It is impossible for plants to grow and reproduce without being regulated by phytohormones.One of the phytohormones is the brassinosteroid(BR)hormones,also named as the sixth phytohormone.
ATP-binding cassette exporters transport many substrates out of cellular membranes via alternating between inward-facing and outward-facing conformations. Despite extensive research efforts over the past decades, unde...ATP-binding cassette exporters transport many substrates out of cellular membranes via alternating between inward-facing and outward-facing conformations. Despite extensive research efforts over the past decades, understanding of the molecular mechanism remains elusive. As these large-scale conformational movements are global and collective, we have previously performed extensive coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of the potential of mean force along the conformational transition pathway [J. Phys. Chem. B 119, 1295(2015)]. However, the occluded conformational state, in which both the internal and external gate are closed, was not determined in the calculated free energy profile. In this work, we extend the above methods to the calculation of the free energy profile along the reaction coordinate, d1-d2, which are the COM distances between the two sides of the internal(d1)and the external gate(d2). The potential of mean force is thus obtained to identify the transition pathway, along which several outward-facing, inward-facing, and occluded state structures are predicted in good agreement with structural experiments. Our coarse-grained molecular dynamics free-energy simulations demonstrate that the internal gate is closed before the external gate is open during the inward-facing to outward-facing transition and vice versa during the inward-facing to outward-facing transition. Our results capture the unidirectional feature of substrate translocation via the exporter, which is functionally important in biology. This finding is different from the previous result, in which both the internal and external gates are open reported in an X-ray experiment [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104,19005(2007)]. Our study sheds light on the molecular mechanism of the state transitions in an ATP-binding cassette exporter.展开更多
Our research topic is about the economic situation in the Middle East and North Africa （MENA） oil exporters after the global crisis in 2008. The authors tried to find the answers to the questions such as ＂How bad o...Our research topic is about the economic situation in the Middle East and North Africa （MENA） oil exporters after the global crisis in 2008. The authors tried to find the answers to the questions such as ＂How bad or good is the situation there？＂ and ＂what is the expectation about the future of the region？＂ Like other countries around the world, the MENA oil exporters, comprised of Algeria, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, Yemen were adversely affected by the global crisis. The MENA oil exporters are recently recovering from their recession in 2009 when the global crisis was felt intensively there. GDP in the region has grown by 3.5 percent in 2010 after a low growth of 0.7 percent in 2009. The average real GDP growth excluding Libya is projected to reach 4.9 percent in 2011. Two developments mark the outlook： the unrest in the region and the surge in global fuel and food prices. For most oil exporters, the expected increase in oil prices and production volumes will lead to higher growth in 2011 and stronger fiscal and external balances, notwithstanding recent increases in government spending. The oil exporters＇ combined external current account surplus is estimated to increase. The effects of the political events in Tunisia and Egypt have spread in varying degrees to the MENA oil exporters in the region, and many of these countries are responding with public spending and job-creation measures to alleviate social tensions. The social unrest also highlights the need to pursue fundamental economic reforms--social policy, fiscal management, governance, business environment, labor markets, and financial sector access to facilitate more inclusive economic growth. While the MENA countries are generally divided into two sub-regions such as ＂oil exporters＂ and ＂oil importers＂ in the economic literature, the authors will deal with only the MENA oil exporters in this work. The negative effects of the global crisis in these countries on growth, inflation, current account balance, budget balance, and finally financial sector will be reviewed in this work and the expectations and the developments which occurred after the crisis in these countries will be dealt with especially in the context of the IMF reports.展开更多
Developing countries establishing international branch campuses （IBCs） is an emerging trend, and currently compromises 17% percent of the market in terms of the number of IBCs. While researchers have applied differe...Developing countries establishing international branch campuses （IBCs） is an emerging trend, and currently compromises 17% percent of the market in terms of the number of IBCs. While researchers have applied different social science perspectives to analyze cross-border higher education and IBCs, they usually emphasize developed countries as exporters and developing countries as importers of higher education. The phenomenon of developing countries as exporters of higher education has seldom been looked at so far in the research. This paper first describes the current development of IBCs, then illustrates what social science perspectives have been used on this topic, followed by how push-pull theory relates to developing countries being exporters of IBCs. The paper aims to combine E.S. Lee＇s push-pull theory and Gu＇s push-pull framework to analyze the push and pull factors in their advertisement and marketing claims when higher education institutions （HEIs） from developing countries plan to establish branch campuses in foreign countries. Soochow University in Laos is used as a case study. Furthermore, intermediate barriers and solutions are also identified in this case study. However, this case study has its own uniqueness and only serves heuristic for future research.展开更多
What is CTMTC? China Texmatech Co., Ltd. (CTMTC), established in 1984, is the largest enterprise in China specialized in the import and export of textile machinery and technology. CTMTC was originally
Recently,the U.S.Department of Commerce worked out its ultimate arbitration on Chinese textile companies which have filed a lawsuit against its anti-dumping investigation.
The effects of price leadership strategies and branding strategies on the export performance of indigenous Chinese exporters with a focus on developing country markets and developed country markets are examined based ...The effects of price leadership strategies and branding strategies on the export performance of indigenous Chinese exporters with a focus on developing country markets and developed country markets are examined based on the principles of strategy-environment co-alignment and marketing segmentation theory. Findings suggest that when focusing on developing country markets, the use of a branding strategy is more likely to enhance export performance. When focusing on developed country markets, neither the use of a price leadership strategy nor the use of a branding strategy enhances export performance. Finally, theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are discussed.展开更多
The paper revealed the place and role of Russia in the global market of platinum metals, highlighted features of pricing in the export of Russian platinum group metals, the main problems of pricing in the export contr...The paper revealed the place and role of Russia in the global market of platinum metals, highlighted features of pricing in the export of Russian platinum group metals, the main problems of pricing in the export contracts related to the instability of markets and imperfect currency and customs legislation of the Russian Federation, proposed innovative ways to solutions to existing problems in the preparation and conclusion of export contracts.展开更多
This paper evaluates the causal effect of air pollution on the share of domestic value-added in exports for Chinese exporters.Precipitation is employed as an instrument for air pollution to alleviate the endogeneity.O...This paper evaluates the causal effect of air pollution on the share of domestic value-added in exports for Chinese exporters.Precipitation is employed as an instrument for air pollution to alleviate the endogeneity.Our baseline instrument variable estimation identifies a significant and negative effect of air pollution on the share of domestic value added in exports.Specifically,each 1 mg/m^(3) increase in yearly PM_(2.5) exposure is associated with 3.1447 units decrease of the domestic value-added rate of firms’exports.This result holds when wind speed,air flow index and thermal inversions are used as alternative instruments.Further,it is shown that air pollution is detrimental to the health of employees,and also has negative effect on firms’productivity as well as firms’innovation capacity.All of these may have a negative effect on domestic production and therefore reduce the share of value added done domestically.Lastly,greater effect is found for the central region,the east of Hu Huanyong line,cities of low altitude and high pressure,and also for foreign-invested firms.This paper provides empirical evidence that air pollution may affect the organization of global production,i.e.,the share of domestic value added in Chinese exports,and it certainly contributes to more comprehensive understanding of the effect of air pollution.展开更多
The website of Germany’s Die Welt reported that according to the recent research results published by the VDMA,China has become the world’s most important machinery equipment and system supplier for the first time i...The website of Germany’s Die Welt reported that according to the recent research results published by the VDMA,China has become the world’s most important machinery equipment and system supplier for the first time in 2020,while German machinery manufacturers lost the world championship in machinery exports.展开更多
Before the opening of the third CIIE in November,H.E.Fernando Lugris,the Uruguayan ambassador to China accepted an interview with China’s Foreign Trade.During the interview,he mentioned that this is the third time th...Before the opening of the third CIIE in November,H.E.Fernando Lugris,the Uruguayan ambassador to China accepted an interview with China’s Foreign Trade.During the interview,he mentioned that this is the third time that Uruguay has sent a delegation to attend the CIIE:“this year,Uruguay’s Minister of Foreign Affairs,Ambassador Francisco Bustillo will participate in the CIIE with other high-level officials,as well as business people representing our most competitive export sectors,such as agriculture and services,”he said.展开更多
Now in its fourth iteration, the China International Import Expo(CIIE) has been lauded as a strong opportunity for global exporters to gain easier access to the world’s largest consumer market.
Global trade has shifted as traditional export leaders such as the United States,the European Union,and developed Asia have struggled to regain the momentum they had before the pandemic.While China and other emerging ...Global trade has shifted as traditional export leaders such as the United States,the European Union,and developed Asia have struggled to regain the momentum they had before the pandemic.While China and other emerging markets have recovered faster than the traditional export leaders,economic and trade recovery is still underway in some markets.This recovery period however presents an opportunity for African exporters.The sources of China's imports were changing both in volume and value even before the pandemic.With tensions with the United States and some pacific countries,now China is reconsidering who to prioritize its trade relations with.Where can Africa fit in this shift?展开更多
This study examines the impact of digitalization on firm–product-level export quality customization(EQC).Export quality customization refers to the degree to which export product quality differs across international ...This study examines the impact of digitalization on firm–product-level export quality customization(EQC).Export quality customization refers to the degree to which export product quality differs across international destinations.Analysis of firm–product-level transaction data for Chinese exporting firms from 2000 to 2013 showed that a 10 percent increase in the digital equipment-to-labor ratio corresponded to a 2 percent increase in EQC.This general trend was robust across various measures of firm–product-level EQC.An instrumental variables approach was employed to address potential endogeneity and the broad findings held across multiple subsamples.Aggregate data were used to examine the influence of sectoral robot stocks on product-level EQC during 2006–2019,with consistent results.A mechanism analysis shows that digitalization increased firm–product-level EQC mainly by enhancing firm-level operational flexibility,which enabled firms to make small,continuous production adjustments,expanding their feasible quality range and enabling process innovations,thereby facilitating firm–product-level customization practices.展开更多
Following the U.S.announcement of a new round of tariff hikes on Chinese goods on April 2 local time,Ella Wang,a seller of festive decorations in Yiwu,a hub of small commodities in Zhejiang Province,east China,has not...Following the U.S.announcement of a new round of tariff hikes on Chinese goods on April 2 local time,Ella Wang,a seller of festive decorations in Yiwu,a hub of small commodities in Zhejiang Province,east China,has noticed fewer orders from the United States,but exports to Europe,Africa and the Middle East continue without price rises.展开更多
文摘It is impossible for plants to grow and reproduce without being regulated by phytohormones.One of the phytohormones is the brassinosteroid(BR)hormones,also named as the sixth phytohormone.
基金supported by the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China(No.21073170 and No.21273209).
文摘ATP-binding cassette exporters transport many substrates out of cellular membranes via alternating between inward-facing and outward-facing conformations. Despite extensive research efforts over the past decades, understanding of the molecular mechanism remains elusive. As these large-scale conformational movements are global and collective, we have previously performed extensive coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of the potential of mean force along the conformational transition pathway [J. Phys. Chem. B 119, 1295(2015)]. However, the occluded conformational state, in which both the internal and external gate are closed, was not determined in the calculated free energy profile. In this work, we extend the above methods to the calculation of the free energy profile along the reaction coordinate, d1-d2, which are the COM distances between the two sides of the internal(d1)and the external gate(d2). The potential of mean force is thus obtained to identify the transition pathway, along which several outward-facing, inward-facing, and occluded state structures are predicted in good agreement with structural experiments. Our coarse-grained molecular dynamics free-energy simulations demonstrate that the internal gate is closed before the external gate is open during the inward-facing to outward-facing transition and vice versa during the inward-facing to outward-facing transition. Our results capture the unidirectional feature of substrate translocation via the exporter, which is functionally important in biology. This finding is different from the previous result, in which both the internal and external gates are open reported in an X-ray experiment [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104,19005(2007)]. Our study sheds light on the molecular mechanism of the state transitions in an ATP-binding cassette exporter.
文摘Our research topic is about the economic situation in the Middle East and North Africa （MENA） oil exporters after the global crisis in 2008. The authors tried to find the answers to the questions such as ＂How bad or good is the situation there？＂ and ＂what is the expectation about the future of the region？＂ Like other countries around the world, the MENA oil exporters, comprised of Algeria, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, Yemen were adversely affected by the global crisis. The MENA oil exporters are recently recovering from their recession in 2009 when the global crisis was felt intensively there. GDP in the region has grown by 3.5 percent in 2010 after a low growth of 0.7 percent in 2009. The average real GDP growth excluding Libya is projected to reach 4.9 percent in 2011. Two developments mark the outlook： the unrest in the region and the surge in global fuel and food prices. For most oil exporters, the expected increase in oil prices and production volumes will lead to higher growth in 2011 and stronger fiscal and external balances, notwithstanding recent increases in government spending. The oil exporters＇ combined external current account surplus is estimated to increase. The effects of the political events in Tunisia and Egypt have spread in varying degrees to the MENA oil exporters in the region, and many of these countries are responding with public spending and job-creation measures to alleviate social tensions. The social unrest also highlights the need to pursue fundamental economic reforms--social policy, fiscal management, governance, business environment, labor markets, and financial sector access to facilitate more inclusive economic growth. While the MENA countries are generally divided into two sub-regions such as ＂oil exporters＂ and ＂oil importers＂ in the economic literature, the authors will deal with only the MENA oil exporters in this work. The negative effects of the global crisis in these countries on growth, inflation, current account balance, budget balance, and finally financial sector will be reviewed in this work and the expectations and the developments which occurred after the crisis in these countries will be dealt with especially in the context of the IMF reports.
文摘Developing countries establishing international branch campuses （IBCs） is an emerging trend, and currently compromises 17% percent of the market in terms of the number of IBCs. While researchers have applied different social science perspectives to analyze cross-border higher education and IBCs, they usually emphasize developed countries as exporters and developing countries as importers of higher education. The phenomenon of developing countries as exporters of higher education has seldom been looked at so far in the research. This paper first describes the current development of IBCs, then illustrates what social science perspectives have been used on this topic, followed by how push-pull theory relates to developing countries being exporters of IBCs. The paper aims to combine E.S. Lee＇s push-pull theory and Gu＇s push-pull framework to analyze the push and pull factors in their advertisement and marketing claims when higher education institutions （HEIs） from developing countries plan to establish branch campuses in foreign countries. Soochow University in Laos is used as a case study. Furthermore, intermediate barriers and solutions are also identified in this case study. However, this case study has its own uniqueness and only serves heuristic for future research.
文摘What is CTMTC? China Texmatech Co., Ltd. (CTMTC), established in 1984, is the largest enterprise in China specialized in the import and export of textile machinery and technology. CTMTC was originally
文摘Recently,the U.S.Department of Commerce worked out its ultimate arbitration on Chinese textile companies which have filed a lawsuit against its anti-dumping investigation.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.70672005,70632003,70372001)
文摘The effects of price leadership strategies and branding strategies on the export performance of indigenous Chinese exporters with a focus on developing country markets and developed country markets are examined based on the principles of strategy-environment co-alignment and marketing segmentation theory. Findings suggest that when focusing on developing country markets, the use of a branding strategy is more likely to enhance export performance. When focusing on developed country markets, neither the use of a price leadership strategy nor the use of a branding strategy enhances export performance. Finally, theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are discussed.
文摘The paper revealed the place and role of Russia in the global market of platinum metals, highlighted features of pricing in the export of Russian platinum group metals, the main problems of pricing in the export contracts related to the instability of markets and imperfect currency and customs legislation of the Russian Federation, proposed innovative ways to solutions to existing problems in the preparation and conclusion of export contracts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.72003151,72173100,71703130]the National Social Science Fund of China[Grant No.21ZDA093]+2 种基金the Soft Science Research Program of Sichuan Province[Grant No.2021JDR0133]the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities[Grant No.JBK2212019]the Major Project in Applied Economics of Southwest University of Finance and Economics on Special Funds for Double First-Class and Characteristic Development Guidance of Central Universities.
文摘This paper evaluates the causal effect of air pollution on the share of domestic value-added in exports for Chinese exporters.Precipitation is employed as an instrument for air pollution to alleviate the endogeneity.Our baseline instrument variable estimation identifies a significant and negative effect of air pollution on the share of domestic value added in exports.Specifically,each 1 mg/m^(3) increase in yearly PM_(2.5) exposure is associated with 3.1447 units decrease of the domestic value-added rate of firms’exports.This result holds when wind speed,air flow index and thermal inversions are used as alternative instruments.Further,it is shown that air pollution is detrimental to the health of employees,and also has negative effect on firms’productivity as well as firms’innovation capacity.All of these may have a negative effect on domestic production and therefore reduce the share of value added done domestically.Lastly,greater effect is found for the central region,the east of Hu Huanyong line,cities of low altitude and high pressure,and also for foreign-invested firms.This paper provides empirical evidence that air pollution may affect the organization of global production,i.e.,the share of domestic value added in Chinese exports,and it certainly contributes to more comprehensive understanding of the effect of air pollution.
文摘The website of Germany’s Die Welt reported that according to the recent research results published by the VDMA,China has become the world’s most important machinery equipment and system supplier for the first time in 2020,while German machinery manufacturers lost the world championship in machinery exports.
文摘Before the opening of the third CIIE in November,H.E.Fernando Lugris,the Uruguayan ambassador to China accepted an interview with China’s Foreign Trade.During the interview,he mentioned that this is the third time that Uruguay has sent a delegation to attend the CIIE:“this year,Uruguay’s Minister of Foreign Affairs,Ambassador Francisco Bustillo will participate in the CIIE with other high-level officials,as well as business people representing our most competitive export sectors,such as agriculture and services,”he said.
文摘Now in its fourth iteration, the China International Import Expo(CIIE) has been lauded as a strong opportunity for global exporters to gain easier access to the world’s largest consumer market.
文摘Global trade has shifted as traditional export leaders such as the United States,the European Union,and developed Asia have struggled to regain the momentum they had before the pandemic.While China and other emerging markets have recovered faster than the traditional export leaders,economic and trade recovery is still underway in some markets.This recovery period however presents an opportunity for African exporters.The sources of China's imports were changing both in volume and value even before the pandemic.With tensions with the United States and some pacific countries,now China is reconsidering who to prioritize its trade relations with.Where can Africa fit in this shift?
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.72192842)the National Social Science Fund of China(No.24ZDA057)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2024MG051)the Major Program of Shandong University(No.23RWZD12)support from the Teaching Reform Foundation in Jiangsu province(No.JGKT25_B023).
文摘This study examines the impact of digitalization on firm–product-level export quality customization(EQC).Export quality customization refers to the degree to which export product quality differs across international destinations.Analysis of firm–product-level transaction data for Chinese exporting firms from 2000 to 2013 showed that a 10 percent increase in the digital equipment-to-labor ratio corresponded to a 2 percent increase in EQC.This general trend was robust across various measures of firm–product-level EQC.An instrumental variables approach was employed to address potential endogeneity and the broad findings held across multiple subsamples.Aggregate data were used to examine the influence of sectoral robot stocks on product-level EQC during 2006–2019,with consistent results.A mechanism analysis shows that digitalization increased firm–product-level EQC mainly by enhancing firm-level operational flexibility,which enabled firms to make small,continuous production adjustments,expanding their feasible quality range and enabling process innovations,thereby facilitating firm–product-level customization practices.
文摘Following the U.S.announcement of a new round of tariff hikes on Chinese goods on April 2 local time,Ella Wang,a seller of festive decorations in Yiwu,a hub of small commodities in Zhejiang Province,east China,has noticed fewer orders from the United States,but exports to Europe,Africa and the Middle East continue without price rises.
