Many carnivores require large ranges to meet their ecological and energetic needs;however,anthropogenic changes threaten species and their habitats.Camera traps have been used to effectively collect data on car&...Many carnivores require large ranges to meet their ecological and energetic needs;however,anthropogenic changes threaten species and their habitats.Camera traps have been used to effectively collect data on carnivores in a variety of habitat types;however,a single survey effort is typically limited to species that have similar body size,habitat use and movement patterns,and individual identification of animals is not always possible.We evaluated whether scat detection dogs could effectively survey for 4 wide-ranging felids that vary in these characteristics:jaguars(Panthera onca),pumas(Puma concolor),ocelots(Leopardus pardalis)and oncillas(Leopardus tigrinus).From June to October 2009 and May to August 2011,a detection dog-handler team detected 588 scats,from which 176 unique genotypes were detected.We assigned sex to 84.7%of the genotyped scats and identified 55 individuals multiple times.The effectiveness of these noninvasive techniques(detection dogs and genetic analyses of scat)not only opens the door for additional studies in areas that were previously difficult or impossible with standard survey techniques,but also provides conservationists with a set of tools that overcome some of the limitations associated with the use of camera traps alone.展开更多
Male tigers(Panthera tigris altaica) in captivity copulate alternatively with an estrous female,suggesting a potential for heteropaternity as an effective reproductive strategy to maximize genetic diversity of offspri...Male tigers(Panthera tigris altaica) in captivity copulate alternatively with an estrous female,suggesting a potential for heteropaternity as an effective reproductive strategy to maximize genetic diversity of offspring.We analyzed microsatellites to test and compare the genetic output of multiple male mating(simultaneous polyandry) and single male mating(monogamy) with a female in a captive population.Simultaneous polyandry resulted in heteropaternity in 66.7% observed litters.No significant differences between parental populations and between offspring populations were detected in the number of alleles(A),expected heterozygosity(H e),number of effective alleles(N e) per locus and standard individual heterozygosity(SH)(P>0.05 for all 4 indexes).Comparisons showed no significant reduction of A,H o,H e and SH from parental population to offspring population for the two mating modes(P>0.05) except for SH in polyandrous families(P=0.029).However,such reduction was equivalent to single mating families when the influence of relatedness was eliminated using effective SH(E SH)(P>0.05).These results highlight an alternative strategy for managing captive populations of tiger and other wild felids in which animals are combined at one location allowing for copulation by multiple males to encourage heteropaternity in favor of maintained genetic diversity among offspring.展开更多
The electrochemical reaction rate strongly depends on the pH of the solution and the relatively sluggish alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)process,attributed to alterations in the type of proton donor and bindi...The electrochemical reaction rate strongly depends on the pH of the solution and the relatively sluggish alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)process,attributed to alterations in the type of proton donor and binding energy,has consistently presented a significant challenge.Here,we report a new method for boosting alkaline HER via spontaneous built-in electric field strategy employed on cobalt phosphide nanofibers(NFs)electrocatalyst.The anion-cation dual-introduction of V and N on the NFs not only increases the electrochemical surface area but also enhances the catalytic activity,thereby elevating the performance of alkaline HER.An investigation strategy combining experiments and calculations revealed the charge transfer law between multiple active components and the enhanced regulation mechanism of alkaline HER process,ultimately achieving a nearly twice increase in reaction overpotential of the as-fabricated catalyst at-10 mA·cm^(-2).This new approach provides a potential strategy for improving the efficiency of core catalyst for energy conversion technologies.展开更多
This research elaborates magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) impact on non-Newtonian (Williamson) fluid flow by stretchable rotating disks.Both disks are rotating with different angular velocities and different stretching rate...This research elaborates magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) impact on non-Newtonian (Williamson) fluid flow by stretchable rotating disks.Both disks are rotating with different angular velocities and different stretching rates.Viscous dissipation aspect is considered for energy expression formulation.Entropy generation analysis is described via implementation of thermodynamic second law.Chemical processes (heterogeneous and homogeneous) subjected to entropy generation are introduced first time in literature.Boundary-layer approach is employed for modeling.Apposite variables are introduced for non-dimensionalization of governing systems.Homotopy procedure yields convergence of solutions subjected to computations of highly nonlinear expressions.The significant characteristics of sundry factors against thermal,velocity and solutal fields are described graphically.Besides,tabular results are addressed for engineering quantities (skin-friction coefficient,Nusselt number).The outcomes certify an increment in temperature distribution for Weissenberg (We) and Eckert (Ec) numbers.展开更多
<span style="line-height:1.5;">Up until the recent past, zoos served limited function, primarily existing for entertainment value. Today’s zoos, however, are serving many roles, chief among them: spec...<span style="line-height:1.5;">Up until the recent past, zoos served limited function, primarily existing for entertainment value. Today’s zoos, however, are serving many roles, chief among them: species conservation of captive animals. The biggest zoo in Brazil, S?o Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, has among its 2000 animals and many species of wild cats. The presence of domestic cats living freely in zoos </span><span style="line-height:1.5;">is</span><span style="line-height:1.5;"> common and can be a source of spreading disease. The aim of this study was to verify the variety and prevalence of parasites found in the feces of felids (feral and wild) living in the S<span style="white-space:nowrap;">?</span>o Paulo Zoo. The results of this parasitological analysis have been obtained from the laboratory of clinical analysis and correspond to the 4-year period beginning January/2009 and ending December/2012. Eight species of parasites were identified in the feces of captive wild cats and three in the feces of feral cats. For those captive</span><span style="line-height:1.5;">s</span><span "="" style="line-height:1.5;">, <i>Toxocara cati</i> (7.95%) had the highest prevalence, followed by <i>Toxascaris leonina</i> (7.58%), <i>Isospora</i> sp. (2.03%), <i>Hymenolepis nana</i> (0.92%), <i>Eimeria</i> sp., <i>Giardia</i> sp. and <i>Blastocystis</i> sp. (0.37% each) and <i>Ascaris</i> sp. (0.18%). Among the feral cats, we found <i>Toxocara cati</i> (59.26%), <i>Giardia</i> sp. (22.22%) and <i>Isospora</i> sp. (11.11%). For the captive group, we also distinguished natives from exotic species, finding native species to be more frequently parasitized than the exotic ones. Key to our findings, though, was the fact that a few parasite species were found among all groups of </span><span style="line-height:1.5;">f</span><span "="" style="line-height:1.5;">elids, specifically (<i>Toxocara cati</i>, <i>Giardia</i> sp. and <i>Isospora</i> sp). Further research is needed, however, to confirm that transmission of these parasites is occurring between and among these groups.</span>展开更多
文摘Many carnivores require large ranges to meet their ecological and energetic needs;however,anthropogenic changes threaten species and their habitats.Camera traps have been used to effectively collect data on carnivores in a variety of habitat types;however,a single survey effort is typically limited to species that have similar body size,habitat use and movement patterns,and individual identification of animals is not always possible.We evaluated whether scat detection dogs could effectively survey for 4 wide-ranging felids that vary in these characteristics:jaguars(Panthera onca),pumas(Puma concolor),ocelots(Leopardus pardalis)and oncillas(Leopardus tigrinus).From June to October 2009 and May to August 2011,a detection dog-handler team detected 588 scats,from which 176 unique genotypes were detected.We assigned sex to 84.7%of the genotyped scats and identified 55 individuals multiple times.The effectiveness of these noninvasive techniques(detection dogs and genetic analyses of scat)not only opens the door for additional studies in areas that were previously difficult or impossible with standard survey techniques,but also provides conservationists with a set of tools that overcome some of the limitations associated with the use of camera traps alone.
基金supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-10-0280)Technological Development Project of Longyan City (2011LY017)
文摘Male tigers(Panthera tigris altaica) in captivity copulate alternatively with an estrous female,suggesting a potential for heteropaternity as an effective reproductive strategy to maximize genetic diversity of offspring.We analyzed microsatellites to test and compare the genetic output of multiple male mating(simultaneous polyandry) and single male mating(monogamy) with a female in a captive population.Simultaneous polyandry resulted in heteropaternity in 66.7% observed litters.No significant differences between parental populations and between offspring populations were detected in the number of alleles(A),expected heterozygosity(H e),number of effective alleles(N e) per locus and standard individual heterozygosity(SH)(P>0.05 for all 4 indexes).Comparisons showed no significant reduction of A,H o,H e and SH from parental population to offspring population for the two mating modes(P>0.05) except for SH in polyandrous families(P=0.029).However,such reduction was equivalent to single mating families when the influence of relatedness was eliminated using effective SH(E SH)(P>0.05).These results highlight an alternative strategy for managing captive populations of tiger and other wild felids in which animals are combined at one location allowing for copulation by multiple males to encourage heteropaternity in favor of maintained genetic diversity among offspring.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52304335)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023TQ0303)+3 种基金the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(No.GZC20232450)the Project of Zhongyuan Critical Metals Laboratory(Nos.GJJSGFYQ202305 and GJJSGFJQ202302)the Youth Science and technology innovation of Henan Province(No.23HASTIT009)Henan Province Youth Talent Support Program(2022)。
文摘The electrochemical reaction rate strongly depends on the pH of the solution and the relatively sluggish alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)process,attributed to alterations in the type of proton donor and binding energy,has consistently presented a significant challenge.Here,we report a new method for boosting alkaline HER via spontaneous built-in electric field strategy employed on cobalt phosphide nanofibers(NFs)electrocatalyst.The anion-cation dual-introduction of V and N on the NFs not only increases the electrochemical surface area but also enhances the catalytic activity,thereby elevating the performance of alkaline HER.An investigation strategy combining experiments and calculations revealed the charge transfer law between multiple active components and the enhanced regulation mechanism of alkaline HER process,ultimately achieving a nearly twice increase in reaction overpotential of the as-fabricated catalyst at-10 mA·cm^(-2).This new approach provides a potential strategy for improving the efficiency of core catalyst for energy conversion technologies.
文摘This research elaborates magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) impact on non-Newtonian (Williamson) fluid flow by stretchable rotating disks.Both disks are rotating with different angular velocities and different stretching rates.Viscous dissipation aspect is considered for energy expression formulation.Entropy generation analysis is described via implementation of thermodynamic second law.Chemical processes (heterogeneous and homogeneous) subjected to entropy generation are introduced first time in literature.Boundary-layer approach is employed for modeling.Apposite variables are introduced for non-dimensionalization of governing systems.Homotopy procedure yields convergence of solutions subjected to computations of highly nonlinear expressions.The significant characteristics of sundry factors against thermal,velocity and solutal fields are described graphically.Besides,tabular results are addressed for engineering quantities (skin-friction coefficient,Nusselt number).The outcomes certify an increment in temperature distribution for Weissenberg (We) and Eckert (Ec) numbers.
文摘<span style="line-height:1.5;">Up until the recent past, zoos served limited function, primarily existing for entertainment value. Today’s zoos, however, are serving many roles, chief among them: species conservation of captive animals. The biggest zoo in Brazil, S?o Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, has among its 2000 animals and many species of wild cats. The presence of domestic cats living freely in zoos </span><span style="line-height:1.5;">is</span><span style="line-height:1.5;"> common and can be a source of spreading disease. The aim of this study was to verify the variety and prevalence of parasites found in the feces of felids (feral and wild) living in the S<span style="white-space:nowrap;">?</span>o Paulo Zoo. The results of this parasitological analysis have been obtained from the laboratory of clinical analysis and correspond to the 4-year period beginning January/2009 and ending December/2012. Eight species of parasites were identified in the feces of captive wild cats and three in the feces of feral cats. For those captive</span><span style="line-height:1.5;">s</span><span "="" style="line-height:1.5;">, <i>Toxocara cati</i> (7.95%) had the highest prevalence, followed by <i>Toxascaris leonina</i> (7.58%), <i>Isospora</i> sp. (2.03%), <i>Hymenolepis nana</i> (0.92%), <i>Eimeria</i> sp., <i>Giardia</i> sp. and <i>Blastocystis</i> sp. (0.37% each) and <i>Ascaris</i> sp. (0.18%). Among the feral cats, we found <i>Toxocara cati</i> (59.26%), <i>Giardia</i> sp. (22.22%) and <i>Isospora</i> sp. (11.11%). For the captive group, we also distinguished natives from exotic species, finding native species to be more frequently parasitized than the exotic ones. Key to our findings, though, was the fact that a few parasite species were found among all groups of </span><span style="line-height:1.5;">f</span><span "="" style="line-height:1.5;">elids, specifically (<i>Toxocara cati</i>, <i>Giardia</i> sp. and <i>Isospora</i> sp). Further research is needed, however, to confirm that transmission of these parasites is occurring between and among these groups.</span>
