A comparative study is conducted to compare the theory and application effect of two accident causation models, the human factors analysis and classification system（HFACS） and the accident causation ＂2-4＂ model（2...A comparative study is conducted to compare the theory and application effect of two accident causation models, the human factors analysis and classification system（HFACS） and the accident causation ＂2-4＂ model（24 Model）, as well as to provide a reference for safety researchers and accident investigators to select an appropriate accident analysis method. The two models are compared in terms of their theoretical foundations, cause classifications, accident analysis processes, application ranges, and accident prevention strategies. A coal and gas outburst accident is then analyzed using both models, and the application results are compared. This study shows that both the 24 Model and HFACS have strong theoretical foundations, and they can each be applied in various domains. In addition, the cause classification in HFACS is more practical, and its accident analysis process is more convenient. On the other hand, the 24 Model includes external factors, which makes the cause analysis more systematic and comprehensive. Moreover, the 24 Model puts forward more corresponding measures to prevent accidents.展开更多
Tsongkha kingdom,a local power ruled by the last descendant of the Tsenpo,started in the early 11th century in Tsongkha area.The capital city of the kingdom is called Gitang(gyi thang in Tibetan),this kingdom is known...Tsongkha kingdom,a local power ruled by the last descendant of the Tsenpo,started in the early 11th century in Tsongkha area.The capital city of the kingdom is called Gitang(gyi thang in Tibetan),this kingdom is known as Kingdom of Gitang Prince.Nevertheless,the development of the Tsongkha Kingdom is closely related to the history of Tubo as well as that of Tsongkha local history.As the rise and fall of all the political powers in history are under both the internal and external causes,Tsongkha Kingdom also has no difference.However,because of the historical importance and uniqueness of Tsongkha Kingdom,the rise of Tsongkha Kingdom bears various causes,among which the external causes are discussed in this article.It is found that the collapse of the Tubo provided the rise of Tsongkha Kingdom a political space and a realistic foundation,the civil uprisings provide the rise ofTsongkha Kingdom an ideological foundation to unify the region,the disputes between neighboring regimes provided the rise of Tsongkha Kingdom a historical experience and solid responsibility,the local environment contributed the rise and development of Tsongkha Kingdom a condition of locality.The analysis and discussions conducted in this article aim to provide a new sight of the rise and development ofTsongkha Kingdom,new understanding of the historical development of Tibetans in Tsongkha area and the historical communication among the ethnics in the North-western area.展开更多
Purpose:The reliability of trauma coding is essential in establishing the reliable trauma data and adopting efficient control and monitoring policies.The present study aimed to determine the reliability of trauma codi...Purpose:The reliability of trauma coding is essential in establishing the reliable trauma data and adopting efficient control and monitoring policies.The present study aimed to determine the reliability of trauma coding in educational hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Iran.Methods:In this descriptive cross-sectional study,591 coded medical records with a trauma diagnosis in 2018 were selected and recoded by two coders.The reliability of trauma coding was calculated using Cohen's kappa.The data were recorded in a checklist,in which the validity of the content had been confirmed by experts.Results:The reliability of the coding related to the nature of trauma in research units was 0.75—0.77,indicating moderate reliability.Also,the reliability of the coding of external causes of trauma was 0.57—0.58,suggesting poor reliability.Conclusion:The reliability of trauma coding both in terms of the nature of trauma and the external causes of trauma does not have a good status in the research units.This can be due to the complex coding of trauma,poor documentation of the cases,and not studying the entire case.Therefore,holding training courses for coders,offering training on the accurate documentation to other service providers,and periodically auditing the medical coding are recommended.展开更多
基金support from the State Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51534008)
文摘A comparative study is conducted to compare the theory and application effect of two accident causation models, the human factors analysis and classification system（HFACS） and the accident causation ＂2-4＂ model（24 Model）, as well as to provide a reference for safety researchers and accident investigators to select an appropriate accident analysis method. The two models are compared in terms of their theoretical foundations, cause classifications, accident analysis processes, application ranges, and accident prevention strategies. A coal and gas outburst accident is then analyzed using both models, and the application results are compared. This study shows that both the 24 Model and HFACS have strong theoretical foundations, and they can each be applied in various domains. In addition, the cause classification in HFACS is more practical, and its accident analysis process is more convenient. On the other hand, the 24 Model includes external factors, which makes the cause analysis more systematic and comprehensive. Moreover, the 24 Model puts forward more corresponding measures to prevent accidents.
文摘Tsongkha kingdom,a local power ruled by the last descendant of the Tsenpo,started in the early 11th century in Tsongkha area.The capital city of the kingdom is called Gitang(gyi thang in Tibetan),this kingdom is known as Kingdom of Gitang Prince.Nevertheless,the development of the Tsongkha Kingdom is closely related to the history of Tubo as well as that of Tsongkha local history.As the rise and fall of all the political powers in history are under both the internal and external causes,Tsongkha Kingdom also has no difference.However,because of the historical importance and uniqueness of Tsongkha Kingdom,the rise of Tsongkha Kingdom bears various causes,among which the external causes are discussed in this article.It is found that the collapse of the Tubo provided the rise of Tsongkha Kingdom a political space and a realistic foundation,the civil uprisings provide the rise ofTsongkha Kingdom an ideological foundation to unify the region,the disputes between neighboring regimes provided the rise of Tsongkha Kingdom a historical experience and solid responsibility,the local environment contributed the rise and development of Tsongkha Kingdom a condition of locality.The analysis and discussions conducted in this article aim to provide a new sight of the rise and development ofTsongkha Kingdom,new understanding of the historical development of Tibetans in Tsongkha area and the historical communication among the ethnics in the North-western area.
文摘Purpose:The reliability of trauma coding is essential in establishing the reliable trauma data and adopting efficient control and monitoring policies.The present study aimed to determine the reliability of trauma coding in educational hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Iran.Methods:In this descriptive cross-sectional study,591 coded medical records with a trauma diagnosis in 2018 were selected and recoded by two coders.The reliability of trauma coding was calculated using Cohen's kappa.The data were recorded in a checklist,in which the validity of the content had been confirmed by experts.Results:The reliability of the coding related to the nature of trauma in research units was 0.75—0.77,indicating moderate reliability.Also,the reliability of the coding of external causes of trauma was 0.57—0.58,suggesting poor reliability.Conclusion:The reliability of trauma coding both in terms of the nature of trauma and the external causes of trauma does not have a good status in the research units.This can be due to the complex coding of trauma,poor documentation of the cases,and not studying the entire case.Therefore,holding training courses for coders,offering training on the accurate documentation to other service providers,and periodically auditing the medical coding are recommended.
