This paper is part of a series addressing the urgent need for effective technologies to reduce energy demand and mitigate climate impact.This study focused on the implementation and development of dynamic insulation t...This paper is part of a series addressing the urgent need for effective technologies to reduce energy demand and mitigate climate impact.This study focused on the implementation and development of dynamic insulation technology for a sustainable and energy-efficient future in the region,especially in Iraq.The study assessed the energy efficiency of dynamic insulation technology by analyzing three wallmodels(static,dynamic,and modified)during thewinter season.This paper expands the analysis to include a hot,dry summer scenario,providing valuable insights into the year-round performance of dynamic walls and enabling sustainable and energy-efficient solutions for Iraq’s climate.The study evaluates the thermal efficiency of the dynamic intake and exhaust facades during the cooling season for the city of Baghdad.The finding indicated that the dynamic intake facade reduces energy consumption by 16.3%for the dynamic wall and 17.2%for the modified dynamic wall.In addition,the dynamic exhaust front reduces energy consumption by 46%during the cooling season,with the maximum permissible exhaust air level.Dynamic insulation is suitable for hot and dry climates,improving energy consumption.展开更多
Like the hard surfaces of streets and sidewalks in an urban environment, the vertical and horizontal surface area on the outside of urban buildings contributes to the constant heating of large cities around the world....Like the hard surfaces of streets and sidewalks in an urban environment, the vertical and horizontal surface area on the outside of urban buildings contributes to the constant heating of large cities around the world. However, little is done to design this surface to benefit the public sphere. Instead, the facade of a building performs either as a component that focuses only on the quality of comfort for interior occupants, while ignoring effects on the exterior of the building, or as an identifiable aesthetic for the building＇s owners, This essay proposes the rethinking of the building facade as a steward of outdoor pedestrian welfare, and the conception of public health as an added function of the building envelope- a concept that may fall into the jurisdiction of public works. If the huge total surface area of a city＇s buildings is thought of as part of the city＇s infrastructure, then its public contribution may not only make outdoor areas comfortable, clean, and enjoyable, but also help to alleviate the bigger problem of rising temperatures in cities.展开更多
Double-skin facades(DSF)are a technique developed for colder climates,so few people think about whether or not it can also be used for hot-summer and cold-winter zones in China.After analyzing the problems of using DS...Double-skin facades(DSF)are a technique developed for colder climates,so few people think about whether or not it can also be used for hot-summer and cold-winter zones in China.After analyzing the problems of using DSF for hot-summer zones,this paper explored on the possibility of applying DSF in hot-summer and cold-winter zones in China.The main existing research methods for DSF were also collected and commented.If properly managed,the ventilated DSF with controlled shading devices can be used even in hot summer in China.展开更多
The main aim of this paper was to study the influence of ventilation during a typical experimental day, in the internal air temperature as well as in internal surface temperatures under the conditions of the outer env...The main aim of this paper was to study the influence of ventilation during a typical experimental day, in the internal air temperature as well as in internal surface temperatures under the conditions of the outer environment, using an experimental method which allows a comparison of the thermal performance between four cell tests： a prototype called control （no vegetation） and three with different combinations of vegetation （roofs and facades） installed in a region of tropical climate. The experiments were developed in four test cells with dimensions 2.0 m × 2.50 m × 2.7 m. Measurements of internal surface temperatures and internal air temperatures were collected with the use of specific equipment, a data logger （CR1000, Campbell Scientific Inc.）, connected with two multiplexers 32 channels （416AM Campbell Scientific Inc.）. Data were recorded over a year and a typical heat day was selected, which was September 24, 2015. The results show that ventilation affects the internal temperature of the air, so that this gets even surpass the external temperature. Regarding surface temperatures, increased temperature, except those which are provided with vegetation, namely, the surfaces which have green walls and green roofs file the lower temperatures. Therefore, we can confirm the ability of vegetation to maintain more pleasant internal conditions compared to the test cells built with conventional materials, thus it can reduce cooling load efficiency.展开更多
The main aims of this paper were to study and demonstrate the benefits the plant systems can provide indoors in a critical heat day. This study proposed an experimental method to try to understand the thermal response...The main aims of this paper were to study and demonstrate the benefits the plant systems can provide indoors in a critical heat day. This study proposed an experimental method to try to understand the thermal response to heat of four different systems： a prototype called control （no vegetation） and three with different combinations of vegetation （green roofs and green facades） installed in a tropical climate region. The experiments were developed in four test cells with dimensions 2.0 m × 2.50 m× 2.71 m. Measurements of internal surface temperatures and internal air temperatures were collected with the use of specific equipment, a data logger （CR1000, Campbell Scientific Inc.）, connected with two multiplexers 32 channels （416AM Campbell Scientific Inc.）. Data were recorded over a year and a critical day heat was selected, which was September 24, 2015.The results show that the use of plant systems in buildings establishes a passive technique in reducing energy consumption because of the high incidence of summer solar radiation which is reduced and simultaneously, it maintains thermal internal conditions more pleasant than external ones, because of the best thermal behaviour, which was observed in the test cell with vegetation on both roofs and facades. The biggest difference between maximum internal air temperatures registered was 2 ℃.展开更多
Development of a city depends largely on its transportation, and road construction reveals development skeletons of the city. With the aggravation of city pollution, construction of ecological corridor has been put on...Development of a city depends largely on its transportation, and road construction reveals development skeletons of the city. With the aggravation of city pollution, construction of ecological corridor has been put on the agenda of urban ecological construction, against this background, "2 rings and 17 radial lines" of Zhengzhou City were planned. This paper analyzed the plan from the perspectives of role of urban green corridor, planning principle, characteristic building and greening of building facade, and exploration of green corridors integrating pathways, bikeways, bus harbors and green island gas station.展开更多
The production of efficient building models promotes the search for intelligent technologies,capable of making the car building sufficient,from an energy point of view,to improve the comfort and well-being of the occu...The production of efficient building models promotes the search for intelligent technologies,capable of making the car building sufficient,from an energy point of view,to improve the comfort and well-being of the occupants,while respecting the environment and the planet.So they need new building processes that increase market demand,enhancing the use of alternative sources in which construction becomes the focus of productivity.The objectives are those of energy self-sufficient buildings,with passive use of the roofs,in which the different materials and systems optimize the efficiency and effectiveness of the energy and technological systems,with an innovative constructive integrated design approach,for the new,for the redevelopment and recovery of the building,also according to European regulations including UNI EN 13830:2015 and other worldwide ones.The criteria are distinguished according to the needs of the occupants,for the use of energy self-sufficient environments,security,with air quality,living comfort,cost reduction and increased productivity of the real estate sector.The methodologies point to a new conscious and shared model for the use of innovative construction technologies,with BIM(Building Information Modeling)design and MEP(Mechanical,Electrical and Plumbing)systems,which aim at digitization with pre-planning and intelligent management in construction,and smart BMS(Building Management Systems)systems in the BA(Building Automation).So they use typologies of intelligent facades in efficient buildings,unitized curtain walling system,structural glass facades,suspended curtain-walls,etc.,with double and triple skin glazed systems,LED glass,with solar screens,etc.Therefore,high performance in passive systems,for natural lighting and ventilation,etc.is distinguished in envelopes in operation the solar incidence and solar carving techniques.The challenge is the well-being of the occupants in the use of innovative technologies for types of intelligent facades,in passive and efficient,low-carbon enclosures that interact with the user and the context,with a view to the durability of the systems,energy saving and some materials.展开更多
Shenjia Garden, which was built in 1938, is the only cultural relic protection unit in Fengxian area in Shanghai. In 2018, Fengxian District government started the urban renewal project of Nanqiaoyuan area, and the re...Shenjia Garden, which was built in 1938, is the only cultural relic protection unit in Fengxian area in Shanghai. In 2018, Fengxian District government started the urban renewal project of Nanqiaoyuan area, and the renovation of Shenjia Garden was also started. This paper will discuss the renovation of the exterior facade of the main building of Shenjia Garden.展开更多
This study simulates wind effects on a standard tall building model as specified bythe Commonwealth Advisory Aeronautical Council (CAARC). We generated data to enhanceliving conditions through passive flow control, wh...This study simulates wind effects on a standard tall building model as specified bythe Commonwealth Advisory Aeronautical Council (CAARC). We generated data to enhanceliving conditions through passive flow control, which mitigates building weathering, reduceswind loads, and improves energy efficiency and natural ventilation. The research also aidsbuilding designers with robust numerical predictions. The validity of these results wasconfirmed by comparing drag coefficient (CD) values with those from previous studies. The findings demonstrate that passive flow control significantly reduces wind-induced drag forces onthe building at various angles of attack (a) by altering wind-induced pressures, reducingvorticity, and decreasing vortex shedding magnitudes. The objective was to identify theoptimal placement of segmented cladding materials with desired gaps between segments toallow airflow to influence temperature variations when exposed to wind at 293 K and a heatflux of 500 W/m^(2) at wind speeds of 1, 2, and 4 m/s (Reynolds numbers of 5.2×10^(3),10.4×10^(3), and 20.8×10^(3)). Using 2D numerical analysis, twenty-four different facade andbuilding model combinations were simulated. This study offers practical guidance on facadeselection and positioning to optimize wind resistance and enhance the livability and functionality of building environments.展开更多
In this paper,we investigate the design of an adaptive biomimetic facade as a practical solution for enhancing energy efficiency of highly glazed buildings in the hot and humid regions.We present an adaptive facade th...In this paper,we investigate the design of an adaptive biomimetic facade as a practical solution for enhancing energy efficiency of highly glazed buildings in the hot and humid regions.We present an adaptive facade that reduces solar heat gain and hence the energy consumption of the building,with minimal reduction in visual comfort(i.e.,indoor lighting levels and visibility to the outer environment)of the users.The basic module of the facade consists of four shading devices that can be folded along both horizontal and vertical axes.The design enables shading under both high and low sun angles,without blocking visibility to the outdoor environment.To develop the facade,we explore and mimic the physical,physiological and adaptation properties of an Oxalis oregana-a leaf that has the natural ability to track sun path and change its angle/position accordingly.As a case study for the proposed facade,we take an existing 20-story office building in the hot and humid climate of Lahore,Pakistan.Our numerical results indicate that after retrofitting of the designed facade,the building’s existing energy load decreases by 32%.Moreover,50%of the interior space(as opposed to 55%before the retrofitting)still has lighting level within the recommended range of 500-750 lux.The investigation demonstrates that the proposed biomimetic facade can significantly reduce the energy consumption,with minimal reduction in visual comfort,of highly glazed buildings.展开更多
Buildings could play a critical role in energy and food production while making highdensity cities more resilient.Productive facades(PFs),as flexible and multi-functional systems integrating photovoltaic(PV)and vertic...Buildings could play a critical role in energy and food production while making highdensity cities more resilient.Productive facades(PFs),as flexible and multi-functional systems integrating photovoltaic(PV)and vertical farming(VF)systems,could contribute to transforming buildings and communities from consumers to producers.This study analyses the architectural quality of the developed PF concept drawing on the findings of a web-survey conducted among experts e building professionals in Singapore.The developed design variants are compared with regards to key design aspects such as facade aesthetics,view from the inside,materialisation,ease of operation,functionality and overall architectural quality.The study also compares and discusses the results of the web-survey with the results of a previously conducted door-to-door survey among the potential users-residents of the Housing&Development Board(HDB)blocks.The findings confirm an overall acceptance of the PF concept and reveal a need for synergetic collaboration between architects/designers and other building professionals.Based on the defined PF design framework and the results of the two surveys,a series of recommendations and improved PF prototypes are proposed for further assessment and implementation in order to foster their scalability from buildings into communities and cities.展开更多
Window detection is a key component in many graphics and vision applications related to 3D city modeling and scene visualization.We present a novel approach for learning to recognize windows in a colored facade image....Window detection is a key component in many graphics and vision applications related to 3D city modeling and scene visualization.We present a novel approach for learning to recognize windows in a colored facade image.Rather than predicting bounding boxes or performing facade segmentation,our system locates keypoints of windows,and learns keypoint relationships to group them together into windows.A further module provides extra recognizable information at the window center.Locations and relationships of keypoints are encoded in different types of heatmaps,which are learned in an end-to-end network.We have also constructed a facade dataset with 3418 annotated images to facilitate research in this field.It has richly varying facade structures,occlusion,lighting conditions,and angle of view.On our dataset,our method achieves precision of 91.4%and recall of 91.0%under 50%IoU(intersection over union).We also make a quantitative comparison with state-of-the-art methods to verify the utility of our proposed method.Applications based on our window detector are also demonstrated,such as window blending.展开更多
This work aimed to find the best possible solution for transparent facades. The evaluation was formulated to assure the highest user comfort criteria corresponding to energy efficiency--two criterion optimisation. The...This work aimed to find the best possible solution for transparent facades. The evaluation was formulated to assure the highest user comfort criteria corresponding to energy efficiency--two criterion optimisation. The analyses were based on BESTEST, south-oriented zone geometry. Computer model was designed using Finite Control Volume Techniques with assumptions for applied materials and specified boundary conditions, plus reference year for energy calculation （WYECZJ. The natural ventilation facade system was desfgned to determine airflow network inside the facade. The adjustable size of openings （inlets and outlets） was selected at the level of 80% for the cold season and totally dosed during the hot season. Environmental parameters for thermal comfort evaluation were： zone resultant temperature and solar radiation in zone space. Energy efficiency was assessed based on heat flux between the zone with controlled temperature and external environment. Results showed that well selected design of buffer zone section could improve energy efficiency of adjacent zones for both winter and summer periods. The most profitable Double Skin Facade solution is DGC （double glazing with low-e coating） combined with single glazing with internal blinds （SGB） or coloured glazing.展开更多
Substantially glazed facades are extensively used in contemporary high-rise buildings to achieve attractive architectural aesthetics.Inherent conflicts exist among architectural aesthetics,building energy consumption,...Substantially glazed facades are extensively used in contemporary high-rise buildings to achieve attractive architectural aesthetics.Inherent conflicts exist among architectural aesthetics,building energy consumption,and solar energy harvesting for glazed facades.In this study,we addressed these conflicts by introducing a new dynamic and vertical photovoltaic integrated building envelope(dvPVBE)that offers extraordinary flexibility with weather-responsive slat angles and blind positions,superior architectural aesthetics,and notable energy-saving potential.Three hierarchical control strategies were proposed for different scenarios of the dvPVBE:power generation priority(PGP),natural daylight priority(NDP),and energy-saving priority(ESP).Moreover,the PGP and ESP strategies were further analyzed in the simulation of a dvPVBE.An office room integrated with a dvPVBE was modeled using EnergyPlus.The influence of the dvPVBE in improving the building energy efficiency and corresponding optimal slat angles was investigated under the PGP and ESP control strategies.The results indicate that the application of dvPVBEs in Beijing can provide up to 131%of the annual energy demand of office rooms and significantly increase the annual net energy output by at least 226%compared with static photovoltaic(PV)blinds.The concept of this novel dvPVBE offers a viable approach by which the thermal load,daylight penetration,and energy generation can be effectively regulated.展开更多
The classification of Chinese traditional settlements(CTSs)is extremely important for their differentiated development and protection.The innovative double-branch classification model developed in this study comprehen...The classification of Chinese traditional settlements(CTSs)is extremely important for their differentiated development and protection.The innovative double-branch classification model developed in this study comprehensively utilized the features of remote sensing(RS)images and building facade pictures(BFPs).This approach was able to overcome the limitations of previous methods that used only building facade images to classify settlements.First,the features of the roofs and walls were extracted using a double-branch structure,which consisted of an RS image branch and BFP branch.Then,a feature fusion module was designed to fuse the features of the roofs and walls.The precision,recall,and F1-score of the proposed model were improved by more than 4%compared with the classification model using only RS images or BFPs.The same three indexes of the proposed model were improved by more than 2%compared with other deep learning models.The results demonstrated that the proposed model performed well in the classification of architectural styles in CTSs.展开更多
To address the current issues of inaccurate segmentation and the limited applicability of segmentation methods for building facades in point clouds, we propose a facade segmentation algorithm based on optimal dual-sca...To address the current issues of inaccurate segmentation and the limited applicability of segmentation methods for building facades in point clouds, we propose a facade segmentation algorithm based on optimal dual-scale feature descriptors. First, we select the optimal dual-scale descriptors from a range of feature descriptors. Next, we segment the facade according to the threshold value of the chosen optimal dual-scale descriptors. Finally, we use RANSAC (Random Sample Consensus) to fit the segmented surface and optimize the fitting result. Experimental results show that, compared to commonly used facade segmentation algorithms, the proposed method yields more accurate segmentation results, providing a robust data foundation for subsequent 3D model reconstruction of buildings.展开更多
The growing demand for energy-efficient solutions has led to increased interest in analyzing building facades,as buildings contribute significantly to energy consumption in urban environments.However,conventional imag...The growing demand for energy-efficient solutions has led to increased interest in analyzing building facades,as buildings contribute significantly to energy consumption in urban environments.However,conventional image segmentation methods often struggle to capture fine details such as edges and contours,limiting their effectiveness in identifying areas prone to energy loss.To address this challenge,we propose a novel segmentation methodology that combines object-wise processing with a two-stage deep learning model,Cascade U-Net.Object-wise processing isolates components of the facade,such as walls and windows,for independent analysis,while Cascade U-Net incorporates contour information to enhance segmentation accuracy.The methodology involves four steps:object isolation,which crops and adjusts the image based on bounding boxes;contour extraction,which derives contours;image segmentation,which modifies and reuses contours as guide data in Cascade U-Net to segment areas;and segmentation synthesis,which integrates the results obtained for each object to produce the final segmentation map.Applied to a dataset of Korean building images,the proposed method significantly outperformed traditional models,demonstrating improved accuracy and the ability to preserve critical structural details.Furthermore,we applied this approach to classify window thermal loss in real-world scenarios using infrared images,showing its potential to identify windows vulnerable to energy loss.Notably,our Cascade U-Net,which builds upon the relatively lightweight U-Net architecture,also exhibited strong performance,reinforcing the practical value of this method.Our approach offers a practical solution for enhancing energy efficiency in buildings by providing more precise segmentation results.展开更多
The relentless progress in the research of geographic spatial data models and their application scenarios is propelling an unprecedented rich Level of Detail(LoD)in realistic 3D representation and smart cities.This pu...The relentless progress in the research of geographic spatial data models and their application scenarios is propelling an unprecedented rich Level of Detail(LoD)in realistic 3D representation and smart cities.This pursuit of rich details not only adds complexity to entity models but also poses significant computational challenges for model visualization and 3D GIS.This paper introduces a novel method for deriving multi-LOD models,which can enhance the efficiency of spatial computing in complex 3D building models.Firstly,we extract multiple facades from a 3D building model(LoD3)and convert them into individual semantic facade models.Through the utilization of the developed facade layout graph,each semantic facade model is then transformed into a parametric model.Furthermore,we explore the specification of geometric and semantic details in building facades and define three different LODs for facades,offering a unique expression.Finally,an innovative heuristic method is introduced to simplify the parameterized facade.Through rigorous experimentation and evaluation,the effectiveness of the proposed parameterization methodology in capturing complex geometric details,semantic richness,and topological relationships of 3D building models is demonstrated.展开更多
文摘This paper is part of a series addressing the urgent need for effective technologies to reduce energy demand and mitigate climate impact.This study focused on the implementation and development of dynamic insulation technology for a sustainable and energy-efficient future in the region,especially in Iraq.The study assessed the energy efficiency of dynamic insulation technology by analyzing three wallmodels(static,dynamic,and modified)during thewinter season.This paper expands the analysis to include a hot,dry summer scenario,providing valuable insights into the year-round performance of dynamic walls and enabling sustainable and energy-efficient solutions for Iraq’s climate.The study evaluates the thermal efficiency of the dynamic intake and exhaust facades during the cooling season for the city of Baghdad.The finding indicated that the dynamic intake facade reduces energy consumption by 16.3%for the dynamic wall and 17.2%for the modified dynamic wall.In addition,the dynamic exhaust front reduces energy consumption by 46%during the cooling season,with the maximum permissible exhaust air level.Dynamic insulation is suitable for hot and dry climates,improving energy consumption.
文摘Like the hard surfaces of streets and sidewalks in an urban environment, the vertical and horizontal surface area on the outside of urban buildings contributes to the constant heating of large cities around the world. However, little is done to design this surface to benefit the public sphere. Instead, the facade of a building performs either as a component that focuses only on the quality of comfort for interior occupants, while ignoring effects on the exterior of the building, or as an identifiable aesthetic for the building＇s owners, This essay proposes the rethinking of the building facade as a steward of outdoor pedestrian welfare, and the conception of public health as an added function of the building envelope- a concept that may fall into the jurisdiction of public works. If the huge total surface area of a city＇s buildings is thought of as part of the city＇s infrastructure, then its public contribution may not only make outdoor areas comfortable, clean, and enjoyable, but also help to alleviate the bigger problem of rising temperatures in cities.
文摘Double-skin facades(DSF)are a technique developed for colder climates,so few people think about whether or not it can also be used for hot-summer and cold-winter zones in China.After analyzing the problems of using DSF for hot-summer zones,this paper explored on the possibility of applying DSF in hot-summer and cold-winter zones in China.The main existing research methods for DSF were also collected and commented.If properly managed,the ventilated DSF with controlled shading devices can be used even in hot summer in China.
文摘The main aim of this paper was to study the influence of ventilation during a typical experimental day, in the internal air temperature as well as in internal surface temperatures under the conditions of the outer environment, using an experimental method which allows a comparison of the thermal performance between four cell tests： a prototype called control （no vegetation） and three with different combinations of vegetation （roofs and facades） installed in a region of tropical climate. The experiments were developed in four test cells with dimensions 2.0 m × 2.50 m × 2.7 m. Measurements of internal surface temperatures and internal air temperatures were collected with the use of specific equipment, a data logger （CR1000, Campbell Scientific Inc.）, connected with two multiplexers 32 channels （416AM Campbell Scientific Inc.）. Data were recorded over a year and a typical heat day was selected, which was September 24, 2015. The results show that ventilation affects the internal temperature of the air, so that this gets even surpass the external temperature. Regarding surface temperatures, increased temperature, except those which are provided with vegetation, namely, the surfaces which have green walls and green roofs file the lower temperatures. Therefore, we can confirm the ability of vegetation to maintain more pleasant internal conditions compared to the test cells built with conventional materials, thus it can reduce cooling load efficiency.
文摘The main aims of this paper were to study and demonstrate the benefits the plant systems can provide indoors in a critical heat day. This study proposed an experimental method to try to understand the thermal response to heat of four different systems： a prototype called control （no vegetation） and three with different combinations of vegetation （green roofs and green facades） installed in a tropical climate region. The experiments were developed in four test cells with dimensions 2.0 m × 2.50 m× 2.71 m. Measurements of internal surface temperatures and internal air temperatures were collected with the use of specific equipment, a data logger （CR1000, Campbell Scientific Inc.）, connected with two multiplexers 32 channels （416AM Campbell Scientific Inc.）. Data were recorded over a year and a critical day heat was selected, which was September 24, 2015.The results show that the use of plant systems in buildings establishes a passive technique in reducing energy consumption because of the high incidence of summer solar radiation which is reduced and simultaneously, it maintains thermal internal conditions more pleasant than external ones, because of the best thermal behaviour, which was observed in the test cell with vegetation on both roofs and facades. The biggest difference between maximum internal air temperatures registered was 2 ℃.
文摘Development of a city depends largely on its transportation, and road construction reveals development skeletons of the city. With the aggravation of city pollution, construction of ecological corridor has been put on the agenda of urban ecological construction, against this background, "2 rings and 17 radial lines" of Zhengzhou City were planned. This paper analyzed the plan from the perspectives of role of urban green corridor, planning principle, characteristic building and greening of building facade, and exploration of green corridors integrating pathways, bikeways, bus harbors and green island gas station.
文摘The production of efficient building models promotes the search for intelligent technologies,capable of making the car building sufficient,from an energy point of view,to improve the comfort and well-being of the occupants,while respecting the environment and the planet.So they need new building processes that increase market demand,enhancing the use of alternative sources in which construction becomes the focus of productivity.The objectives are those of energy self-sufficient buildings,with passive use of the roofs,in which the different materials and systems optimize the efficiency and effectiveness of the energy and technological systems,with an innovative constructive integrated design approach,for the new,for the redevelopment and recovery of the building,also according to European regulations including UNI EN 13830:2015 and other worldwide ones.The criteria are distinguished according to the needs of the occupants,for the use of energy self-sufficient environments,security,with air quality,living comfort,cost reduction and increased productivity of the real estate sector.The methodologies point to a new conscious and shared model for the use of innovative construction technologies,with BIM(Building Information Modeling)design and MEP(Mechanical,Electrical and Plumbing)systems,which aim at digitization with pre-planning and intelligent management in construction,and smart BMS(Building Management Systems)systems in the BA(Building Automation).So they use typologies of intelligent facades in efficient buildings,unitized curtain walling system,structural glass facades,suspended curtain-walls,etc.,with double and triple skin glazed systems,LED glass,with solar screens,etc.Therefore,high performance in passive systems,for natural lighting and ventilation,etc.is distinguished in envelopes in operation the solar incidence and solar carving techniques.The challenge is the well-being of the occupants in the use of innovative technologies for types of intelligent facades,in passive and efficient,low-carbon enclosures that interact with the user and the context,with a view to the durability of the systems,energy saving and some materials.
文摘Shenjia Garden, which was built in 1938, is the only cultural relic protection unit in Fengxian area in Shanghai. In 2018, Fengxian District government started the urban renewal project of Nanqiaoyuan area, and the renovation of Shenjia Garden was also started. This paper will discuss the renovation of the exterior facade of the main building of Shenjia Garden.
基金funded by the Key Research and Development Program of Sichuan Province(No.2023YFWZ0008).
文摘This study simulates wind effects on a standard tall building model as specified bythe Commonwealth Advisory Aeronautical Council (CAARC). We generated data to enhanceliving conditions through passive flow control, which mitigates building weathering, reduceswind loads, and improves energy efficiency and natural ventilation. The research also aidsbuilding designers with robust numerical predictions. The validity of these results wasconfirmed by comparing drag coefficient (CD) values with those from previous studies. The findings demonstrate that passive flow control significantly reduces wind-induced drag forces onthe building at various angles of attack (a) by altering wind-induced pressures, reducingvorticity, and decreasing vortex shedding magnitudes. The objective was to identify theoptimal placement of segmented cladding materials with desired gaps between segments toallow airflow to influence temperature variations when exposed to wind at 293 K and a heatflux of 500 W/m^(2) at wind speeds of 1, 2, and 4 m/s (Reynolds numbers of 5.2×10^(3),10.4×10^(3), and 20.8×10^(3)). Using 2D numerical analysis, twenty-four different facade andbuilding model combinations were simulated. This study offers practical guidance on facadeselection and positioning to optimize wind resistance and enhance the livability and functionality of building environments.
文摘In this paper,we investigate the design of an adaptive biomimetic facade as a practical solution for enhancing energy efficiency of highly glazed buildings in the hot and humid regions.We present an adaptive facade that reduces solar heat gain and hence the energy consumption of the building,with minimal reduction in visual comfort(i.e.,indoor lighting levels and visibility to the outer environment)of the users.The basic module of the facade consists of four shading devices that can be folded along both horizontal and vertical axes.The design enables shading under both high and low sun angles,without blocking visibility to the outdoor environment.To develop the facade,we explore and mimic the physical,physiological and adaptation properties of an Oxalis oregana-a leaf that has the natural ability to track sun path and change its angle/position accordingly.As a case study for the proposed facade,we take an existing 20-story office building in the hot and humid climate of Lahore,Pakistan.Our numerical results indicate that after retrofitting of the designed facade,the building’s existing energy load decreases by 32%.Moreover,50%of the interior space(as opposed to 55%before the retrofitting)still has lighting level within the recommended range of 500-750 lux.The investigation demonstrates that the proposed biomimetic facade can significantly reduce the energy consumption,with minimal reduction in visual comfort,of highly glazed buildings.
基金This research was funded by the City Developments Limited(CDL)(R-295-000-134-720),SingaporeThe farming system and BIPV systems support were partially financed by the UNISEAL and Wiredbox(WBG(SG)Pte Ltd),respectively.
文摘Buildings could play a critical role in energy and food production while making highdensity cities more resilient.Productive facades(PFs),as flexible and multi-functional systems integrating photovoltaic(PV)and vertical farming(VF)systems,could contribute to transforming buildings and communities from consumers to producers.This study analyses the architectural quality of the developed PF concept drawing on the findings of a web-survey conducted among experts e building professionals in Singapore.The developed design variants are compared with regards to key design aspects such as facade aesthetics,view from the inside,materialisation,ease of operation,functionality and overall architectural quality.The study also compares and discusses the results of the web-survey with the results of a previously conducted door-to-door survey among the potential users-residents of the Housing&Development Board(HDB)blocks.The findings confirm an overall acceptance of the PF concept and reveal a need for synergetic collaboration between architects/designers and other building professionals.Based on the defined PF design framework and the results of the two surveys,a series of recommendations and improved PF prototypes are proposed for further assessment and implementation in order to foster their scalability from buildings into communities and cities.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China under Grant No.2018YFB1004904.
文摘Window detection is a key component in many graphics and vision applications related to 3D city modeling and scene visualization.We present a novel approach for learning to recognize windows in a colored facade image.Rather than predicting bounding boxes or performing facade segmentation,our system locates keypoints of windows,and learns keypoint relationships to group them together into windows.A further module provides extra recognizable information at the window center.Locations and relationships of keypoints are encoded in different types of heatmaps,which are learned in an end-to-end network.We have also constructed a facade dataset with 3418 annotated images to facilitate research in this field.It has richly varying facade structures,occlusion,lighting conditions,and angle of view.On our dataset,our method achieves precision of 91.4%and recall of 91.0%under 50%IoU(intersection over union).We also make a quantitative comparison with state-of-the-art methods to verify the utility of our proposed method.Applications based on our window detector are also demonstrated,such as window blending.
文摘This work aimed to find the best possible solution for transparent facades. The evaluation was formulated to assure the highest user comfort criteria corresponding to energy efficiency--two criterion optimisation. The analyses were based on BESTEST, south-oriented zone geometry. Computer model was designed using Finite Control Volume Techniques with assumptions for applied materials and specified boundary conditions, plus reference year for energy calculation （WYECZJ. The natural ventilation facade system was desfgned to determine airflow network inside the facade. The adjustable size of openings （inlets and outlets） was selected at the level of 80% for the cold season and totally dosed during the hot season. Environmental parameters for thermal comfort evaluation were： zone resultant temperature and solar radiation in zone space. Energy efficiency was assessed based on heat flux between the zone with controlled temperature and external environment. Results showed that well selected design of buffer zone section could improve energy efficiency of adjacent zones for both winter and summer periods. The most profitable Double Skin Facade solution is DGC （double glazing with low-e coating） combined with single glazing with internal blinds （SGB） or coloured glazing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52078269 and 52325801).
文摘Substantially glazed facades are extensively used in contemporary high-rise buildings to achieve attractive architectural aesthetics.Inherent conflicts exist among architectural aesthetics,building energy consumption,and solar energy harvesting for glazed facades.In this study,we addressed these conflicts by introducing a new dynamic and vertical photovoltaic integrated building envelope(dvPVBE)that offers extraordinary flexibility with weather-responsive slat angles and blind positions,superior architectural aesthetics,and notable energy-saving potential.Three hierarchical control strategies were proposed for different scenarios of the dvPVBE:power generation priority(PGP),natural daylight priority(NDP),and energy-saving priority(ESP).Moreover,the PGP and ESP strategies were further analyzed in the simulation of a dvPVBE.An office room integrated with a dvPVBE was modeled using EnergyPlus.The influence of the dvPVBE in improving the building energy efficiency and corresponding optimal slat angles was investigated under the PGP and ESP control strategies.The results indicate that the application of dvPVBEs in Beijing can provide up to 131%of the annual energy demand of office rooms and significantly increase the annual net energy output by at least 226%compared with static photovoltaic(PV)blinds.The concept of this novel dvPVBE offers a viable approach by which the thermal load,daylight penetration,and energy generation can be effectively regulated.
基金The Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department,No.BJK2022031The Open Fund of Hebei Key Laboratory of Geological Resources and Environmental Monitoring and Protection,No.JCYKT202310。
文摘The classification of Chinese traditional settlements(CTSs)is extremely important for their differentiated development and protection.The innovative double-branch classification model developed in this study comprehensively utilized the features of remote sensing(RS)images and building facade pictures(BFPs).This approach was able to overcome the limitations of previous methods that used only building facade images to classify settlements.First,the features of the roofs and walls were extracted using a double-branch structure,which consisted of an RS image branch and BFP branch.Then,a feature fusion module was designed to fuse the features of the roofs and walls.The precision,recall,and F1-score of the proposed model were improved by more than 4%compared with the classification model using only RS images or BFPs.The same three indexes of the proposed model were improved by more than 2%compared with other deep learning models.The results demonstrated that the proposed model performed well in the classification of architectural styles in CTSs.
文摘To address the current issues of inaccurate segmentation and the limited applicability of segmentation methods for building facades in point clouds, we propose a facade segmentation algorithm based on optimal dual-scale feature descriptors. First, we select the optimal dual-scale descriptors from a range of feature descriptors. Next, we segment the facade according to the threshold value of the chosen optimal dual-scale descriptors. Finally, we use RANSAC (Random Sample Consensus) to fit the segmented surface and optimize the fitting result. Experimental results show that, compared to commonly used facade segmentation algorithms, the proposed method yields more accurate segmentation results, providing a robust data foundation for subsequent 3D model reconstruction of buildings.
基金supported by Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT):P0017123,the Competency Development Program for Industry Specialist.
文摘The growing demand for energy-efficient solutions has led to increased interest in analyzing building facades,as buildings contribute significantly to energy consumption in urban environments.However,conventional image segmentation methods often struggle to capture fine details such as edges and contours,limiting their effectiveness in identifying areas prone to energy loss.To address this challenge,we propose a novel segmentation methodology that combines object-wise processing with a two-stage deep learning model,Cascade U-Net.Object-wise processing isolates components of the facade,such as walls and windows,for independent analysis,while Cascade U-Net incorporates contour information to enhance segmentation accuracy.The methodology involves four steps:object isolation,which crops and adjusts the image based on bounding boxes;contour extraction,which derives contours;image segmentation,which modifies and reuses contours as guide data in Cascade U-Net to segment areas;and segmentation synthesis,which integrates the results obtained for each object to produce the final segmentation map.Applied to a dataset of Korean building images,the proposed method significantly outperformed traditional models,demonstrating improved accuracy and the ability to preserve critical structural details.Furthermore,we applied this approach to classify window thermal loss in real-world scenarios using infrared images,showing its potential to identify windows vulnerable to energy loss.Notably,our Cascade U-Net,which builds upon the relatively lightweight U-Net architecture,also exhibited strong performance,reinforcing the practical value of this method.Our approach offers a practical solution for enhancing energy efficiency in buildings by providing more precise segmentation results.
基金National Natural Science of China(No.42201463)Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(No.2023GXNSFBA026350)+1 种基金Special Fund of Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent(Nos.Guike AD22035158,Guike AD23026167)Guangxi Young and Middle-aged Teachers’Basic Scientific Research Ability Improvement Project(No.2023KY0056).
文摘The relentless progress in the research of geographic spatial data models and their application scenarios is propelling an unprecedented rich Level of Detail(LoD)in realistic 3D representation and smart cities.This pursuit of rich details not only adds complexity to entity models but also poses significant computational challenges for model visualization and 3D GIS.This paper introduces a novel method for deriving multi-LOD models,which can enhance the efficiency of spatial computing in complex 3D building models.Firstly,we extract multiple facades from a 3D building model(LoD3)and convert them into individual semantic facade models.Through the utilization of the developed facade layout graph,each semantic facade model is then transformed into a parametric model.Furthermore,we explore the specification of geometric and semantic details in building facades and define three different LODs for facades,offering a unique expression.Finally,an innovative heuristic method is introduced to simplify the parameterized facade.Through rigorous experimentation and evaluation,the effectiveness of the proposed parameterization methodology in capturing complex geometric details,semantic richness,and topological relationships of 3D building models is demonstrated.
