMV was effectively identified in all five fig varieties(Al Faiz Yellow,Asali,Brown Turkey,Iraqi,and Kaab Al-Ghazal).Contrarily,none of these varieties had FLMaV-1,FLMaV-2,or FMMaV.This study investigates the occurrence and economic impact of the viruses that infect fig trees in Saudi Arabia.This suggests that FMV is the primary virus infecting these fig varieties and there is no co-infection with the other tested viruses.These findings underscore the urgent need for implementing region-specific management strategies,such as breeding resistant cultivars,enforcing phytosanitary measures to limit virus spread,and prioritizing vector control to mitigate the economic impact of FMD on Saudi Arabia’s fig industry.
文摘This study was carried out to assess plasticity to drought of 30 adult fig cultivars,based on a screening of leaf structural and functional traits under sustained deficit irrigation,corresponding to 60%of crop evapotranspiration.All trees,three per cultivar,are planted in an ex-situ collection in Sais plain,northern Morocco.The measurements concerned leaf area,blade thickness,trichomes density,trichome hair length,stomatal density,stomatal dimensions,stomatal area index,chlorophyll concentration index,relative water content,stomatal conductance,leaf temperature,water loss in detached leaves,cuticular wax content,proline content,total phenolic compounds,and total soluble sugars.The ranking of cultivars regarding drought tolerance was established based on a two-level clustering approach,primarily relying on chlorophyll concentration index and secondarily on water status traits.Results showed significant genotypic variations for all measured traits,except phenolic compounds content.Correlations between structural and functional traits have pinpointed blade thickness and trichome hair length as the key indicators of fig drought tolerance,owing to their involvement in maintaining chlorophyll content under water stress conditions.The extent of the variations shows that fig leaf is endowed with a wide structural and functional diversity,which can give to the species potential for resilience to various environmental stresses,including drought.Among the cultivars assessed,two exotic varieties,“Kadota”and“Royal Blanck”,as well as four local cultivars,namely,“Ferqouch Jmel”,“El Qoti Labied”,“Hamra”and“Fassi”showed the highest drought plasticity level.
文摘5%China’s GDP grew 5%year-on-year in 2024,meeting the annual target of around 5%.28.3%In 2024,the country’s newly installed photovoltaic capacity reached 277.57 GW,a 28.3 percent year-on-year increase from 2023,according to the China Photovoltaic Industry Association.
基金the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at Qassim University for financial support(QU-APC-2025).
文摘Leaf disease identification is one of the most promising applications of convolutional neural networks(CNNs).This method represents a significant step towards revolutionizing agriculture by enabling the quick and accurate assessment of plant health.In this study,a CNN model was specifically designed and tested to detect and categorize diseases on fig tree leaves.The researchers utilized a dataset of 3422 images,divided into four classes:healthy,fig rust,fig mosaic,and anthracnose.These diseases can significantly reduce the yield and quality of fig tree fruit.The objective of this research is to develop a CNN that can identify and categorize diseases in fig tree leaves.The data for this study was collected from gardens in the Amandi and Mamash Khail Bannu districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region in Pakistan.To minimize the risk of overfitting and enhance the model’s performance,early stopping techniques and data augmentation were employed.As a result,the model achieved a training accuracy of 91.53%and a validation accuracy of 90.12%,which are considered respectable.This comprehensive model assists farmers in the early identification and categorization of fig tree leaf diseases.Our experts believe that CNNs could serve as valuable tools for accurate disease classification and detection in precision agriculture.We recommend further research to explore additional data sources and more advanced neural networks to improve the model’s accuracy and applicability.Future research will focus on expanding the dataset by including new diseases and testing the model in real-world scenarios to enhance sustainable farming practices.
基金supported by grants from the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (201203076)the Opening Fund of the State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, China (SKLOF201518)
文摘The common fig（Ficus carica L.）was one of the earliest horticultural crops to be domesticated.A number of different viruses can infect fig trees including Fig mosaic virus（FMV）that has been detected in several commercial fig trees in Xinjiang,China.However,the distribution of FMV and other fig-infecting viruses in China remains unknown.In the present study,a sample from an ancient fig tree growing in Xinjiang was investigated by electron microscopy（EM）followed by PCR/RT-PCR,and FMV,Fig badnavirus 1（FBV-1）and Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1（FLMaV-1）were detected.Fig leaf samples（252）from commercial orchards across China were subjected to PCR/RT-PCR,and FMV,FBV-1 and Fig fleck-associated virus（FFka V）were relatively abundant（44.4,48.4 and 44%,respectively）,while FLMaV-1 and Fig mild mottle-associated virus（FMMa V）were much scarcer（5.6 and 0.4%,respectively）,and FLMaV-2,Fig cryptic virus（FCV）,and Fig latent virus（FLV）were not detected.The presence of disease-causing viruses in fig trees presents a significant challenge for fig producers in China.This study may help to promote actions aimed at controlling fig viruses,especially FMV.
文摘Crane’s most well-known work,The Red Badge of Courage,is commonly believed to be the first great novel of the American Civil War,largely because of its vivid and detailed description of the experience of warfare.This paper conveys figure images symbolize that human life is insignificant in an indifferent universe in the novel,which are perfect symbolic images distinguish Crane as a forerunner of modernistic writers.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.20771030 and 20671025)
文摘Ficin is an important component of plants in Ficus family such as fig latex. It is of special significance in medicine and industry because it exhibits activity throughout a wide range of temperature and pH values. In this work, we purified a component of ficin from the latex homogeneity of Shandong fig trees, and the properties of the purified ficin were studied. The current findings revealed that heavy metal ions were able to inhibit ficin, while DTT, L-cysteine, and β-ME were found to promote ficin activity. It was also observed that the half life of ficin at 65 °C was longer than 1 h and the Michaelis constant（Km） for casein hydrolyzation was determined to be 1.56 mg/mL. Our study shows that this purified ficin is a cysteine protease.
