Under the Lisbon Treaty, the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs （HRVP） has obtained far-reaching powers to formulate, coordinate and implement EU external policies, traditionally a prerogative of the state. ...Under the Lisbon Treaty, the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs （HRVP） has obtained far-reaching powers to formulate, coordinate and implement EU external policies, traditionally a prerogative of the state. In the exercise of this delegated powers, the HRVP is assisted by a dedicated administrative body, the European External Action Service （EEAS）. Formal decision-making over the EU＇s common foreign and security policy lies with the Council, while the European Neighborhood and Trade policies, as well as international cooperation remain competences of the EU-Commission. Concomitantly, the EEAS is situated within several, partly overlapping and conflicting accountability relationships. The ensuing question is： To what extent, how and by whom can the HRVP and the EEAS be held politically to account？ With data from official documents, 50 semi-structured interviews and a survey among 184 EU foreign policy-makers, the article maps and assesses of the multi-level actor/forum relationships of the EU＇s foreign policy machinery.展开更多
External quality assessment(EQA)is a cornerstone of laboratory quality management,ensuring the accuracy,comparability,and reliability of test results across institutions.In the Republic of Korea,the Korean Association...External quality assessment(EQA)is a cornerstone of laboratory quality management,ensuring the accuracy,comparability,and reliability of test results across institutions.In the Republic of Korea,the Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service(KAEQAS)has played a leading role since its inception in 1976,expanding from a small-scale clinical chemistry program to over 90 nationwide schemes across all disciplines.This article reviews the historical evolution,operational framework,and scope of KAEQAS,highlighting its contribution to standardization and accreditation.Current challenges include nonmandatory participation,persistent standardization gaps,the need for more category 1 accuracy-based programs,modernization of data analysis and reporting systems,and the establishment of a specimen bank.Future prospects emphasize policy reform,global harmonization,and technological innovation,positioning KAEQAS to further strengthen laboratory quality both nationally and internationally.展开更多
文摘Under the Lisbon Treaty, the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs （HRVP） has obtained far-reaching powers to formulate, coordinate and implement EU external policies, traditionally a prerogative of the state. In the exercise of this delegated powers, the HRVP is assisted by a dedicated administrative body, the European External Action Service （EEAS）. Formal decision-making over the EU＇s common foreign and security policy lies with the Council, while the European Neighborhood and Trade policies, as well as international cooperation remain competences of the EU-Commission. Concomitantly, the EEAS is situated within several, partly overlapping and conflicting accountability relationships. The ensuing question is： To what extent, how and by whom can the HRVP and the EEAS be held politically to account？ With data from official documents, 50 semi-structured interviews and a survey among 184 EU foreign policy-makers, the article maps and assesses of the multi-level actor/forum relationships of the EU＇s foreign policy machinery.
文摘External quality assessment(EQA)is a cornerstone of laboratory quality management,ensuring the accuracy,comparability,and reliability of test results across institutions.In the Republic of Korea,the Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service(KAEQAS)has played a leading role since its inception in 1976,expanding from a small-scale clinical chemistry program to over 90 nationwide schemes across all disciplines.This article reviews the historical evolution,operational framework,and scope of KAEQAS,highlighting its contribution to standardization and accreditation.Current challenges include nonmandatory participation,persistent standardization gaps,the need for more category 1 accuracy-based programs,modernization of data analysis and reporting systems,and the establishment of a specimen bank.Future prospects emphasize policy reform,global harmonization,and technological innovation,positioning KAEQAS to further strengthen laboratory quality both nationally and internationally.
