In the face of constantly changing environments,the central nervous system(CNS)rapidly and accurately calculates the body's needs,regulates feeding behavior,and maintains energy homeostasis.The arcuate nucleus of ...In the face of constantly changing environments,the central nervous system(CNS)rapidly and accurately calculates the body's needs,regulates feeding behavior,and maintains energy homeostasis.The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus(ARC)plays a key role in this process,serv-ing as a critical brain region for detecting nutrition-related hormones and regulating appetite and energy homeostasis.Agouti-related protein(AgRP)/neuropeptide Y(NPY)neu-rons in the ARC are core elements that interact with other brain regions through a complex appetite-regulating network to comprehensively control energy homeostasis.In this review,we explore the discovery and research progress of AgRP neurons in regulating feeding and energy metabolism.In addition,recent advances in terms of feeding behavior and energy homeostasis,along with the redundant neural mecha-nisms involved in energy metabolism,are discussed.Finally,the challenges and opportunities in the field of neural regula-tion of feeding and energy metabolism are briefly discussed.展开更多
Microplastic(MP)pollution has spread from the mainland to the ocean.However,Haizhou Bay,which is one of the important land-ocean transition zones,has been reported relatively little about the enrichment of MPs.To prov...Microplastic(MP)pollution has spread from the mainland to the ocean.However,Haizhou Bay,which is one of the important land-ocean transition zones,has been reported relatively little about the enrichment of MPs.To provide fundamental data for MP pollution in Haizhou Bay,we studied the occurrence of microplastics in the intestines of 8 species of fish with different habits and feeding modes.The fish intestines were digested with a 10%KOH solution,and MPs are separated with a glass fiber filter.Then,the size,shape,color,and composition of the MPs were analyzed using a stereomicroscope and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.The results showed the abundance of MP intake ranged from 0.02 items g^(-1) to 0.16 items g^(-1) and the detection rate of MPs ranged from 53.33% to 80% across different fish species.The MP intake in benthic fish and omnivorous fish was significantly higher than that of pelagic fish and predatory fish.Smaller MPs(<0.25 mm)were the dominant types and accounted for 62.50% of the total.The fiber was the prevailing shape of MPs,and the black MPs were the most common,followed by red and yellow ones.Polyethylene terephthalate(PET),polyamide(PA),and polystyrene(PS)were the main components of MPs,accounting for 34.9%,29.9%,and 16.4%,respectively.According to the composition analysis of MPs,the main sources of MPs in fish of Haizhou Bay were attributed to marine aquaculture and port construction.The results are helpful for our better understanding of the status of MP pollution in this area,and further aid in the development of the pointed measures to mitigate and prevent the MP pollution in this ecologically important area.展开更多
This minireview synthesizes literature on the use of feeding jejunostomy tubes(FJTs)in the postoperative management of gastroesophageal cancer patients.Gastrectomy and esophagectomy remain the primary curative treatme...This minireview synthesizes literature on the use of feeding jejunostomy tubes(FJTs)in the postoperative management of gastroesophageal cancer patients.Gastrectomy and esophagectomy remain the primary curative treatments for gastric and esophageal cancers,respectively,but are frequently accompanied by significant postoperative malnutrition,which adversely impacts surgical and oncological outcomes as well as patients’quality of life.To address this,the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Surgery and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommend early enteral feeding through FJT placement following major surgery.While previous studies have demonstrated that FJT is an effective and reliable route for nutritional support,its placement is invasive and carries associated risks.Consequently,many clinicians opt for less invasive alternatives such as total parenteral nutrition or nasogastric tube feeding,although these approaches yield variable results.This review explores the benefits and potential complications of FJT placement,identifies variability in clinical adoption and the absence of standardized protocols,and highlights areas for future research to optimize patient care in this challenging context.展开更多
Globally,gastric cancer ranks as the fifth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality.Gastrectomy combined with periop-erative chemotherapy is currently the standard of care in loca...Globally,gastric cancer ranks as the fifth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality.Gastrectomy combined with periop-erative chemotherapy is currently the standard of care in locally advanced stages,but the completion rate of multimodal approach is influenced also by patient related factors.Malnutrition is a well-known risk factor associated with poor oncological outcomes.Its perioperative supplementation could lead to an im-provement of the nutritional status.This article reviews and comments the retro-spective study conducted by Jaquet et al,which evaluates the impact of enteral nutrition by jejunostomy feeding in patients undergoing gastrectomy for cancer.The authors included 172 patients,35%of whom received jejunostomy.Patients with optimized biological nutritional parameters(body mass index,albumin,prealbumin)showed reduced major complications(>III),according to the Dindo-Clavien classification,0(0%)vs 8(4.7%)(P=0.05).In the era of multimodal treatment,optimization of nutritional and performance status is integral part of the therapeutic strategy.展开更多
The radula is a crucial adaptation for food-processing in molluscs.A deeper understanding of the interaction between the radula and the preferred food is lacking,complicating the inference of the precise ecological ro...The radula is a crucial adaptation for food-processing in molluscs.A deeper understanding of the interaction between the radula and the preferred food is lacking,complicating the inference of the precise ecological roles of radular structures.This study presents the first experimental set-up that allows to study the influence of the radular morphology,specifically the degree of tooth-tooth interlocking(so-called collective effect),on the feeding efficiency.For this purpose,physical 3D models of the teeth were designed using CAD software and 3D printing technique.The feeding efficiencies with models of different degree of interlocking were determined by tensile tests,pulling the models trough agar gels with different viscosities.The forces generated by the models and the masses of the removed gel fragments were determined.We found,that radular models with a high degree of tooth–tooth interlocking performed best as they were able to remove most agar.We additionally broke the teeth and determined,that the teeth with the highest degree of interlocking could resist to highest force.Overall,the study highlights the complex interplay between radular morphology and its ecological function,suggesting that even minor morphological alterations can significantly impact the efficiency and effectiveness of food gathering.Understanding these interactions cannot only shed light on the ecological adaptations of molluscs,but provide further insights into development of more effective grinding,scraping,and cleaning technical devices.展开更多
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer(EC)is an aggressive malignancy with low survival(10%-30%).Nutritional problems are present throughout the perioperative period and are key to prognosis.Home enteral nutrition appears to im...BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer(EC)is an aggressive malignancy with low survival(10%-30%).Nutritional problems are present throughout the perioperative period and are key to prognosis.Home enteral nutrition appears to improve the nutritional status of patients with EC.Few studies have addressed the experience of patients administering their own nutritional fluids and managing their own feeding tubes at home.The aim of this study was to explore the real-life experience of self-management of feeding tubes in patients at home after EC surgery in the first 3 months after discharge following surgery.AIM To explore feeding tube self-management experience of patients at home 3 months after discharge following EC surgery.METHODS Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 patients using a feeding tube at home after EC surgery.Thematic analysis of the recordings identified themes related to feeding tube self-management.RESULTS Patients expressed similar feelings about their tube management experiences concerning three contextualized themes:Self-management dilemmas,distressing experiences,and self-management facilitators.CONCLUSION There are many dilemmas and problems in self-managing feeding tubes in postoperative homebound patients with EC.Clinical staff should provide guidance to promote a positive change in self-management behavior.展开更多
Rotational feeding combined with shift feeding electrochemical trepanning(RF-SF ECTr)is an effective method for machining aeroengine blisks.However,given the variable relative motion of the electrodes and the complex ...Rotational feeding combined with shift feeding electrochemical trepanning(RF-SF ECTr)is an effective method for machining aeroengine blisks.However,given the variable relative motion of the electrodes and the complex flow channels around the bending and twisting blades,the accessibility and uniformity of the flow field are poor in blisk RF-SF ECTr using the traditional electrolyte supply(TES)mode,resulting in poor machining stability and low machining efficiency.To improve the distribution of the flow field,a new multi-channel electrolyte supply(MCES)mode is proposed for blisk RF-SF ECTr,in which the position and volume of the electrolyte supply are controlled effectively by setting multiple inlet channels in the liquid inlet area.A flow-field simulation comparison between TES and MCES shows that better accessibility and uniformity of the flow-field distribution are achieved under MCES.To clarify further the flow-field distribution characteristics under RF-SF ECTr,a series of flow-field simulations was conducted at different machining depths.Based on the obtained dynamic change law for the flow field,to enhance further its uniformity and accessibility,a global coverage strategy for the electrolyte supply and a flow-field structure optimization method for MCES are proposed,which involve optimizing the number,diameter,and location of the inlet channels.After many simulations,the optimal MCES structure was achieved whereby the electrolyte covers all positions effectively in the processing area.To verify the proposed method as effective and correct,a series of RF-SF ECTr experiments was carried out.Under the optimized MCES mode,the feeding rate was increased from 0.8 mm/min with the TES mode to 2.0 mm/min,and the processing stability and efficiency were improved significantly.The methods presented here offer an effective guide for flow-field optimization when machining other components with complex spatial structures.展开更多
BACKGROUND Congenital intestinal atresia(CIA)is a common intestinal malformation in the neonatal period,and surgery is currently the main treatment method.The choice of postoperative feeding is crucial for the recover...BACKGROUND Congenital intestinal atresia(CIA)is a common intestinal malformation in the neonatal period,and surgery is currently the main treatment method.The choice of postoperative feeding is crucial for the recovery of gastrointestinal function in children.AIM To compare and analyze the effects of different postoperative feeding methods on gastrointestinal function reconstruction in newborns with CIA.METHODS Twenty-six children diagnosed with neonatal CIA,treated with minimally invasive surgery at Shijiazhuang Maternal and Child Health Hospital between January 2021 and May 2024,were selected for this single-center prospective randomized controlled study.They were divided into two groups using envelope randomization:Enteral nutrition(EN)group(n=13)and parenteral nutrition(PN)group(n=13).Baseline and clinical characteristics were collected,and recovery time of bowel sounds and time to first defecation were used as evaluation indices for gastrointestinal functional reconstruction.Differences between the groups were analyzed using t-test,χ2 test,and Fisher’s exact test.Spearman’s correlation tests and linear regression models were employed to analyze factors influencing time to first defecation.RESULTS The time to bowel sound recovery(51.54 vs 65.85,P=0.013)and first defecation(58.15 vs 76.62,P<0.001)was shorter in the EN group compared to the PN group.Clinical improvements in the EN group,including discharge weight(P=0.044),hospital stay(P=0.027),white blood cell count(P=0.023),albumin content(P=0.013),and direct bilirubin content(P=0.018),were also better than those in the PN group.No substantial differences in postoperative complications were found between the groups.Correlation analysis indicated that abdominal infection and operation time may relate to time to first defecation.Linear regression analysis demonstrated a considerable association between EN feeding and shorter time to first defecation.Abdominal infection and an operation time>2 hours may be risk factors for prolonged time to first defecation.CONCLUSION EN substantially promotes the recovery of gastrointestinal function after CIA in neonates and can improve clinical outcomes in children.Future research should explore optimal EN practices to enhance clinical application and child health.展开更多
Ultrasonic vibration feeding（UVF） method which can quantitatively feed and precisely deposit fine powder is a potential technique for micro feeding.The excitation sources transmit vibration to capillary though the t...Ultrasonic vibration feeding（UVF） method which can quantitatively feed and precisely deposit fine powder is a potential technique for micro feeding.The excitation sources transmit vibration to capillary though the third medium for most UVF devices.The vibrator is directly touched with the capillary can transmit mechanical energy on the capillary as much as possible,and the powder feeding can be controlled more precise.However,there are few reports about it.A direct UVF system which integrates the function of micro feeding,process observing,and powder forming was developed in this work.In order to analyze the effect of the system factors on feeding,a group of L9（3^3） orthogonal experiments are selected to confirm the effect of level change of factors.The three factors are capillary nozzle diameter,amplitude and signal.The flow rate was stable for each combined factors,and the optimum combination for the minimum flow rate are choosing small capillary,small amplitude,and triangular wave orderly.The whole process of feeding includes start point,middle stage and stop stage.Starting of feeding was synchronized to vibration when the amplitude of capillary nozzle is larger than critical amplitude.Then,the feeding process enters the middle stage,the feeding state is observed by the CCD,and it is very stable in the middle stage.Overflow of feeding can＇t be eliminated during the stop stage.The features of the deposited powder lines are analyzed; the overflow can be diminished by choosing small capillary and appropriate ratio of the capillary nozzle diameter to the particle size.Chinese characters lattices were deposited to validate the ability of quantitatively feeding and fixed feeding of UVF.Diameters of all powder dots show normal distribution,and more than 60% dots are concentrated from 550 μm to 650 μm,and the average diameter for all the dots is 597 μm.Most dots positions are well approached to their scheduled positions,and the maximum deviation is 0.27 mm.The new direct UVF system is used to implement experiments,which confirms the precise controllable of feeding.According improve the feeding technique,it suits well for rapid prototyping,chemistry,pharmaceutics and many other fields,which require precise measurement and feed minim powder.展开更多
Global food production is expected to double by 2050 for feeding 9 billion people（Godfray et al.2010）,but yields had stagnated or even collapsed in 24–39%of crop-growing areas over the period 1961–2008（Ray et al....Global food production is expected to double by 2050 for feeding 9 billion people（Godfray et al.2010）,but yields had stagnated or even collapsed in 24–39%of crop-growing areas over the period 1961–2008（Ray et al.2012）,展开更多
Selenium is an essential trace element for humans and animals.As the active center of selenoproteins,the addition of selenium is beneficial to enhance the antioxidant ability.However,the high cost limits the applicati...Selenium is an essential trace element for humans and animals.As the active center of selenoproteins,the addition of selenium is beneficial to enhance the antioxidant ability.However,the high cost limits the application of organic Se in agriculture animal production.Selenized glucose(SeGlu)is a newly invented organoselenium material with good stability,low toxicity and low cost.This assay found that SeGlu was able to increase selenium deposition in liver of newborn broilers,and enhance the antioxidant capacity of liver by elevating the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase.This paper as the first example clarifying the mechanism of SeGlu to enhance the antioxidant ability of chicks,shows that SeGlu can be used as an organic selenium enrichment additive for early nutrition of poultry.As a cross-discipline study involving chemistry,biology and agriculture animal science,the work may be beneficial for studies in related fields and prompt the development of the selenium science.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is associated with significant undernutrition responsible for an increase in morbidity and mortality after gastrectomy.AIM To evaluate the impact of enteral nutrition by jejunostomy feeding i...BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is associated with significant undernutrition responsible for an increase in morbidity and mortality after gastrectomy.AIM To evaluate the impact of enteral nutrition by jejunostomy feeding in patients undergoing gastrectomy for cancer.METHODS Between 2003 and 2017,all patients undergoing gastrectomy for cancer treatment were included retrospectively.A group with jejunostomy(J+group)and a group without jejunostomy(J-group)were compared.RESULTS Of the 172 patients included,60 received jejunostomy.Preoperatively,the two groups were comparable with respect to the nutritional parameters studied(body mass index,albumin,etc.).In the postoperative period,the J+group lost less weight and albumin:5.74±8.4 vs 9.86±7.5 kg(P=0.07)and 7.2±5.6 vs 14.7±12.7 g/L(P=0.16),respectively.Overall morbidity was 25%in the J+group and 36.6%in the J-group(P=0.12).The J+group had fewer respiratory,infectious,and grade 3 complications:0%vs 5.4%(P=0.09),1.2%vs 9.3%(P=0.03),and 0%vs 4.7%(P=0.05),respectively.The 30-day mortality was 6.7%in the J+group and 6.3%in the J-group(P=0.91).CONCLUSION Jejunostomy feeding after gastrectomy improves nutritional characteristics and decreases postoperative morbidity.A prospective study could confirm our results.展开更多
This paper proposes a down-stroke abrasive belt grinding under micro feeding for noise reduction surface.Firstly,a physical model of processing under micro feeding for noise reduction structure was established.Based o...This paper proposes a down-stroke abrasive belt grinding under micro feeding for noise reduction surface.Firstly,a physical model of processing under micro feeding for noise reduction structure was established.Based on the flexible contact characteristics of abrasive belt grinding and Hertz contact theory,a mathematical model suitable for this method was established,considering vibration and abrasive belt wear.Secondly,a simulation analysis was carried out.Then,an experimental platform was built to analyze the influence of process parameters on surface roughness and surface microstructure,with the model verified.Finally,the propeller with pit structure was simulated,and the noise reduction performance of the propeller under this method and general abrasive belt grinding was compared and analyzed.The results show that the maximum error of the model based on proposed method does not exceed 10%,and the coincidence degree of the minimum error point can reach 90%at lower feed speed and higher linear velocity of the abrasive belt.The noise reduction effect of the propeller with pit-shaped surfaces can reach 35%.Through the above analysis,the proposed method can be used for the processing of noise reduction surfaces.展开更多
The aims of this study were to achieve working stability and continuity of the straw fibre extruder(D200)to improve the transportation efficiency of pretreated straw materials mulch film.Based on a theoretical analysi...The aims of this study were to achieve working stability and continuity of the straw fibre extruder(D200)to improve the transportation efficiency of pretreated straw materials mulch film.Based on a theoretical analysis of wheat straw friction characteristics and the mechanics model of wheat straw transport,a tilting variable-diameter spiral feeding device matched the designed straw fibre extruder(D200-type).Experimental researches were performed by using the orthogonal test method of the L16(45)to obtain the optimal parameter combination.The spiral angle,the speed of the screw shaft and the moisture content of straw raw materials were selected as influencing factors,and feeding efficiency was selected as the objective indicator.The results showed that the spiral angle,the rotating speed of screw shaft and the moisture content of straw raw materials had very significant effects on the feeding efficiency(p<0.01).The order of the extent of the influence of parameters on the feeding efficiency of wheat straw raw materials from high to low was the moisture content,the spiral angle and the speed of screw shaft.When the maximum transfer efficiency per unit time of the inclined spiral feeding device was 1040.8 kg·h-1,the spiral angle was 40?,the speed of screw shaft was 200 r·min-1 and the moisture content was 65%.Verification experiment proved the feasibility of straw fibre extruder designed.展开更多
The feeding habits of the cichlid Tilapia zillii (Gervais) in Lake Kinneret (Israel) were experimentally studied in indoor glass containers (2.5 hrs) and two trials in outdoor 5 m3 tanks (20 - 25 days). The trait of f...The feeding habits of the cichlid Tilapia zillii (Gervais) in Lake Kinneret (Israel) were experimentally studied in indoor glass containers (2.5 hrs) and two trials in outdoor 5 m3 tanks (20 - 25 days). The trait of food particle collection by adult fishes was measured. A survey was carried out in the littoral (0 - 1.0 m deep) zone and fingerlings were sampled by electro-chocker. The gut content of the fingerlings was analyzed. The feeding habits of T. zillii were indicated as planktivorous filtration with more enhancements of small zooplankters (Nauplius, Brachionid rotifers) and fewer of Cladocerans suppressions.展开更多
Neuropeptide Y receptor Y8(NPY8R)is a fish-specific receptor with two subtypes,NPY8AR and NPY8BR.Changes in expression levels during physiological processes or in vivo regulation after ventricular injection suggest th...Neuropeptide Y receptor Y8(NPY8R)is a fish-specific receptor with two subtypes,NPY8AR and NPY8BR.Changes in expression levels during physiological processes or in vivo regulation after ventricular injection suggest that NPY8BR plays an important role in feeding regulation;this has been found in only a few fish,at present.In order to better understand the physiological function of npy8br,especially in digestion,we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9(Cas9)technology to generate npy8br-/-japanese medaka(Oryzias latipes).We found that the deletion of npy8br in medaka larvae affected their feeding and digestion ability,ultimately affecting their growth.Specifically,npy8br deficiency in medaka larvae resulted in decreased feed intake and decreased expression levels of orexigenic genes(npy and agrp).npy8br-/-medaka larvae fed for 10 d(10th day of feeding)still had incompletely digested brine shrimp(Artemia nauplii)in the digestive tract 8 h after feeding,the messenger RNA(mRNA)expression levels of digestion-related genes(amy,lpl,ctra,and ctrb)were significantly decreased,and the activity of amylase,trypsin,and lipase also significantly decreased.The deletion of npy8br in medaka larvae inhibited the growth and significantly decreased the expression of growth-related genes(gh and igf1).Hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)sections of intestinal tissue showed that npy8br-/-medaka larvae had damaged intestine,thinned intestinal wall,and shortened intestinal villi.So far,this is the first npy8br gene knockout model established in fish and the first demonstration that npy8br plays an important role in digestion.展开更多
Although the effects of diet on intestinal microbiotas have been well investigated,the effect of feeding time on the rhythm of gut microbiota remains uncertain.A 9-week feeding trial on Pelteobagrus fulvidraco was con...Although the effects of diet on intestinal microbiotas have been well investigated,the effect of feeding time on the rhythm of gut microbiota remains uncertain.A 9-week feeding trial on Pelteobagrus fulvidraco was conducted.Two triplicate groups of fish were fed identically either at 8:00(day)or at 20:00(night).After 9 weeks,three fish from each cage were sacrificed every 4 h for 24 h.The intestinal contents were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing.Three phyla(Fusobacteria,Proteobacteria,and Verrucomicrobia),and three genera(Cetobacterium,Akkermansia,and Clostridium)were dominant at every time point.Moreover,33.02%of detected amplicon sequence variants showed cyclical variations in fish fed at 20:00,and 3.47%in fish fed at 8:00.Among the top 20 genera,17 showed cyclical variations in the 20:00 group,and only two in the 8:00 group.Rhodobacter,Ralstonia,Mycobacterium,Lactococcus,Halomonas,Akkermansia,and Acinetobacter contributed more to the predicted functional pathways.Moreover,144 and 38 pathways exhibited daily cyclical fluctuations in fish fed at 20:00 and 8:00,respectively.Overall,certain intestinal microorganisms showed a circadian rhythm in P.fulvidraco,and this circadian rhythm was affected by shifted feeding times.展开更多
Cyanea nozakii,a common jellyfish distributed in offshore China,has a complex trophic relationship with other zooplankton groups.However,few studies have reported the predation rates and prey selection patterns of C.n...Cyanea nozakii,a common jellyfish distributed in offshore China,has a complex trophic relationship with other zooplankton groups.However,few studies have reported the predation rates and prey selection patterns of C.nozakii medusae on different prey items.Research is also lacking on the intraguild predation of Aurelia coerulea(another common bloom jellyfish in offshore China)by C.nozakii.To address the knowledge gaps,the clearance rates of C.nozakii for different prey items,including copepods(small<1000μm and large>1000μm),fish larvae,and gelatinous prey(hydromedusae,A.coerulea ephyrae,and chaetognaths),were measured.The influence of predator size on the clearance rate was also determined.Additionally,we examined the intraguild predation of C.nozakii on A.coerulea medusae.The clearance rates of C.nozakii varied widely with prey organisms,being independent of prey concentrations.Gelatinous organisms,except for chaetognaths,were captured with considerably high efficiency,followed by fish larvae and copepods,indicating the preferential prey selection of gelatinous organisms by C.nozakii.The clearance rate increased linearly with the cross-sectional area of C.nozakii.Body size in medusae may,to some extents,underpin their capacity to capture more prey by increasing the encounter rate and capture success through ontogeny.C.nozakii preyed voraciously on A.coerulea in high feeding efficiency,but the clearance rate decreased with increasing A.coerulea(as prey)size.This phenomenon of intraguild predation suggests a speculative hypothesis of potential population regulation of A.coerulea by C.nozakii.The information regarding the feeding ecology of C.nozakii reported in this study is important for understanding plankton dynamics in marine ecosystems with extensive occurrences of this jellyfish.展开更多
Appropriate feeding practices are important during infancy for good health, growth and development of infants and children. WHO revised its earlier recommendation of Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) of infants from 4 to ...Appropriate feeding practices are important during infancy for good health, growth and development of infants and children. WHO revised its earlier recommendation of Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) of infants from 4 to 6 months of age to EBF until about 6 months of age, with the addition of complementary foods thereafter. This recommendation confirms that breast milk alone is sufficient to meet infants’ nutritional requirements for the first 6 months of life. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of various feeding practices on the Nutritional status of infants 0 - 12-month-old in the Kumba 1 Sub-Division. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to August 2020. A total of 341 nursing mothers and their infants 0 - 12 months of age were recruited. Socio-demographic factors and the different feeding habits of the children were assessed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric measurements. The overall proportion of infants who exclusively breastfed for 6 months was 69.2% and those who were mix-fed were 30.8% in the study area. The overall prevalence of malnutrition in the population was 61.0%. Among the malnourished children, 53.1% were underweight, 19.6% were wasted and 10.0% were stunted. Though not significant, the prevalence of wasting (21.0%) and underweight (58.3%) was higher among Mix-Fed (MF) children when compared to their EBF counterparts. Feeding practices affected the nutritional status of the infants. Underweight and wasting were observed among infants on Complementary Feeding (CF), although some exclusively breast-fed infants were stunted. Hence, nursing mothers should try as much as possible to practice EBF as recommended by WHO and can practice CF when the child is above six months.展开更多
Electrocatalytic CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)holds significant promise for sustainable energy conversion,with cobalt phthalocyanine(CoPc)emerging as a notable catalyst due to its high CO selectivity.However,CoPc...Electrocatalytic CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)holds significant promise for sustainable energy conversion,with cobalt phthalocyanine(CoPc)emerging as a notable catalyst due to its high CO selectivity.However,CoPc's efficacy is hindered by its limited ability to provide sufficient proton for the protonation process,particularly at industrial current densities.Herein,we introduce defect-engineered carbon nanotubes(d-CNT)to augment proton feeding for CO_(2)RR over CoPc,achieved by expediting water dissociation.Our kinetic measurements and in-situ attenuated total reflection surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy reveal d-CNT significantly enhances proton feeding,thereby facilitating CO_(2)activation to*COOH in CoPc.Density functional theory calculations corroborate these findings,illustrating that d-CNT decreases the barrier to water dissociation.Consequently,the CoPc/d-CNT mixture demonstrates robust performance,achieving 500 mA cm^(-2)for CO_(2)RR with CO selectivity exceeding 96%.Notably,CoPc/d-CNT remains stability for a duration of 20 h under a substantial current density of 150 mA cm^(-2).The study broadens the scope of practical applications for molecular catalysts in CO_(2)RR,marking a significant step towards sustainable energy conversion.展开更多
基金supported by Grants from the Research Funds of the Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM(QYPY20220018)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31822026,32271063,31500860,and 32100821)the National Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Major Project of China(2021ZD0203900).
文摘In the face of constantly changing environments,the central nervous system(CNS)rapidly and accurately calculates the body's needs,regulates feeding behavior,and maintains energy homeostasis.The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus(ARC)plays a key role in this process,serv-ing as a critical brain region for detecting nutrition-related hormones and regulating appetite and energy homeostasis.Agouti-related protein(AgRP)/neuropeptide Y(NPY)neu-rons in the ARC are core elements that interact with other brain regions through a complex appetite-regulating network to comprehensively control energy homeostasis.In this review,we explore the discovery and research progress of AgRP neurons in regulating feeding and energy metabolism.In addition,recent advances in terms of feeding behavior and energy homeostasis,along with the redundant neural mecha-nisms involved in energy metabolism,are discussed.Finally,the challenges and opportunities in the field of neural regula-tion of feeding and energy metabolism are briefly discussed.
基金funded by research grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41706142 and 32071615)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(No.CARS-49)the Funding for School-Level Research Projects of Yancheng Institute of Technology(No.XJR2021035)。
文摘Microplastic(MP)pollution has spread from the mainland to the ocean.However,Haizhou Bay,which is one of the important land-ocean transition zones,has been reported relatively little about the enrichment of MPs.To provide fundamental data for MP pollution in Haizhou Bay,we studied the occurrence of microplastics in the intestines of 8 species of fish with different habits and feeding modes.The fish intestines were digested with a 10%KOH solution,and MPs are separated with a glass fiber filter.Then,the size,shape,color,and composition of the MPs were analyzed using a stereomicroscope and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.The results showed the abundance of MP intake ranged from 0.02 items g^(-1) to 0.16 items g^(-1) and the detection rate of MPs ranged from 53.33% to 80% across different fish species.The MP intake in benthic fish and omnivorous fish was significantly higher than that of pelagic fish and predatory fish.Smaller MPs(<0.25 mm)were the dominant types and accounted for 62.50% of the total.The fiber was the prevailing shape of MPs,and the black MPs were the most common,followed by red and yellow ones.Polyethylene terephthalate(PET),polyamide(PA),and polystyrene(PS)were the main components of MPs,accounting for 34.9%,29.9%,and 16.4%,respectively.According to the composition analysis of MPs,the main sources of MPs in fish of Haizhou Bay were attributed to marine aquaculture and port construction.The results are helpful for our better understanding of the status of MP pollution in this area,and further aid in the development of the pointed measures to mitigate and prevent the MP pollution in this ecologically important area.
文摘This minireview synthesizes literature on the use of feeding jejunostomy tubes(FJTs)in the postoperative management of gastroesophageal cancer patients.Gastrectomy and esophagectomy remain the primary curative treatments for gastric and esophageal cancers,respectively,but are frequently accompanied by significant postoperative malnutrition,which adversely impacts surgical and oncological outcomes as well as patients’quality of life.To address this,the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Surgery and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommend early enteral feeding through FJT placement following major surgery.While previous studies have demonstrated that FJT is an effective and reliable route for nutritional support,its placement is invasive and carries associated risks.Consequently,many clinicians opt for less invasive alternatives such as total parenteral nutrition or nasogastric tube feeding,although these approaches yield variable results.This review explores the benefits and potential complications of FJT placement,identifies variability in clinical adoption and the absence of standardized protocols,and highlights areas for future research to optimize patient care in this challenging context.
文摘Globally,gastric cancer ranks as the fifth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality.Gastrectomy combined with periop-erative chemotherapy is currently the standard of care in locally advanced stages,but the completion rate of multimodal approach is influenced also by patient related factors.Malnutrition is a well-known risk factor associated with poor oncological outcomes.Its perioperative supplementation could lead to an im-provement of the nutritional status.This article reviews and comments the retro-spective study conducted by Jaquet et al,which evaluates the impact of enteral nutrition by jejunostomy feeding in patients undergoing gastrectomy for cancer.The authors included 172 patients,35%of whom received jejunostomy.Patients with optimized biological nutritional parameters(body mass index,albumin,prealbumin)showed reduced major complications(>III),according to the Dindo-Clavien classification,0(0%)vs 8(4.7%)(P=0.05).In the era of multimodal treatment,optimization of nutritional and performance status is integral part of the therapeutic strategy.
基金Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEALfinanced by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG)grant 470833544 to WK.
文摘The radula is a crucial adaptation for food-processing in molluscs.A deeper understanding of the interaction between the radula and the preferred food is lacking,complicating the inference of the precise ecological roles of radular structures.This study presents the first experimental set-up that allows to study the influence of the radular morphology,specifically the degree of tooth-tooth interlocking(so-called collective effect),on the feeding efficiency.For this purpose,physical 3D models of the teeth were designed using CAD software and 3D printing technique.The feeding efficiencies with models of different degree of interlocking were determined by tensile tests,pulling the models trough agar gels with different viscosities.The forces generated by the models and the masses of the removed gel fragments were determined.We found,that radular models with a high degree of tooth–tooth interlocking performed best as they were able to remove most agar.We additionally broke the teeth and determined,that the teeth with the highest degree of interlocking could resist to highest force.Overall,the study highlights the complex interplay between radular morphology and its ecological function,suggesting that even minor morphological alterations can significantly impact the efficiency and effectiveness of food gathering.Understanding these interactions cannot only shed light on the ecological adaptations of molluscs,but provide further insights into development of more effective grinding,scraping,and cleaning technical devices.
文摘BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer(EC)is an aggressive malignancy with low survival(10%-30%).Nutritional problems are present throughout the perioperative period and are key to prognosis.Home enteral nutrition appears to improve the nutritional status of patients with EC.Few studies have addressed the experience of patients administering their own nutritional fluids and managing their own feeding tubes at home.The aim of this study was to explore the real-life experience of self-management of feeding tubes in patients at home after EC surgery in the first 3 months after discharge following surgery.AIM To explore feeding tube self-management experience of patients at home 3 months after discharge following EC surgery.METHODS Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 patients using a feeding tube at home after EC surgery.Thematic analysis of the recordings identified themes related to feeding tube self-management.RESULTS Patients expressed similar feelings about their tube management experiences concerning three contextualized themes:Self-management dilemmas,distressing experiences,and self-management facilitators.CONCLUSION There are many dilemmas and problems in self-managing feeding tubes in postoperative homebound patients with EC.Clinical staff should provide guidance to promote a positive change in self-management behavior.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52275435,52075465,52375519)Open Fund Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Precision and Micro-manufacturing Technology(Grant No.JSKL2324K03)Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province of China(Grant No.2023GK2026)。
文摘Rotational feeding combined with shift feeding electrochemical trepanning(RF-SF ECTr)is an effective method for machining aeroengine blisks.However,given the variable relative motion of the electrodes and the complex flow channels around the bending and twisting blades,the accessibility and uniformity of the flow field are poor in blisk RF-SF ECTr using the traditional electrolyte supply(TES)mode,resulting in poor machining stability and low machining efficiency.To improve the distribution of the flow field,a new multi-channel electrolyte supply(MCES)mode is proposed for blisk RF-SF ECTr,in which the position and volume of the electrolyte supply are controlled effectively by setting multiple inlet channels in the liquid inlet area.A flow-field simulation comparison between TES and MCES shows that better accessibility and uniformity of the flow-field distribution are achieved under MCES.To clarify further the flow-field distribution characteristics under RF-SF ECTr,a series of flow-field simulations was conducted at different machining depths.Based on the obtained dynamic change law for the flow field,to enhance further its uniformity and accessibility,a global coverage strategy for the electrolyte supply and a flow-field structure optimization method for MCES are proposed,which involve optimizing the number,diameter,and location of the inlet channels.After many simulations,the optimal MCES structure was achieved whereby the electrolyte covers all positions effectively in the processing area.To verify the proposed method as effective and correct,a series of RF-SF ECTr experiments was carried out.Under the optimized MCES mode,the feeding rate was increased from 0.8 mm/min with the TES mode to 2.0 mm/min,and the processing stability and efficiency were improved significantly.The methods presented here offer an effective guide for flow-field optimization when machining other components with complex spatial structures.
文摘BACKGROUND Congenital intestinal atresia(CIA)is a common intestinal malformation in the neonatal period,and surgery is currently the main treatment method.The choice of postoperative feeding is crucial for the recovery of gastrointestinal function in children.AIM To compare and analyze the effects of different postoperative feeding methods on gastrointestinal function reconstruction in newborns with CIA.METHODS Twenty-six children diagnosed with neonatal CIA,treated with minimally invasive surgery at Shijiazhuang Maternal and Child Health Hospital between January 2021 and May 2024,were selected for this single-center prospective randomized controlled study.They were divided into two groups using envelope randomization:Enteral nutrition(EN)group(n=13)and parenteral nutrition(PN)group(n=13).Baseline and clinical characteristics were collected,and recovery time of bowel sounds and time to first defecation were used as evaluation indices for gastrointestinal functional reconstruction.Differences between the groups were analyzed using t-test,χ2 test,and Fisher’s exact test.Spearman’s correlation tests and linear regression models were employed to analyze factors influencing time to first defecation.RESULTS The time to bowel sound recovery(51.54 vs 65.85,P=0.013)and first defecation(58.15 vs 76.62,P<0.001)was shorter in the EN group compared to the PN group.Clinical improvements in the EN group,including discharge weight(P=0.044),hospital stay(P=0.027),white blood cell count(P=0.023),albumin content(P=0.013),and direct bilirubin content(P=0.018),were also better than those in the PN group.No substantial differences in postoperative complications were found between the groups.Correlation analysis indicated that abdominal infection and operation time may relate to time to first defecation.Linear regression analysis demonstrated a considerable association between EN feeding and shorter time to first defecation.Abdominal infection and an operation time>2 hours may be risk factors for prolonged time to first defecation.CONCLUSION EN substantially promotes the recovery of gastrointestinal function after CIA in neonates and can improve clinical outcomes in children.Future research should explore optimal EN practices to enhance clinical application and child health.
基金supported by National Hi-tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, Grant No. 2008AA03A238)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51005186)Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China (Grant No. 2007B39)
文摘Ultrasonic vibration feeding（UVF） method which can quantitatively feed and precisely deposit fine powder is a potential technique for micro feeding.The excitation sources transmit vibration to capillary though the third medium for most UVF devices.The vibrator is directly touched with the capillary can transmit mechanical energy on the capillary as much as possible,and the powder feeding can be controlled more precise.However,there are few reports about it.A direct UVF system which integrates the function of micro feeding,process observing,and powder forming was developed in this work.In order to analyze the effect of the system factors on feeding,a group of L9（3^3） orthogonal experiments are selected to confirm the effect of level change of factors.The three factors are capillary nozzle diameter,amplitude and signal.The flow rate was stable for each combined factors,and the optimum combination for the minimum flow rate are choosing small capillary,small amplitude,and triangular wave orderly.The whole process of feeding includes start point,middle stage and stop stage.Starting of feeding was synchronized to vibration when the amplitude of capillary nozzle is larger than critical amplitude.Then,the feeding process enters the middle stage,the feeding state is observed by the CCD,and it is very stable in the middle stage.Overflow of feeding can＇t be eliminated during the stop stage.The features of the deposited powder lines are analyzed; the overflow can be diminished by choosing small capillary and appropriate ratio of the capillary nozzle diameter to the particle size.Chinese characters lattices were deposited to validate the ability of quantitatively feeding and fixed feeding of UVF.Diameters of all powder dots show normal distribution,and more than 60% dots are concentrated from 550 μm to 650 μm,and the average diameter for all the dots is 597 μm.Most dots positions are well approached to their scheduled positions,and the maximum deviation is 0.27 mm.The new direct UVF system is used to implement experiments,which confirms the precise controllable of feeding.According improve the feeding technique,it suits well for rapid prototyping,chemistry,pharmaceutics and many other fields,which require precise measurement and feed minim powder.
文摘Global food production is expected to double by 2050 for feeding 9 billion people（Godfray et al.2010）,but yields had stagnated or even collapsed in 24–39%of crop-growing areas over the period 1961–2008（Ray et al.2012）,
基金supported by the Open Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Animal genetic Breeding and Molecular Design(No.AGBMD202202)the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund(Nos.[CX(21)3131]and[CX(20)3010])+2 种基金the“JBGS”Project of Seed Industry Revitalization in Jiangsu Province(Nos.[JBGS[2021]027 and JBGS[2021]105])the Science and Education Integration Project of Yangzhou University(No.[KJRH202115])Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)。
文摘Selenium is an essential trace element for humans and animals.As the active center of selenoproteins,the addition of selenium is beneficial to enhance the antioxidant ability.However,the high cost limits the application of organic Se in agriculture animal production.Selenized glucose(SeGlu)is a newly invented organoselenium material with good stability,low toxicity and low cost.This assay found that SeGlu was able to increase selenium deposition in liver of newborn broilers,and enhance the antioxidant capacity of liver by elevating the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase.This paper as the first example clarifying the mechanism of SeGlu to enhance the antioxidant ability of chicks,shows that SeGlu can be used as an organic selenium enrichment additive for early nutrition of poultry.As a cross-discipline study involving chemistry,biology and agriculture animal science,the work may be beneficial for studies in related fields and prompt the development of the selenium science.
文摘BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is associated with significant undernutrition responsible for an increase in morbidity and mortality after gastrectomy.AIM To evaluate the impact of enteral nutrition by jejunostomy feeding in patients undergoing gastrectomy for cancer.METHODS Between 2003 and 2017,all patients undergoing gastrectomy for cancer treatment were included retrospectively.A group with jejunostomy(J+group)and a group without jejunostomy(J-group)were compared.RESULTS Of the 172 patients included,60 received jejunostomy.Preoperatively,the two groups were comparable with respect to the nutritional parameters studied(body mass index,albumin,etc.).In the postoperative period,the J+group lost less weight and albumin:5.74±8.4 vs 9.86±7.5 kg(P=0.07)and 7.2±5.6 vs 14.7±12.7 g/L(P=0.16),respectively.Overall morbidity was 25%in the J+group and 36.6%in the J-group(P=0.12).The J+group had fewer respiratory,infectious,and grade 3 complications:0%vs 5.4%(P=0.09),1.2%vs 9.3%(P=0.03),and 0%vs 4.7%(P=0.05),respectively.The 30-day mortality was 6.7%in the J+group and 6.3%in the J-group(P=0.91).CONCLUSION Jejunostomy feeding after gastrectomy improves nutritional characteristics and decreases postoperative morbidity.A prospective study could confirm our results.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1908232)National Science and Technology Major Project(2017-VII-0002-0095)+2 种基金Graduate scientific research and innovation foundation of Chongqing(CYB20009)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M673126)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(cstc2020jcyj-bshX0128).
文摘This paper proposes a down-stroke abrasive belt grinding under micro feeding for noise reduction surface.Firstly,a physical model of processing under micro feeding for noise reduction structure was established.Based on the flexible contact characteristics of abrasive belt grinding and Hertz contact theory,a mathematical model suitable for this method was established,considering vibration and abrasive belt wear.Secondly,a simulation analysis was carried out.Then,an experimental platform was built to analyze the influence of process parameters on surface roughness and surface microstructure,with the model verified.Finally,the propeller with pit structure was simulated,and the noise reduction performance of the propeller under this method and general abrasive belt grinding was compared and analyzed.The results show that the maximum error of the model based on proposed method does not exceed 10%,and the coincidence degree of the minimum error point can reach 90%at lower feed speed and higher linear velocity of the abrasive belt.The noise reduction effect of the propeller with pit-shaped surfaces can reach 35%.Through the above analysis,the proposed method can be used for the processing of noise reduction surfaces.
基金Supported by Integrated Research and Demonstration of Chemical Fertilizer and Pesticide Reduction Technology for Soybean in Northeast China(2018YFD0201004)Funding from the Construction of Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System(GARS-04)。
文摘The aims of this study were to achieve working stability and continuity of the straw fibre extruder(D200)to improve the transportation efficiency of pretreated straw materials mulch film.Based on a theoretical analysis of wheat straw friction characteristics and the mechanics model of wheat straw transport,a tilting variable-diameter spiral feeding device matched the designed straw fibre extruder(D200-type).Experimental researches were performed by using the orthogonal test method of the L16(45)to obtain the optimal parameter combination.The spiral angle,the speed of the screw shaft and the moisture content of straw raw materials were selected as influencing factors,and feeding efficiency was selected as the objective indicator.The results showed that the spiral angle,the rotating speed of screw shaft and the moisture content of straw raw materials had very significant effects on the feeding efficiency(p<0.01).The order of the extent of the influence of parameters on the feeding efficiency of wheat straw raw materials from high to low was the moisture content,the spiral angle and the speed of screw shaft.When the maximum transfer efficiency per unit time of the inclined spiral feeding device was 1040.8 kg·h-1,the spiral angle was 40?,the speed of screw shaft was 200 r·min-1 and the moisture content was 65%.Verification experiment proved the feasibility of straw fibre extruder designed.
文摘The feeding habits of the cichlid Tilapia zillii (Gervais) in Lake Kinneret (Israel) were experimentally studied in indoor glass containers (2.5 hrs) and two trials in outdoor 5 m3 tanks (20 - 25 days). The trait of food particle collection by adult fishes was measured. A survey was carried out in the littoral (0 - 1.0 m deep) zone and fingerlings were sampled by electro-chocker. The gut content of the fingerlings was analyzed. The feeding habits of T. zillii were indicated as planktivorous filtration with more enhancements of small zooplankters (Nauplius, Brachionid rotifers) and fewer of Cladocerans suppressions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31972809)the Key Research&Development Program of Hubei Province(No.2022BBA0051),China.
文摘Neuropeptide Y receptor Y8(NPY8R)is a fish-specific receptor with two subtypes,NPY8AR and NPY8BR.Changes in expression levels during physiological processes or in vivo regulation after ventricular injection suggest that NPY8BR plays an important role in feeding regulation;this has been found in only a few fish,at present.In order to better understand the physiological function of npy8br,especially in digestion,we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9(Cas9)technology to generate npy8br-/-japanese medaka(Oryzias latipes).We found that the deletion of npy8br in medaka larvae affected their feeding and digestion ability,ultimately affecting their growth.Specifically,npy8br deficiency in medaka larvae resulted in decreased feed intake and decreased expression levels of orexigenic genes(npy and agrp).npy8br-/-medaka larvae fed for 10 d(10th day of feeding)still had incompletely digested brine shrimp(Artemia nauplii)in the digestive tract 8 h after feeding,the messenger RNA(mRNA)expression levels of digestion-related genes(amy,lpl,ctra,and ctrb)were significantly decreased,and the activity of amylase,trypsin,and lipase also significantly decreased.The deletion of npy8br in medaka larvae inhibited the growth and significantly decreased the expression of growth-related genes(gh and igf1).Hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)sections of intestinal tissue showed that npy8br-/-medaka larvae had damaged intestine,thinned intestinal wall,and shortened intestinal villi.So far,this is the first npy8br gene knockout model established in fish and the first demonstration that npy8br plays an important role in digestion.
基金Supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(Nos.2021YFYZ0015,2023NSFSC0241)。
文摘Although the effects of diet on intestinal microbiotas have been well investigated,the effect of feeding time on the rhythm of gut microbiota remains uncertain.A 9-week feeding trial on Pelteobagrus fulvidraco was conducted.Two triplicate groups of fish were fed identically either at 8:00(day)or at 20:00(night).After 9 weeks,three fish from each cage were sacrificed every 4 h for 24 h.The intestinal contents were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing.Three phyla(Fusobacteria,Proteobacteria,and Verrucomicrobia),and three genera(Cetobacterium,Akkermansia,and Clostridium)were dominant at every time point.Moreover,33.02%of detected amplicon sequence variants showed cyclical variations in fish fed at 20:00,and 3.47%in fish fed at 8:00.Among the top 20 genera,17 showed cyclical variations in the 20:00 group,and only two in the 8:00 group.Rhodobacter,Ralstonia,Mycobacterium,Lactococcus,Halomonas,Akkermansia,and Acinetobacter contributed more to the predicted functional pathways.Moreover,144 and 38 pathways exhibited daily cyclical fluctuations in fish fed at 20:00 and 8:00,respectively.Overall,certain intestinal microorganisms showed a circadian rhythm in P.fulvidraco,and this circadian rhythm was affected by shifted feeding times.
基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA19060203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42076166,42130411)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2021QD061)the CAS-CSIRO Project Fund(No.GJHZ1888)the Mount Tai Scholar Climbing Plan to Song SUNthe Innovation Team of Fishery Resources and Ecology in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea(No.2020TD01)the Hainan Province Basic and Applied Basic Research Program(Natural Science Field)High-Level Talent Project(No.2019RC353)。
文摘Cyanea nozakii,a common jellyfish distributed in offshore China,has a complex trophic relationship with other zooplankton groups.However,few studies have reported the predation rates and prey selection patterns of C.nozakii medusae on different prey items.Research is also lacking on the intraguild predation of Aurelia coerulea(another common bloom jellyfish in offshore China)by C.nozakii.To address the knowledge gaps,the clearance rates of C.nozakii for different prey items,including copepods(small<1000μm and large>1000μm),fish larvae,and gelatinous prey(hydromedusae,A.coerulea ephyrae,and chaetognaths),were measured.The influence of predator size on the clearance rate was also determined.Additionally,we examined the intraguild predation of C.nozakii on A.coerulea medusae.The clearance rates of C.nozakii varied widely with prey organisms,being independent of prey concentrations.Gelatinous organisms,except for chaetognaths,were captured with considerably high efficiency,followed by fish larvae and copepods,indicating the preferential prey selection of gelatinous organisms by C.nozakii.The clearance rate increased linearly with the cross-sectional area of C.nozakii.Body size in medusae may,to some extents,underpin their capacity to capture more prey by increasing the encounter rate and capture success through ontogeny.C.nozakii preyed voraciously on A.coerulea in high feeding efficiency,but the clearance rate decreased with increasing A.coerulea(as prey)size.This phenomenon of intraguild predation suggests a speculative hypothesis of potential population regulation of A.coerulea by C.nozakii.The information regarding the feeding ecology of C.nozakii reported in this study is important for understanding plankton dynamics in marine ecosystems with extensive occurrences of this jellyfish.
文摘Appropriate feeding practices are important during infancy for good health, growth and development of infants and children. WHO revised its earlier recommendation of Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) of infants from 4 to 6 months of age to EBF until about 6 months of age, with the addition of complementary foods thereafter. This recommendation confirms that breast milk alone is sufficient to meet infants’ nutritional requirements for the first 6 months of life. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of various feeding practices on the Nutritional status of infants 0 - 12-month-old in the Kumba 1 Sub-Division. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to August 2020. A total of 341 nursing mothers and their infants 0 - 12 months of age were recruited. Socio-demographic factors and the different feeding habits of the children were assessed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric measurements. The overall proportion of infants who exclusively breastfed for 6 months was 69.2% and those who were mix-fed were 30.8% in the study area. The overall prevalence of malnutrition in the population was 61.0%. Among the malnourished children, 53.1% were underweight, 19.6% were wasted and 10.0% were stunted. Though not significant, the prevalence of wasting (21.0%) and underweight (58.3%) was higher among Mix-Fed (MF) children when compared to their EBF counterparts. Feeding practices affected the nutritional status of the infants. Underweight and wasting were observed among infants on Complementary Feeding (CF), although some exclusively breast-fed infants were stunted. Hence, nursing mothers should try as much as possible to practice EBF as recommended by WHO and can practice CF when the child is above six months.
文摘Electrocatalytic CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)holds significant promise for sustainable energy conversion,with cobalt phthalocyanine(CoPc)emerging as a notable catalyst due to its high CO selectivity.However,CoPc's efficacy is hindered by its limited ability to provide sufficient proton for the protonation process,particularly at industrial current densities.Herein,we introduce defect-engineered carbon nanotubes(d-CNT)to augment proton feeding for CO_(2)RR over CoPc,achieved by expediting water dissociation.Our kinetic measurements and in-situ attenuated total reflection surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy reveal d-CNT significantly enhances proton feeding,thereby facilitating CO_(2)activation to*COOH in CoPc.Density functional theory calculations corroborate these findings,illustrating that d-CNT decreases the barrier to water dissociation.Consequently,the CoPc/d-CNT mixture demonstrates robust performance,achieving 500 mA cm^(-2)for CO_(2)RR with CO selectivity exceeding 96%.Notably,CoPc/d-CNT remains stability for a duration of 20 h under a substantial current density of 150 mA cm^(-2).The study broadens the scope of practical applications for molecular catalysts in CO_(2)RR,marking a significant step towards sustainable energy conversion.
