In a public procurement process,corruption can occur at each stage,favoring a participant with a previous agreement,which can result in over-pricing and purchases of substandard products,as well as gender discriminati...In a public procurement process,corruption can occur at each stage,favoring a participant with a previous agreement,which can result in over-pricing and purchases of substandard products,as well as gender discrimination.This paper’s aim is to detect biased purchases using a Spanish Language corpus,ana-lyzing text from the questions and answers registry platform by applicants in a public procurement process in Ecuador.Additionally,gender bias is detected,pro-moting both men and women to participate under the same conditions.In order to detect gender bias and favoritism towards certain providers by contracting enti-ties,the study proposes a unique hybrid model that combines Artificial Intelli-gence algorithms and Natural Language Processing(NLP).In the experimental work,303,076 public procurement processes have been analyzed over 10 years(since 2010)with 1,009,739 questions and answers to suppliers and public insti-tutions in each process.Gender bias and favoritism were analyzed using a Word2-vec model with word embedding,as well as sentiment analysis of the questions and answers using the VADER algorithm.In 32%of cases(96,984 answers),there was favoritism or gender bias as evidenced by responses from contracting entities.The proposed model provides accuracy rates of 88% for detecting favor-itism,and 90%for detecting gender bias.Consequently one-third of the procure-ment processes carried out by the state have indications of corruption and bias.In Latin America,government corruption is one of the most significant challenges,making the resulting classifier useful for detecting bias and favoritism in public procurement processes.展开更多
(1)Anna:What colour is your bag?Ben:My bag is blue.Anna:I like blue!My pencil box is red.Ben:Red is nice too.Do you like green?Anna:Yes,green is my favorite colour!
Dear Song Tao,How are you these days?I miss you very much.I’m very happy to hear from you.Now let me tell you something about my favorites.My favorite food is fruit,especially apples.I think they are good for my health.
在美国,社会经济快速发展,新潮词语层出不穷,其中包括一部分为数不少的简写词。现介绍一些如下: 1.BF best friend(最好的朋友)的简写。青年人喜欢交友,言谈中也是三句话不离“我最好的朋友”。为简便起见,干脆简称BF。如: Are you ther...在美国,社会经济快速发展,新潮词语层出不穷,其中包括一部分为数不少的简写词。现介绍一些如下: 1.BF best friend(最好的朋友)的简写。青年人喜欢交友,言谈中也是三句话不离“我最好的朋友”。为简便起见,干脆简称BF。如: Are you there for your BF when he gets intotrouble?当你最好的朋友生活不顺时,你在他身边吗?展开更多
1.文学常识1.Modernism-It is a label loosely applied to theworks of certain writers of the late nineteenthand early twentieth centuries who investigatedthe structure and texture of literature andchallenged its CONVENTI...1.文学常识1.Modernism-It is a label loosely applied to theworks of certain writers of the late nineteenthand early twentieth centuries who investigatedthe structure and texture of literature andchallenged its CONVENTIONS.The years from1910 to 1930 are often called the Era of Moder-nism,for there seems to have been in both展开更多
由于中西方文化背景不同,许多英语习语光看字面意思根本无法理解,我们在翻译这些习语时,切忌望文生义,必须认真弄清其确切含义,才不会出现误译。 1.favorite son 《韦氏新世界美国英语词典》对favorite son有两种解释:一种是因有卓越成...由于中西方文化背景不同,许多英语习语光看字面意思根本无法理解,我们在翻译这些习语时,切忌望文生义,必须认真弄清其确切含义,才不会出现误译。 1.favorite son 《韦氏新世界美国英语词典》对favorite son有两种解释:一种是因有卓越成就,在本乡本土为人所尊敬、颂扬的名人(a famous man honored and praised展开更多
An exploratory study was conducted on the housing pattern and food habit of the Mro tribe in Bandarban region, Bangladesh, highlighting their indigenous knowledge. The study was carried out with respect to three incom...An exploratory study was conducted on the housing pattern and food habit of the Mro tribe in Bandarban region, Bangladesh, highlighting their indigenous knowledge. The study was carried out with respect to three income groups. A total of 36 households (12 from each income groups) were assessed using different participatory appraisals through semi-structured questionnaires. A special type of indigenous knowledge on housing pattern and food habit was explored in the Mro community, which correspond to the severe dependence on forest resources.展开更多
文摘In a public procurement process,corruption can occur at each stage,favoring a participant with a previous agreement,which can result in over-pricing and purchases of substandard products,as well as gender discrimination.This paper’s aim is to detect biased purchases using a Spanish Language corpus,ana-lyzing text from the questions and answers registry platform by applicants in a public procurement process in Ecuador.Additionally,gender bias is detected,pro-moting both men and women to participate under the same conditions.In order to detect gender bias and favoritism towards certain providers by contracting enti-ties,the study proposes a unique hybrid model that combines Artificial Intelli-gence algorithms and Natural Language Processing(NLP).In the experimental work,303,076 public procurement processes have been analyzed over 10 years(since 2010)with 1,009,739 questions and answers to suppliers and public insti-tutions in each process.Gender bias and favoritism were analyzed using a Word2-vec model with word embedding,as well as sentiment analysis of the questions and answers using the VADER algorithm.In 32%of cases(96,984 answers),there was favoritism or gender bias as evidenced by responses from contracting entities.The proposed model provides accuracy rates of 88% for detecting favor-itism,and 90%for detecting gender bias.Consequently one-third of the procure-ment processes carried out by the state have indications of corruption and bias.In Latin America,government corruption is one of the most significant challenges,making the resulting classifier useful for detecting bias and favoritism in public procurement processes.
文摘Yesterday I lost my favorite watch.It was a gift from my grandfather.I was so sad and worried.I looked for it here and there,but I just couldn't find.
文摘( )1.Can you look___this report today?A.out B.towards C.over D.together( )2.The egg isn't round.It's an___.A.fact B.oval C.part D.reason( )3.Only a___apple remained in the basket.A.single B.surprised C.scared D.strong( )4.Carrots are my favorite___.
文摘(1)Anna:What colour is your bag?Ben:My bag is blue.Anna:I like blue!My pencil box is red.Ben:Red is nice too.Do you like green?Anna:Yes,green is my favorite colour!
文摘Dear Song Tao,How are you these days?I miss you very much.I’m very happy to hear from you.Now let me tell you something about my favorites.My favorite food is fruit,especially apples.I think they are good for my health.
文摘在美国,社会经济快速发展,新潮词语层出不穷,其中包括一部分为数不少的简写词。现介绍一些如下: 1.BF best friend(最好的朋友)的简写。青年人喜欢交友,言谈中也是三句话不离“我最好的朋友”。为简便起见,干脆简称BF。如: Are you there for your BF when he gets intotrouble?当你最好的朋友生活不顺时,你在他身边吗?
文摘1.文学常识1.Modernism-It is a label loosely applied to theworks of certain writers of the late nineteenthand early twentieth centuries who investigatedthe structure and texture of literature andchallenged its CONVENTIONS.The years from1910 to 1930 are often called the Era of Moder-nism,for there seems to have been in both
文摘由于中西方文化背景不同,许多英语习语光看字面意思根本无法理解,我们在翻译这些习语时,切忌望文生义,必须认真弄清其确切含义,才不会出现误译。 1.favorite son 《韦氏新世界美国英语词典》对favorite son有两种解释:一种是因有卓越成就,在本乡本土为人所尊敬、颂扬的名人(a famous man honored and praised
文摘An exploratory study was conducted on the housing pattern and food habit of the Mro tribe in Bandarban region, Bangladesh, highlighting their indigenous knowledge. The study was carried out with respect to three income groups. A total of 36 households (12 from each income groups) were assessed using different participatory appraisals through semi-structured questionnaires. A special type of indigenous knowledge on housing pattern and food habit was explored in the Mro community, which correspond to the severe dependence on forest resources.
