In this study we examine how the regulation of director attendance disciplines directors’behavior,and consider the governance effect of such regulations.This examination exploits the differences between the requireme...In this study we examine how the regulation of director attendance disciplines directors’behavior,and consider the governance effect of such regulations.This examination exploits the differences between the requirements for director attendance at board meetings enacted by the Shanghai Stock Exchange(SHSE)and by the Shenzhen Stock Exchange(SZSE).Using a difference-indifferences model with a sample of A-share listed firms from 2006 to 2017,we document that the rate of meeting attendance by independent directors who serve with firms listed on the SHSE(SHIDs)has increased significantly since the exchange’s enforcement of the regulation on attendance.This positive effect has been more pronounced for independent directors with legal backgrounds.Further investigations find that the regulation of attendance plays a corporate governance role through the mechanism of enhanced monitoring.The attendance regulation increases the SHIDs likelihood of casting dissenting votes,and it leads to both better accounting performance and higher firm value.In addition,SHIDs are more likely to depart from firms listed on the SHSE,and to transfer their directorships to firms listed on the SZSE,which has a less constraining attendance requirement.Our findings provide evidence of how external regulation shapes director attendance and voting behavior in emerging markets.展开更多
The hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)are the two half reactions that make up the over water splitting reaction.Increasing oxygen evolution reaction rate wound immensely raise the e...The hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)are the two half reactions that make up the over water splitting reaction.Increasing oxygen evolution reaction rate wound immensely raise the efficiency of over water splitting reaction because it is the rate limiting reaction in water splitting reaction.The key to improve OER performance is the development and utilization of advanced catalysts.As one of the most potential catalysts for HER,it has gradually attracted the attention of researchers in the aspect of catalytic OER.It is very necessary to review the research progress of Transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs)in catalytic OER to promote the research process in the field.In this review,we comprehensively and systematically summarized the strategies to improve TMDs electrocatalytic OER.First of all,structural regulation of TMDs-based electrocatalyst was summarized in detail,mainly including size engineering,defect engineering,doping engineering,phase engineering and heterojunction engineering.Once more,magnetic field regulation as a representative of external field regulation to improve TMDs electrocatalytic OER performance was discussed in depth.Last but not least,the strategies to improve TMDs electrocatalytic OER is prospected and some views on the development of this field are also put forward,which are expected to enhance the catalytic efficiency of TMDs for OER.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant No.71972180
文摘In this study we examine how the regulation of director attendance disciplines directors’behavior,and consider the governance effect of such regulations.This examination exploits the differences between the requirements for director attendance at board meetings enacted by the Shanghai Stock Exchange(SHSE)and by the Shenzhen Stock Exchange(SZSE).Using a difference-indifferences model with a sample of A-share listed firms from 2006 to 2017,we document that the rate of meeting attendance by independent directors who serve with firms listed on the SHSE(SHIDs)has increased significantly since the exchange’s enforcement of the regulation on attendance.This positive effect has been more pronounced for independent directors with legal backgrounds.Further investigations find that the regulation of attendance plays a corporate governance role through the mechanism of enhanced monitoring.The attendance regulation increases the SHIDs likelihood of casting dissenting votes,and it leads to both better accounting performance and higher firm value.In addition,SHIDs are more likely to depart from firms listed on the SHSE,and to transfer their directorships to firms listed on the SZSE,which has a less constraining attendance requirement.Our findings provide evidence of how external regulation shapes director attendance and voting behavior in emerging markets.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51902101)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20201381)+1 种基金Science Foundation of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(No.NY219144)the National College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(No.202310293173K)。
文摘The hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)are the two half reactions that make up the over water splitting reaction.Increasing oxygen evolution reaction rate wound immensely raise the efficiency of over water splitting reaction because it is the rate limiting reaction in water splitting reaction.The key to improve OER performance is the development and utilization of advanced catalysts.As one of the most potential catalysts for HER,it has gradually attracted the attention of researchers in the aspect of catalytic OER.It is very necessary to review the research progress of Transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs)in catalytic OER to promote the research process in the field.In this review,we comprehensively and systematically summarized the strategies to improve TMDs electrocatalytic OER.First of all,structural regulation of TMDs-based electrocatalyst was summarized in detail,mainly including size engineering,defect engineering,doping engineering,phase engineering and heterojunction engineering.Once more,magnetic field regulation as a representative of external field regulation to improve TMDs electrocatalytic OER performance was discussed in depth.Last but not least,the strategies to improve TMDs electrocatalytic OER is prospected and some views on the development of this field are also put forward,which are expected to enhance the catalytic efficiency of TMDs for OER.
