Dear Editor,We aimed to describe the management of the intraoperative injury of the right external iliac artery that occurred during robot-assisted right nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision.Surgery was sched...Dear Editor,We aimed to describe the management of the intraoperative injury of the right external iliac artery that occurred during robot-assisted right nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision.Surgery was scheduled for suspected urothelial carcinoma of the distal ureter in a 60-year-old woman.The patient involved in the present research signed a dedicated form to consent to the publication of images and/or information about her.Past medical history included Brugada syndrome diagnosed in 2015,and hypercholesterolemia.Past surgical history included one cesarean section only.Family history included ovarian cancer(sister),colorectal cancer(mother),and kidney cancer(father).展开更多
Basic life support for cardiac arrest associates cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)and defibrillation.CPR relies on chest compressions(CC)and ventilation.Current guidelines on CPR recommend a depth of 5-6 cm at a rhyt...Basic life support for cardiac arrest associates cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)and defibrillation.CPR relies on chest compressions(CC)and ventilation.Current guidelines on CPR recommend a depth of 5-6 cm at a rhythm of 100-120 times/min for CC.[1,2]Interruptions of the CC must be as short as possible and are related to ventilation,defibrillation and turnover of the rescuers.Most of the automated external defibrillators(AEDs)require interruptions of the CC to perform rhythm analysis.Among the numerous marketed models of AEDs,some provide real-time feedback about the quality of the CC.展开更多
This study explores whether the current external quality assessment(EQA)level and acceptable bias for basic semen analysis in China are clinically useful.We collected data of semen EQA from Andrology laboratories in t...This study explores whether the current external quality assessment(EQA)level and acceptable bias for basic semen analysis in China are clinically useful.We collected data of semen EQA from Andrology laboratories in the Hunan Province(China)in 2022 and searched for data in the published literature from January2000 to December 2023 in China.On the basis of these data,we analyzed the coefficients of variation and acceptable biases of different quality control materials for basic semen analysis through robust statistics.We compared these findings with quality specifications based on biological variation from optimal,desirable,and minimum levels of bias to seek a unified and more suitable semen EQAbias evaluation standard for China's national conditions.Different sources of semen quality control material exhibited considerable variation in acceptable biases among laboratories,ranging from 8.2%to 56.9%.A total of 50.0% of the laboratories met the minimum quality specifications for progressive motility(PR),whereas 100.0%and 75.0%of laboratories met only the minimum quality specifications for sperm concentration and total motility(nonprogressive[NP]+PR),respectively.The Z value for sperm concentration and PR+NP was equivalent to the desirable performance specification,whereas the Z value for PR was equivalent only to the minimum performance specification.This study highlights the feasibility of operating external quality assessment schemes for basic semen analysis using quality specifications based on biological variation.These specifications should be unified among external quality control(EQC)centers based on biological variation.展开更多
The paper presents experimental investigation results of crack pattern change in cement pastes caused by external sulfate attack(ESA).To visualize the formation and development of cracks in cement pastes under ESA,an ...The paper presents experimental investigation results of crack pattern change in cement pastes caused by external sulfate attack(ESA).To visualize the formation and development of cracks in cement pastes under ESA,an X-ray computed tomography(X-ray CT)was used,i e,the tomography system of Zeiss Xradia 510 versa.The results indicate that X-CT can monitor the development process and distribution characteristics of the internal cracks of cement pastes under ESA with attack time.In addition,the C3A content in the cement significantly affects the damage mode of cement paste specimens during sulfate erosion.The damage of ordinary Portland cement(OPC)pastes subjected to sulfate attack with high C3A content are severe,while the damage of sulfate resistant Portland cement(SRPC)pastes is much smaller than that of OPC pastes.Furthermore,a quadratic function describes the correlation between the crack volume fraction and development depth for two cement pastes immermed in sulfate solution.展开更多
High pressure die casting(HPDC)AlSi10Mn Mg alloy castings are widely used in the automobile industry.Mg can optimize the mechanical properties of castings through heat treatment,while the release of thermal stress aro...High pressure die casting(HPDC)AlSi10Mn Mg alloy castings are widely used in the automobile industry.Mg can optimize the mechanical properties of castings through heat treatment,while the release of thermal stress arouses the deformation of large integrated die-castings.Herein,the development of non-heat treatment Al alloys is becoming the hot topic.In addition,HPDC contains externally solidified crystals(ESCs),which are detrimental to the mechanical properties of castings.To achieve high strength and toughness of non-heat treatment die-casting Al-Si alloy,we used AlSi9Mn alloy as matrix with the introduction of Zr,Ti,Nb,and Ce.Their influences on ESCs and mechanical properties were systematically investigated through three-dimensional reconstruction and thermodynamic simulation.Our results reveal that the addition of Ti increased ESCs'size and porosity,while the introduction of Nb refined ESCs and decreased porosity.Meanwhile,large-sized Al_3(Zr,Ti)phases formed and degraded the mechanical properties.Subsequent introduction of Ce resulted in the poisoning effect and reduced mechanical properties.展开更多
BACKGROUND Pain in the back or pelvis or fear of back pain may affect the timing or cocontraction of the core muscles.In both static and dynamic movements,the Sahrmann core stability test provides an assessment of cor...BACKGROUND Pain in the back or pelvis or fear of back pain may affect the timing or cocontraction of the core muscles.In both static and dynamic movements,the Sahrmann core stability test provides an assessment of core muscle activation and a person's ability to stabilize the lumbopelvic complex.Preparatory cues and images can be used to increase the activation of these muscles.To attain optimal movement patterns,it will be necessary to determine what cueing will give the most effective results for core stability.AIM To investigate the effects of external and internal cues on core muscle activation during the Sahrmann five-level core stability test.METHODS Total 68 participants(21.83±3.47 years)were randomly allocated to an external(n=35)or internal cue group(n=33).Participants performed the Sahrmann fivelevel core stability test without a cue as baseline and the five-level stability exercises with an internal or external cue.External cue group received a pressure biofeedback unit(PBU),and the internal cue group received an audio cue.A Delsys Trigno^(TM)surface electromyography unit was used for muscle activation from the rectus abdominis,external oblique,and transverse abdominis/internal oblique muscles.RESULTS Linear mixed effects model analysis showed that cueing had a significant effect on core muscle activation(P=0.001);however,there was no significant difference between cue types(internal or external)(P=0.130).CONCLUSION Both external and internal cueing have significant effects on core muscle activation during the Sahrmann five-level core stability test and the PBU does not create higher muscle activation than internal cueing.展开更多
[Objectives]To observe the clinical efficacy of external application of Scorzonera Herpes Ointment combined with Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate for Injection in the treatment of herpes zoster oticus(HZO).[Methods...[Objectives]To observe the clinical efficacy of external application of Scorzonera Herpes Ointment combined with Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate for Injection in the treatment of herpes zoster oticus(HZO).[Methods]A total of 100 HZO patients admitted to the 988 th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force and Henan Provincial People's Hospital from June 2021 to June 2023 were selected.They were divided into a treatment group and a control group using a random number table method,with 50 cases in each group.Both groups received Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate for Injection.Additionally,the treatment group was treated with external application of Scorzonera Herpes Ointment,while the control group received acyclovir ointment.Both groups were treated for 10 d.The comparisons included clinical efficacy,total symptom and sign scores,pain level[Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)],time for erythema reduction,cessation of blister formation,scab formation,and scab shedding,incidence of post-herpetic neuralgia(PHN),air conduction hearing threshold,and air-bone gap.[Results]After 10 d of treatment,the total effective rate was 98.00%(49/50)in the treatment group and 84.00%(42/50)in the control group,with a statistically significant difference between the two groups(P<0.05).After 10 d of treatment,the total symptom and sign scores and VAS scores of both groups decreased compared to those before treatment.The treatment group had significantly lower scores than the control group(P<0.05).The treatment group showed significantly shorter time for erythema reduction,cessation of blister formation,scab formation,and scab shedding compared to the control group(P<0.05).During the 1-month follow-up after treatment,no PHN cases occurred in the treatment group,while the incidence of PHN in the control group was 24.00%(12/50),showing a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).After 10 d of treatment,both groups showed reduced air conduction hearing thresholds,and the treatment group exhibited significantly lower air conduction thresholds and air-bone gaps compared to the control group(P<0.05).No statistically significant difference was observed in the air-bone gap before and after treatment in the control group(P>0.05).[Conclusions]The combination of external application of Scorzonera Herpes Ointment and Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate for Injection can alleviate pain and other discomforts,reduce PHN incidence,shorten disease duration,and improve hearing in HZO patients.展开更多
The Ilizarov apparatus was designed by its author 75 years ago and addresses a wide range of orthopedic conditions.Its classical assemblies are still self-sufficient and versatile.However,certain clinical scenarios re...The Ilizarov apparatus was designed by its author 75 years ago and addresses a wide range of orthopedic conditions.Its classical assemblies are still self-sufficient and versatile.However,certain clinical scenarios require a more specialized approach,and some groups of patients may benefit from customized Ilizarov constructs.Engineering science has designed various external fixators for orthopedic purposes,and some of those have become the gold standard for specific clinical tasks.We aimed to determine the current state and novel modifications of specialized external fixators for specific clinical situations which are based on the principles of the Ilizarov method.They are half-pin-based fixators for temporal fracture fixation,ring or hybrid devices for gradual deformity correction,and compression-distraction devices tailored for definite limb segments.Gradual correction of deformities can be achieved with external hexapods incorporating universal reduction units.Alternatively,external fixators with special connection mechanisms are able to provide independent movement of the rings in six degrees of freedom.Deformity correction can be performed with combined or sequential use of external and internal fixators.Special devices were developed for moving the split fragment for revascularization of the tibia.The units of external frames on the foot were modified to consider its complex anatomy and the clinical needs ranging from correction of multi-plane deformities,joint arthrodesis to distraction arthroplasty.Mini-fixators are compact external fixators for small bones of the hand and foot.The varieties of external fixators based on the Ilizarov principles have been designed to fulfill an ultimate goal of improving treatment outcomes.展开更多
The metamaterial based on external meshing gears(MEG)is designed based on the principle of external meshing gear transmission.Based on the meshing transmission principle of external meshing gears and planetary gear tr...The metamaterial based on external meshing gears(MEG)is designed based on the principle of external meshing gear transmission.Based on the meshing transmission principle of external meshing gears and planetary gear trains,the internal and external gear rings are designed.Based on the internal and external gear rings,the metamaterial based on inner and outer planetary gear trains(MIP)is designed to study the shear modulus,Young's modulus,and amplitude-frequency characteristics of the metamaterial based on gears at different angles.The effects of the number of planetary gears on the physical characteristics of the MIP are studied.The results show that the MEG can be continuously adjusted by adjusting the shear modulus and Young's modulus due to its meshing characteristics.With the same number of gears,the adjustment range of the MIP is larger than the adjustment range of the MEG.When the number of planetary gears increases,the adjustment range of the MIP decreases.Moreover,when the metamaterial based on gears rotates,the harmonic response changes with the change of the angle.展开更多
BACKGROUND Postoperative pancreatic fistula(POPF)is the most frequent cause of morbimortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy,but the best technique to use to prevent its development is unclear.The choice of drainage me...BACKGROUND Postoperative pancreatic fistula(POPF)is the most frequent cause of morbimortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy,but the best technique to use to prevent its development is unclear.The choice of drainage method external duct stent(EDS),internal duct stent(IDS),or non-ductal stent(NDS)is also controversial.AIM To compare the three groups(EDS,IDS and NDS),analyzing the patient characteristics,perioperative examinations and survival.METHODS Patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and pancreaticojejunostomy between 2012 and 2020,were divided into the EDS,IDS and NDS groups.RESULTS Of the 244 patients included,129 were in the EDS group,71 in the IDS group,and 44 in the NDS group.Except for preoperative pancreatitis in the NDS patients,comorbidities were similar among the groups.Patients in the NDS group had a high caliber of the Wirsung duct and frequently presented with a hard pancreas(P<0.001).A lower rate of grade C POPF was observed in the EDS(1.6%)compared to the NDS(9.1%)and IDS group(14.1%)(P=0.009).The groups showed similar findings for delayed gastric emptying,postoperative hemorrhage,reoperation,and 5-year survivals.Ninety-day mortality rate was significantly higher in the IDS group(5.6%)compared to the EDS(1.6%)and NDS(4.5%)groups(P=0.046).Multivariate analysis showed that the use of EDS was a protective factor for grade B/C POPF(P=0.034),and 90-day mortality(P=0.018).Additionally,a Wirsung duct diameter<3 mm was the only risk factor for grade B/C POPF(P=0.001),and 90-day mortality(P=0.031).CONCLUSION The use of the EDS was a protective factor for grade B/C POPF and 90-day mortality,and the Wirsung duct<3 mm was a risk factor for grade B/C POPF and 90-day mortality.展开更多
1.IntroductionPassive movement is a 200+year-old manipulation involving the external movement of an individuals’limbs or body absent voluntary effort or muscle contraction.1The original application of passive movemen...1.IntroductionPassive movement is a 200+year-old manipulation involving the external movement of an individuals’limbs or body absent voluntary effort or muscle contraction.1The original application of passive movement was therapist-guided limb manipulation to increase range of motion and blood supply following acute and chronic injury.展开更多
The Cooling Storage Ring of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL-CSR)was constructed to study nuclear physics,atomic physics,interdisciplinary science,and related applications.The External Target Facility(...The Cooling Storage Ring of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL-CSR)was constructed to study nuclear physics,atomic physics,interdisciplinary science,and related applications.The External Target Facility(ETF)is located in the main ring of the HIRFL-CSR.The gamma detector of the ETF is built to measure emitted gamma rays with energies below 5 MeV in the center-of-mass frame and is planned to measure light fragments with energies up to 300 MeV.The readout electronics for the gamma detector were designed and commissioned.The readout electronics consist of thirty-two front-end cards,thirty-two readout control units(RCUs),one common readout unit,one synchronization&clock unit,and one sub-trigger unit.By using the real-time peak-detection algorithm implemented in the RCU,the data volume can be significantly reduced.In addition,trigger logic selection algorithms are implemented to improve the selection of useful events and reduce the data size.The test results show that the integral nonlinearity of the readout electronics is less than 1%,and the energy resolution for measuring the 60 Co source is better than 5.5%.This study discusses the design and performance of the readout electronics.展开更多
As an evaluation index,the natural frequency has the advantages of easy acquisition and quantitative evaluation.In this paper,the natural frequency is used to evaluate the performance of external cable reinforced brid...As an evaluation index,the natural frequency has the advantages of easy acquisition and quantitative evaluation.In this paper,the natural frequency is used to evaluate the performance of external cable reinforced bridges.Numerical examples show that compared with the natural frequencies of first-order modes,the natural frequencies of higher-order modes are more sensitive and can reflect the damage situation and external cable reinforcement effect of T-beam bridges.For damaged bridges,as the damage to the T-beam increases,the natural frequency value of the bridge gradually decreases.When the degree of local damage to the beam reaches 60%,the amplitude of natural frequency change exceeds 10%for the first time.The natural frequencies of the firstorder vibration mode and higher-order vibration mode can be selected as indexes for different degrees of the damaged T-beam bridges.For damaged bridges reinforced with external cables,the traditional natural frequency of the first-order vibration mode cannot be used as the index,which is insensitive to changes in prestress of the external cable.Some natural frequencies of higher-order vibration modes can be selected as indexes,which can reflect the reinforcement effect of externally prestressed damaged T-beam bridges,and its numerical value increases with the increase of external prestressed cable force.展开更多
Since the mid-20th century,the Mongolian Plateau(MP)has experienced decadal droughts coupled with extreme heatwaves,severely affecting regional ecology and social development.However,the mechanisms behind these decada...Since the mid-20th century,the Mongolian Plateau(MP)has experienced decadal droughts coupled with extreme heatwaves,severely affecting regional ecology and social development.However,the mechanisms behind these decadalscale compound heatwavedrought events remain debated.Here,using reconstructions and simulations from the Community Earth System Model Last Millennium Ensemble,we demonstrate that,over the last millennium,decadal droughts on the MP occurred under both warm and cold conditions,differing from recent compound heatwavedrought events.We found that by examining temperature changes during these drought periods,the distinct influences of external forcings and internal variability can be simply and effectively distinguished.Specifically,colddry events were primarily driven by volcanic eruptions that weakened the East Asian summer monsoon and midlatitude westerlies,reducing moisture transport to the MP.In contrast,warmdry events were predominantly induced by internal variability,notably the negative phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the expansion of the Barents Sea ice extent.The recent extreme compound event was probably influenced by the combined effects of anthropogenic forcings and internal variability.These findings deepen our understanding of how external forcings and internal variability affect decadal drought events on the MP and highlight that recent compound events are unprecedented in the context of the last millennium.展开更多
Methane,the primary constituent of natural gas,shale gas,and flammable ice,serves as a crucial carbon-based energy source and chemical feedstock.Traditional gas reserves are universally acknowledged as limited and non...Methane,the primary constituent of natural gas,shale gas,and flammable ice,serves as a crucial carbon-based energy source and chemical feedstock.Traditional gas reserves are universally acknowledged as limited and non-renewable resources over an extended timespan stretching from decades to millennia.Biomethane,with its unique renewable properties,showcases remarkable development potential and presents a compelling supplement and even alternative for fossil fuel.Although catalytic hydrothermal processes appear as promising valorization routes to transfer biomass to sustainable methane,the safety and supply source of high-pressure hydrogen remain key factors restricting the widespread application.Herein,a catalytic approach without an external hydrogen source was developed to transform waste biomass resources into CH_(4)under the Ni-Mo catalyst.The total carbon yield of gas products reached up to 92.2%,of which the yield of methane and C2–C4 hydrocarbons were 44.9%and 3.0%,respectively.And it’s calculated that approximately 343.6 liters of CH_(4)could potentially be generated from 1 kilogram of raw biomass.Ni-based catalysts exhibited the robust activity in cleaving C–C and C–O bonds.And the introduction of an appropriate amount of molybdenum significantly enhanced catalytic performance of reforming and subsequent methanation reaction,likely due to the high adsorption capacity of highly dispersed Ni-Mo catalysts for carbon monoxide and hydrogen molecules,facilitating the methanation reaction.The pathway of catalytic methane production might be inferred that CO,H_(2)and a large number of oxygen-containing intermediates were formed via decarbonylation,dehydrogenation,and retro-aldol condensation reaction under hydrothermal condition.These intermediates then underwent the reforming reaction to generate H_(2)and CO_(2),ultimately forming CH_(4)through the methanation reaction.展开更多
Dear Editor,We introduce a novel surgical instrument designed to overcome the challenges in draining fluid from the suprachoroidal space in patients with choroidal detachment.In the evolving landscape of ophthalmic su...Dear Editor,We introduce a novel surgical instrument designed to overcome the challenges in draining fluid from the suprachoroidal space in patients with choroidal detachment.In the evolving landscape of ophthalmic surgeries,procedures that were once considered complex,such as those for choroidal detachment,are becoming increasingly common.Drainage of subchoroidal fluid was derived from 1985[1]with indirect visualization during scleral buckle surgery[2-4].展开更多
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading global cause of mortality,projected to increase by 73.4%from 2025 to 2050 despite declining age-standardized rates.Contemporary interventions,such as percutaneous coronary in...Cardiovascular disease remains the leading global cause of mortality,projected to increase by 73.4%from 2025 to 2050 despite declining age-standardized rates.Contemporary interventions,such as percutaneous coronary intervention and statins,reduce major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE)by 25%-30%,yet a 20%five-year MACE risk persists in high-risk cohorts.These approaches,histor-ically focused on luminal stenosis,fail to address systemic atherogenesis drivers like endothelial dysfunction and inflammation.Specifically,dietary linoleic acid restriction(<5 g/day)reduces oxidized low-density lipoprotein by approximately 15%by limiting peroxidation-prone bisallylic bonds,mitigating arterial inflam-mation,a key atherogenic trigger.Enhanced external counterpulsation,through pulsatile shear stress,enhances nitric oxide-mediated coronary perfusion,alle-viating angina in approximately 70%of refractory cases unresponsive to revascu-larization.Nanoparticle-facilitated chelation targets atherosclerotic plaques with precision,reducing calcium content by up to 30%in preclinical models,offering a novel avenue for lesion reversal.These innovations collectively address residual risk by tackling root causes,oxidative stress,endothelial dysfunction,and plaque instability,potentially halving MACE rates with widespread adoption.Despite promising preliminary data,gaps remain in long-term safety and scalability.Robust clinical trials are needed to validate these approaches,which collectively aim to transform cardiovascular disease management by prioritizing prevention and vascular restoration,potentially reducing coronary events to a public health rarity.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effects of external application of warm meridian medicated wine and polarized light therapy combined with acupuncture on pain management following vertebroplasty. METHODS:A total of 120 patie...OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effects of external application of warm meridian medicated wine and polarized light therapy combined with acupuncture on pain management following vertebroplasty. METHODS:A total of 120 patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures treated by vertebroplasty at our hospital were divided into four groups. The control group received non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the Treatment Group Ⅰ received acupuncture alone, Treatment Group Ⅱ was treated with medicated wine for warming meridians alongside polarized light physiotherapy, and Treatment Group Ⅲ received a combination of medicated wine for warming meridians, polarized light therapy, and acupuncture. The clinical efficacy, pain thresholds at various time points, temperature pain threshold, electric pain threshold, quality of life, sleep quality index, lumbar dysfunction index, visual analog scale(VAS) scores, and incidence of adverse reactions were compared and analyzed across the four groups. RESULTS:The total clinical effective rate in Treatment Group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in the control group, Treatment Group Ⅰ, and Treatment Group Ⅱ(P < 0.05). At 24 and 72 h post-treatment, the VAS scores, temperature pain thresholds, and electric pain thresholds in Treatment Group Ⅲ were significantly lower than those in the control group, Treatment Group Ⅰ, and Treatment Group Ⅱ(P < 0.05). Additionally, quality-of-life scores in Treatment Group Ⅲ were markedly higher compared to the control group, Treatment Group Ⅰ, and Treatment Group Ⅱ, while the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores, Oswestry Disability Index scores, and incidence of adverse reactions in Treatment Group Ⅲ were significantly lower than in the other groups(P < 0.05). CONCLUSION:The external application of warm meridian medicated wine and polarized light therapy combined with acupuncture significantly reduces postoperative pain following vertebroplasty, enhances lumbar function, and improves both sleep quality and overall quality of life for patients. This approach is recommended for clinical application.展开更多
Knowing the optimal operating parameters of Stirling engines is important for efficient combustion through adaptability to changed pressures and oxygen atmospheres. In this study, the optimum operating conditions for ...Knowing the optimal operating parameters of Stirling engines is important for efficient combustion through adaptability to changed pressures and oxygen atmospheres. In this study, the optimum operating conditions for efficient combustion in a singular Stirling engine combustor at different oxygen atmospheres were investigated and determined. Numerical simulations were performed to investigate the effects of ejection ratio and pressure on combustion performance. In an oxygen/carbon dioxide atmosphere, the results show that increasing the ejection ratio substantially alters the flame distribution in the Stirling engine combustor, increasing heat transfer and external combustion efficiency. In contrast, increasing the ejection ratio reduces the average and maximum temperatures of the Stirling engine combustor. Increased pressure affects the flame distribution in the Stirling engine combustor and impedes the flow and convective heat transfer in the combustor, reducing the overall external combustion efficiency at pressures above 6.5 MPa. In an air/carbon dioxide atmosphere, an increased ejection ratio reduces the average and maximum temperatures in the Stirling engine combustor. However, the overall flame distribution does not change substantially. The external combustion efficiency tends to increase and then decrease because of two opposing factors: the increase in the convective heat transfer coefficient and the decrease in the temperature difference. Increasing pressure inhibits forced convection heat transfer in the Stirling engine combustor, reducing external combustion efficiency, which drops from 78% to 65% when pressure increases from 0.2 MPa to 0.5 MPa.展开更多
Electrochemical metallurgy at low temperature(<473 K)shows promise for the extraction and refinement of metals and alloys in a green and sustainable manner.However,the kinetics of the electrodeposition process is g...Electrochemical metallurgy at low temperature(<473 K)shows promise for the extraction and refinement of metals and alloys in a green and sustainable manner.However,the kinetics of the electrodeposition process is generally slow at low temperature,resulting in large overpotential and low current efficiency.Thus,the application of external physical fields has emerged as an effective strategy for improving the mass and charge transfer processes during electrochemical reactions.This review highlights the challenges associated with low-temperature electrochemical processes and briefly discusses recent achievements in optimizing electrodeposition processes through the use of external physical fields.The regulating effects on the optimization of the electrodeposition process and the strategies for select-ing various external physical fields,including magnetic,supergravity,and ultrasonic fields are summarized from the perspectives of equipment and mechanisms.Finally,advanced methods for in-situ characterization of external physical field-assisted electrodeposition processes are reviewed to gain a deeper understanding of metallic electrodeposition.An in-depth exploration of the mechanism by which external physical fields affect the electrode process is essential for enhancing the efficiency of metal extraction at low temperatures.展开更多
文摘Dear Editor,We aimed to describe the management of the intraoperative injury of the right external iliac artery that occurred during robot-assisted right nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision.Surgery was scheduled for suspected urothelial carcinoma of the distal ureter in a 60-year-old woman.The patient involved in the present research signed a dedicated form to consent to the publication of images and/or information about her.Past medical history included Brugada syndrome diagnosed in 2015,and hypercholesterolemia.Past surgical history included one cesarean section only.Family history included ovarian cancer(sister),colorectal cancer(mother),and kidney cancer(father).
文摘Basic life support for cardiac arrest associates cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)and defibrillation.CPR relies on chest compressions(CC)and ventilation.Current guidelines on CPR recommend a depth of 5-6 cm at a rhythm of 100-120 times/min for CC.[1,2]Interruptions of the CC must be as short as possible and are related to ventilation,defibrillation and turnover of the rescuers.Most of the automated external defibrillators(AEDs)require interruptions of the CC to perform rhythm analysis.Among the numerous marketed models of AEDs,some provide real-time feedback about the quality of the CC.
基金supported by the Hunan Province Municipal Natural Science Foundation(2022JJ30018)the Hunan Province Health Commission Science Foundation(B202301037899)to WNL。
文摘This study explores whether the current external quality assessment(EQA)level and acceptable bias for basic semen analysis in China are clinically useful.We collected data of semen EQA from Andrology laboratories in the Hunan Province(China)in 2022 and searched for data in the published literature from January2000 to December 2023 in China.On the basis of these data,we analyzed the coefficients of variation and acceptable biases of different quality control materials for basic semen analysis through robust statistics.We compared these findings with quality specifications based on biological variation from optimal,desirable,and minimum levels of bias to seek a unified and more suitable semen EQAbias evaluation standard for China's national conditions.Different sources of semen quality control material exhibited considerable variation in acceptable biases among laboratories,ranging from 8.2%to 56.9%.A total of 50.0% of the laboratories met the minimum quality specifications for progressive motility(PR),whereas 100.0%and 75.0%of laboratories met only the minimum quality specifications for sperm concentration and total motility(nonprogressive[NP]+PR),respectively.The Z value for sperm concentration and PR+NP was equivalent to the desirable performance specification,whereas the Z value for PR was equivalent only to the minimum performance specification.This study highlights the feasibility of operating external quality assessment schemes for basic semen analysis using quality specifications based on biological variation.These specifications should be unified among external quality control(EQC)centers based on biological variation.
基金Funded by Chinese National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U2006224)。
文摘The paper presents experimental investigation results of crack pattern change in cement pastes caused by external sulfate attack(ESA).To visualize the formation and development of cracks in cement pastes under ESA,an X-ray computed tomography(X-ray CT)was used,i e,the tomography system of Zeiss Xradia 510 versa.The results indicate that X-CT can monitor the development process and distribution characteristics of the internal cracks of cement pastes under ESA with attack time.In addition,the C3A content in the cement significantly affects the damage mode of cement paste specimens during sulfate erosion.The damage of ordinary Portland cement(OPC)pastes subjected to sulfate attack with high C3A content are severe,while the damage of sulfate resistant Portland cement(SRPC)pastes is much smaller than that of OPC pastes.Furthermore,a quadratic function describes the correlation between the crack volume fraction and development depth for two cement pastes immermed in sulfate solution.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52175284 and 52474396)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3404201)。
文摘High pressure die casting(HPDC)AlSi10Mn Mg alloy castings are widely used in the automobile industry.Mg can optimize the mechanical properties of castings through heat treatment,while the release of thermal stress arouses the deformation of large integrated die-castings.Herein,the development of non-heat treatment Al alloys is becoming the hot topic.In addition,HPDC contains externally solidified crystals(ESCs),which are detrimental to the mechanical properties of castings.To achieve high strength and toughness of non-heat treatment die-casting Al-Si alloy,we used AlSi9Mn alloy as matrix with the introduction of Zr,Ti,Nb,and Ce.Their influences on ESCs and mechanical properties were systematically investigated through three-dimensional reconstruction and thermodynamic simulation.Our results reveal that the addition of Ti increased ESCs'size and porosity,while the introduction of Nb refined ESCs and decreased porosity.Meanwhile,large-sized Al_3(Zr,Ti)phases formed and degraded the mechanical properties.Subsequent introduction of Ce resulted in the poisoning effect and reduced mechanical properties.
文摘BACKGROUND Pain in the back or pelvis or fear of back pain may affect the timing or cocontraction of the core muscles.In both static and dynamic movements,the Sahrmann core stability test provides an assessment of core muscle activation and a person's ability to stabilize the lumbopelvic complex.Preparatory cues and images can be used to increase the activation of these muscles.To attain optimal movement patterns,it will be necessary to determine what cueing will give the most effective results for core stability.AIM To investigate the effects of external and internal cues on core muscle activation during the Sahrmann five-level core stability test.METHODS Total 68 participants(21.83±3.47 years)were randomly allocated to an external(n=35)or internal cue group(n=33).Participants performed the Sahrmann fivelevel core stability test without a cue as baseline and the five-level stability exercises with an internal or external cue.External cue group received a pressure biofeedback unit(PBU),and the internal cue group received an audio cue.A Delsys Trigno^(TM)surface electromyography unit was used for muscle activation from the rectus abdominis,external oblique,and transverse abdominis/internal oblique muscles.RESULTS Linear mixed effects model analysis showed that cueing had a significant effect on core muscle activation(P=0.001);however,there was no significant difference between cue types(internal or external)(P=0.130).CONCLUSION Both external and internal cueing have significant effects on core muscle activation during the Sahrmann five-level core stability test and the PBU does not create higher muscle activation than internal cueing.
基金Supported by the Joint Construction Project of Medical Science and Technology Research Plan in Henan Province(LHGJ20190879).
文摘[Objectives]To observe the clinical efficacy of external application of Scorzonera Herpes Ointment combined with Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate for Injection in the treatment of herpes zoster oticus(HZO).[Methods]A total of 100 HZO patients admitted to the 988 th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force and Henan Provincial People's Hospital from June 2021 to June 2023 were selected.They were divided into a treatment group and a control group using a random number table method,with 50 cases in each group.Both groups received Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate for Injection.Additionally,the treatment group was treated with external application of Scorzonera Herpes Ointment,while the control group received acyclovir ointment.Both groups were treated for 10 d.The comparisons included clinical efficacy,total symptom and sign scores,pain level[Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)],time for erythema reduction,cessation of blister formation,scab formation,and scab shedding,incidence of post-herpetic neuralgia(PHN),air conduction hearing threshold,and air-bone gap.[Results]After 10 d of treatment,the total effective rate was 98.00%(49/50)in the treatment group and 84.00%(42/50)in the control group,with a statistically significant difference between the two groups(P<0.05).After 10 d of treatment,the total symptom and sign scores and VAS scores of both groups decreased compared to those before treatment.The treatment group had significantly lower scores than the control group(P<0.05).The treatment group showed significantly shorter time for erythema reduction,cessation of blister formation,scab formation,and scab shedding compared to the control group(P<0.05).During the 1-month follow-up after treatment,no PHN cases occurred in the treatment group,while the incidence of PHN in the control group was 24.00%(12/50),showing a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).After 10 d of treatment,both groups showed reduced air conduction hearing thresholds,and the treatment group exhibited significantly lower air conduction thresholds and air-bone gaps compared to the control group(P<0.05).No statistically significant difference was observed in the air-bone gap before and after treatment in the control group(P>0.05).[Conclusions]The combination of external application of Scorzonera Herpes Ointment and Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate for Injection can alleviate pain and other discomforts,reduce PHN incidence,shorten disease duration,and improve hearing in HZO patients.
文摘The Ilizarov apparatus was designed by its author 75 years ago and addresses a wide range of orthopedic conditions.Its classical assemblies are still self-sufficient and versatile.However,certain clinical scenarios require a more specialized approach,and some groups of patients may benefit from customized Ilizarov constructs.Engineering science has designed various external fixators for orthopedic purposes,and some of those have become the gold standard for specific clinical tasks.We aimed to determine the current state and novel modifications of specialized external fixators for specific clinical situations which are based on the principles of the Ilizarov method.They are half-pin-based fixators for temporal fracture fixation,ring or hybrid devices for gradual deformity correction,and compression-distraction devices tailored for definite limb segments.Gradual correction of deformities can be achieved with external hexapods incorporating universal reduction units.Alternatively,external fixators with special connection mechanisms are able to provide independent movement of the rings in six degrees of freedom.Deformity correction can be performed with combined or sequential use of external and internal fixators.Special devices were developed for moving the split fragment for revascularization of the tibia.The units of external frames on the foot were modified to consider its complex anatomy and the clinical needs ranging from correction of multi-plane deformities,joint arthrodesis to distraction arthroplasty.Mini-fixators are compact external fixators for small bones of the hand and foot.The varieties of external fixators based on the Ilizarov principles have been designed to fulfill an ultimate goal of improving treatment outcomes.
基金supported by the Guangxi Science and Technology Major Program of China(Nos.AA23073019 and AA24263074)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52265004)+7 种基金the Guangxi Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(No.2024JJG160014)the Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education of China(No.YCSW2024119)the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology of China(No.IMETKF2025021)the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance-Central South University of China(No.Kfkt2023-06)the Open Fund of High-end Basic Component Innovation Station of China(No.KY01080030124001)the Open Fund for Academician Mao Ming's Workstation of China(No.XSJSFW-QNKXJ-202404-007)the Technology Innovation Platform Project of China Aviation Engine Group Corporation(No.CXPT-2023-044)the Open Fund for Innovation Workstation in the National Defense Science and Technology Innovation Special Zone(Xi'an Jiaotong University).
文摘The metamaterial based on external meshing gears(MEG)is designed based on the principle of external meshing gear transmission.Based on the meshing transmission principle of external meshing gears and planetary gear trains,the internal and external gear rings are designed.Based on the internal and external gear rings,the metamaterial based on inner and outer planetary gear trains(MIP)is designed to study the shear modulus,Young's modulus,and amplitude-frequency characteristics of the metamaterial based on gears at different angles.The effects of the number of planetary gears on the physical characteristics of the MIP are studied.The results show that the MEG can be continuously adjusted by adjusting the shear modulus and Young's modulus due to its meshing characteristics.With the same number of gears,the adjustment range of the MIP is larger than the adjustment range of the MEG.When the number of planetary gears increases,the adjustment range of the MIP decreases.Moreover,when the metamaterial based on gears rotates,the harmonic response changes with the change of the angle.
文摘BACKGROUND Postoperative pancreatic fistula(POPF)is the most frequent cause of morbimortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy,but the best technique to use to prevent its development is unclear.The choice of drainage method external duct stent(EDS),internal duct stent(IDS),or non-ductal stent(NDS)is also controversial.AIM To compare the three groups(EDS,IDS and NDS),analyzing the patient characteristics,perioperative examinations and survival.METHODS Patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and pancreaticojejunostomy between 2012 and 2020,were divided into the EDS,IDS and NDS groups.RESULTS Of the 244 patients included,129 were in the EDS group,71 in the IDS group,and 44 in the NDS group.Except for preoperative pancreatitis in the NDS patients,comorbidities were similar among the groups.Patients in the NDS group had a high caliber of the Wirsung duct and frequently presented with a hard pancreas(P<0.001).A lower rate of grade C POPF was observed in the EDS(1.6%)compared to the NDS(9.1%)and IDS group(14.1%)(P=0.009).The groups showed similar findings for delayed gastric emptying,postoperative hemorrhage,reoperation,and 5-year survivals.Ninety-day mortality rate was significantly higher in the IDS group(5.6%)compared to the EDS(1.6%)and NDS(4.5%)groups(P=0.046).Multivariate analysis showed that the use of EDS was a protective factor for grade B/C POPF(P=0.034),and 90-day mortality(P=0.018).Additionally,a Wirsung duct diameter<3 mm was the only risk factor for grade B/C POPF(P=0.001),and 90-day mortality(P=0.031).CONCLUSION The use of the EDS was a protective factor for grade B/C POPF and 90-day mortality,and the Wirsung duct<3 mm was a risk factor for grade B/C POPF and 90-day mortality.
文摘1.IntroductionPassive movement is a 200+year-old manipulation involving the external movement of an individuals’limbs or body absent voluntary effort or muscle contraction.1The original application of passive movement was therapist-guided limb manipulation to increase range of motion and blood supply following acute and chronic injury.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 12222512, 12375193, U2031206, U1831206, and U2032209)the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (GJJSTD20210009)+1 种基金the CAS Pioneer Hundred Talent Programthe CAS Light of West China Program
文摘The Cooling Storage Ring of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL-CSR)was constructed to study nuclear physics,atomic physics,interdisciplinary science,and related applications.The External Target Facility(ETF)is located in the main ring of the HIRFL-CSR.The gamma detector of the ETF is built to measure emitted gamma rays with energies below 5 MeV in the center-of-mass frame and is planned to measure light fragments with energies up to 300 MeV.The readout electronics for the gamma detector were designed and commissioned.The readout electronics consist of thirty-two front-end cards,thirty-two readout control units(RCUs),one common readout unit,one synchronization&clock unit,and one sub-trigger unit.By using the real-time peak-detection algorithm implemented in the RCU,the data volume can be significantly reduced.In addition,trigger logic selection algorithms are implemented to improve the selection of useful events and reduce the data size.The test results show that the integral nonlinearity of the readout electronics is less than 1%,and the energy resolution for measuring the 60 Co source is better than 5.5%.This study discusses the design and performance of the readout electronics.
基金supported by Henan Province Science and Technology Research Funding Project(No.222102320129)the Key Research Project of Henan Higher Education Institutions(Grant Nos.22A560004,22A56005).
文摘As an evaluation index,the natural frequency has the advantages of easy acquisition and quantitative evaluation.In this paper,the natural frequency is used to evaluate the performance of external cable reinforced bridges.Numerical examples show that compared with the natural frequencies of first-order modes,the natural frequencies of higher-order modes are more sensitive and can reflect the damage situation and external cable reinforcement effect of T-beam bridges.For damaged bridges,as the damage to the T-beam increases,the natural frequency value of the bridge gradually decreases.When the degree of local damage to the beam reaches 60%,the amplitude of natural frequency change exceeds 10%for the first time.The natural frequencies of the firstorder vibration mode and higher-order vibration mode can be selected as indexes for different degrees of the damaged T-beam bridges.For damaged bridges reinforced with external cables,the traditional natural frequency of the first-order vibration mode cannot be used as the index,which is insensitive to changes in prestress of the external cable.Some natural frequencies of higher-order vibration modes can be selected as indexes,which can reflect the reinforcement effect of externally prestressed damaged T-beam bridges,and its numerical value increases with the increase of external prestressed cable force.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42130604)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFF0804704)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42105044)Swedish STINT(Grant No.CH2019-8377)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(Grant No.164320H116)。
文摘Since the mid-20th century,the Mongolian Plateau(MP)has experienced decadal droughts coupled with extreme heatwaves,severely affecting regional ecology and social development.However,the mechanisms behind these decadalscale compound heatwavedrought events remain debated.Here,using reconstructions and simulations from the Community Earth System Model Last Millennium Ensemble,we demonstrate that,over the last millennium,decadal droughts on the MP occurred under both warm and cold conditions,differing from recent compound heatwavedrought events.We found that by examining temperature changes during these drought periods,the distinct influences of external forcings and internal variability can be simply and effectively distinguished.Specifically,colddry events were primarily driven by volcanic eruptions that weakened the East Asian summer monsoon and midlatitude westerlies,reducing moisture transport to the MP.In contrast,warmdry events were predominantly induced by internal variability,notably the negative phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the expansion of the Barents Sea ice extent.The recent extreme compound event was probably influenced by the combined effects of anthropogenic forcings and internal variability.These findings deepen our understanding of how external forcings and internal variability affect decadal drought events on the MP and highlight that recent compound events are unprecedented in the context of the last millennium.
文摘Methane,the primary constituent of natural gas,shale gas,and flammable ice,serves as a crucial carbon-based energy source and chemical feedstock.Traditional gas reserves are universally acknowledged as limited and non-renewable resources over an extended timespan stretching from decades to millennia.Biomethane,with its unique renewable properties,showcases remarkable development potential and presents a compelling supplement and even alternative for fossil fuel.Although catalytic hydrothermal processes appear as promising valorization routes to transfer biomass to sustainable methane,the safety and supply source of high-pressure hydrogen remain key factors restricting the widespread application.Herein,a catalytic approach without an external hydrogen source was developed to transform waste biomass resources into CH_(4)under the Ni-Mo catalyst.The total carbon yield of gas products reached up to 92.2%,of which the yield of methane and C2–C4 hydrocarbons were 44.9%and 3.0%,respectively.And it’s calculated that approximately 343.6 liters of CH_(4)could potentially be generated from 1 kilogram of raw biomass.Ni-based catalysts exhibited the robust activity in cleaving C–C and C–O bonds.And the introduction of an appropriate amount of molybdenum significantly enhanced catalytic performance of reforming and subsequent methanation reaction,likely due to the high adsorption capacity of highly dispersed Ni-Mo catalysts for carbon monoxide and hydrogen molecules,facilitating the methanation reaction.The pathway of catalytic methane production might be inferred that CO,H_(2)and a large number of oxygen-containing intermediates were formed via decarbonylation,dehydrogenation,and retro-aldol condensation reaction under hydrothermal condition.These intermediates then underwent the reforming reaction to generate H_(2)and CO_(2),ultimately forming CH_(4)through the methanation reaction.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Foundation of Tianjin Eye Hospital(No.YKPY2207)Tianjin Key Medical Discipline(Specialty)Construction Project(No.TJYXZDXK-016A).
文摘Dear Editor,We introduce a novel surgical instrument designed to overcome the challenges in draining fluid from the suprachoroidal space in patients with choroidal detachment.In the evolving landscape of ophthalmic surgeries,procedures that were once considered complex,such as those for choroidal detachment,are becoming increasingly common.Drainage of subchoroidal fluid was derived from 1985[1]with indirect visualization during scleral buckle surgery[2-4].
文摘Cardiovascular disease remains the leading global cause of mortality,projected to increase by 73.4%from 2025 to 2050 despite declining age-standardized rates.Contemporary interventions,such as percutaneous coronary intervention and statins,reduce major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE)by 25%-30%,yet a 20%five-year MACE risk persists in high-risk cohorts.These approaches,histor-ically focused on luminal stenosis,fail to address systemic atherogenesis drivers like endothelial dysfunction and inflammation.Specifically,dietary linoleic acid restriction(<5 g/day)reduces oxidized low-density lipoprotein by approximately 15%by limiting peroxidation-prone bisallylic bonds,mitigating arterial inflam-mation,a key atherogenic trigger.Enhanced external counterpulsation,through pulsatile shear stress,enhances nitric oxide-mediated coronary perfusion,alle-viating angina in approximately 70%of refractory cases unresponsive to revascu-larization.Nanoparticle-facilitated chelation targets atherosclerotic plaques with precision,reducing calcium content by up to 30%in preclinical models,offering a novel avenue for lesion reversal.These innovations collectively address residual risk by tackling root causes,oxidative stress,endothelial dysfunction,and plaque instability,potentially halving MACE rates with widespread adoption.Despite promising preliminary data,gaps remain in long-term safety and scalability.Robust clinical trials are needed to validate these approaches,which collectively aim to transform cardiovascular disease management by prioritizing prevention and vascular restoration,potentially reducing coronary events to a public health rarity.
文摘OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effects of external application of warm meridian medicated wine and polarized light therapy combined with acupuncture on pain management following vertebroplasty. METHODS:A total of 120 patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures treated by vertebroplasty at our hospital were divided into four groups. The control group received non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the Treatment Group Ⅰ received acupuncture alone, Treatment Group Ⅱ was treated with medicated wine for warming meridians alongside polarized light physiotherapy, and Treatment Group Ⅲ received a combination of medicated wine for warming meridians, polarized light therapy, and acupuncture. The clinical efficacy, pain thresholds at various time points, temperature pain threshold, electric pain threshold, quality of life, sleep quality index, lumbar dysfunction index, visual analog scale(VAS) scores, and incidence of adverse reactions were compared and analyzed across the four groups. RESULTS:The total clinical effective rate in Treatment Group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in the control group, Treatment Group Ⅰ, and Treatment Group Ⅱ(P < 0.05). At 24 and 72 h post-treatment, the VAS scores, temperature pain thresholds, and electric pain thresholds in Treatment Group Ⅲ were significantly lower than those in the control group, Treatment Group Ⅰ, and Treatment Group Ⅱ(P < 0.05). Additionally, quality-of-life scores in Treatment Group Ⅲ were markedly higher compared to the control group, Treatment Group Ⅰ, and Treatment Group Ⅱ, while the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores, Oswestry Disability Index scores, and incidence of adverse reactions in Treatment Group Ⅲ were significantly lower than in the other groups(P < 0.05). CONCLUSION:The external application of warm meridian medicated wine and polarized light therapy combined with acupuncture significantly reduces postoperative pain following vertebroplasty, enhances lumbar function, and improves both sleep quality and overall quality of life for patients. This approach is recommended for clinical application.
基金Supported by the Shanghai Rising Star Program (Grant No. 21QB1403900)the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Science and Technology (Grant No. 22170712600)。
文摘Knowing the optimal operating parameters of Stirling engines is important for efficient combustion through adaptability to changed pressures and oxygen atmospheres. In this study, the optimum operating conditions for efficient combustion in a singular Stirling engine combustor at different oxygen atmospheres were investigated and determined. Numerical simulations were performed to investigate the effects of ejection ratio and pressure on combustion performance. In an oxygen/carbon dioxide atmosphere, the results show that increasing the ejection ratio substantially alters the flame distribution in the Stirling engine combustor, increasing heat transfer and external combustion efficiency. In contrast, increasing the ejection ratio reduces the average and maximum temperatures of the Stirling engine combustor. Increased pressure affects the flame distribution in the Stirling engine combustor and impedes the flow and convective heat transfer in the combustor, reducing the overall external combustion efficiency at pressures above 6.5 MPa. In an air/carbon dioxide atmosphere, an increased ejection ratio reduces the average and maximum temperatures in the Stirling engine combustor. However, the overall flame distribution does not change substantially. The external combustion efficiency tends to increase and then decrease because of two opposing factors: the increase in the convective heat transfer coefficient and the decrease in the temperature difference. Increasing pressure inhibits forced convection heat transfer in the Stirling engine combustor, reducing external combustion efficiency, which drops from 78% to 65% when pressure increases from 0.2 MPa to 0.5 MPa.
基金supported by Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(No.SML2023SP243)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC2906100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.92475202)are acknowledged.
文摘Electrochemical metallurgy at low temperature(<473 K)shows promise for the extraction and refinement of metals and alloys in a green and sustainable manner.However,the kinetics of the electrodeposition process is generally slow at low temperature,resulting in large overpotential and low current efficiency.Thus,the application of external physical fields has emerged as an effective strategy for improving the mass and charge transfer processes during electrochemical reactions.This review highlights the challenges associated with low-temperature electrochemical processes and briefly discusses recent achievements in optimizing electrodeposition processes through the use of external physical fields.The regulating effects on the optimization of the electrodeposition process and the strategies for select-ing various external physical fields,including magnetic,supergravity,and ultrasonic fields are summarized from the perspectives of equipment and mechanisms.Finally,advanced methods for in-situ characterization of external physical field-assisted electrodeposition processes are reviewed to gain a deeper understanding of metallic electrodeposition.An in-depth exploration of the mechanism by which external physical fields affect the electrode process is essential for enhancing the efficiency of metal extraction at low temperatures.
