Iterated local search(ILS)is used to construct the optimal experimental designs for multi-dimensional constrained spaces,in which the inner loop is based on the stochastic coordinate-exchange(SCE)algorithm.Every time ...Iterated local search(ILS)is used to construct the optimal experimental designs for multi-dimensional constrained spaces,in which the inner loop is based on the stochastic coordinate-exchange(SCE)algorithm.Every time a local optimal solution is found by the SCE algorithm,the perturbation operator is applied to it,and then a new solution is explored in the areas where the exchange of coordinates may produce improvement,so as to retain the features and attributes of the current optimal solution and avoid the defects of random restart.We implement the iterated local coordinate-exchange algorithm for experimental designs in the multi-dimensional constrained spaces.In addition,sensitivity analysis was conducted to analyze the impacts of the parameters on the performance of the proposed algorithm.Also we compared the performance of the proposed algorithm to the SCE algorithm using the random restart strategy.The analysis shows that the proposed algorithm is better than the SCE algorithm in terms of efficiency and quality,especially in the experimental designs for high-dimensional constrained space.展开更多
When the amphibious vehicle navigates in water,the angle of the anti-wave plate and the position of the center of gravity greatly influence the navigation characteristics.In the relevant research on reducing the navig...When the amphibious vehicle navigates in water,the angle of the anti-wave plate and the position of the center of gravity greatly influence the navigation characteristics.In the relevant research on reducing the navigation resistance of amphibious vehicles by adjusting the angle of the anti-wave plate,there is a lack of scientific selection of parameters and reasonable research of simulation results by using mathematical methods,and the influence of the center of gravity position on navigation characteristics is not considered at the same time.To study the influence of the combinations of the angle of the anti-wave plate and the position of the center of gravity on the resistance reduction characteristics,a numerical calculation model of the amphibious unmanned vehicle was established by using the theory of computational fluid dynamics,and the experimental data verified the correctness of the numerical model.Based on this numerical model,the navigation characteristics of the amphibious unmanned vehicle were studied when the center of gravity was located at different positions,and the orthogonal experimental design method was used to optimize the parameters of the angle of the anti-wave plate and the position of the center of gravity.The results show that through the parameter optimization analysis based on the orthogonal experimental method,the combination of the optimal angle of the anti-wave plate and the position of the center of gravity is obtained.And the numerical simulation result of resistance is consistent with the predicted optimal solution.Compared with the maximum navigational resistance,the parameter optimization reduces the navigational resistance of the amphibious unmanned vehicle by 24%.展开更多
Soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is significant to estimate the site-specific unsaturated soil properties (such as unsaturated shear strength and coefficient of permeability) for geotechnical analyses involving ...Soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is significant to estimate the site-specific unsaturated soil properties (such as unsaturated shear strength and coefficient of permeability) for geotechnical analyses involving unsaturated soils. Determining SWCC can be achieved by fitting data points obtained according to the prescribed experimental scheme, which is specified by the number of measuring points and their corresponding values of the control variable. The number of measuring points is limited since direct measurement of SWCC is often costly and time-consuming. Based on the limited number of measuring points, the estimated SWCC is unavoidably associated with uncertainties, which depends on measurement data obtained from the prescribed experimental scheme. Therefore, it is essential to plan the experimental scheme so as to reduce the uncertainty in the estimated SWCC. This study presented a Bayesian approach, called OBEDO, for probabilistic experimental design optimization of measuring SWCC based on the prior knowledge and information of testing apparatus. The uncertainty in estimated SWCC is quantified and the optimal experimental scheme with the maximum expected utility is determined by Subset Simulation optimization (SSO) in candidate experimental scheme space. The proposed approach is illustrated using an experimental design example given prior knowledge and the information of testing apparatus and is verified based on a set of real loess SWCC data, which were used to generate random experimental schemes to mimic the arbitrary arrangement of measuring points during SWCC testing in practice. Results show that the arbitrary arrangement of measuring points of SWCC testing is hardly superior to the optimal scheme obtained from OBEDO in terms of the expected utility. The proposed OBEDO approach provides a rational tool to optimize the arrangement of measuring points of SWCC test so as to obtain SWCC measurement data with relatively high expected utility for uncertainty reduction.展开更多
Mixed-variable problems are inevitable in engineering. However, few researches pay attention to discrete variables. This paper proposed a mixed-variable experimental design method (ODCD): first, the design variables w...Mixed-variable problems are inevitable in engineering. However, few researches pay attention to discrete variables. This paper proposed a mixed-variable experimental design method (ODCD): first, the design variables were divided into discrete variables and continuous variables;then, the DVD method was employed for handling discrete variables, the LHD method was applied for continuous variables, and finally, a Columnwise-Pairwise Algorithm was used for the overall optimization of the design matrix. Experimental results demonstrated that the ODCD method outperforms in terms of the sample space coverage performance.展开更多
In this paper,we introduce the design principle of the oscillating excited spray cooling experimental device.We then designed an oscillating excited spray cooling experimental device.By using the device,the swaying mo...In this paper,we introduce the design principle of the oscillating excited spray cooling experimental device.We then designed an oscillating excited spray cooling experimental device.By using the device,the swaying motion can be realized through the control system,and the motion of the droplet under different vibration frequencies can be observed.By measuring the liquid flow rate and pressure,the changes in liquid flow rate,pressure,and temperature with time under different vibration frequencies were studied.The trajectory of the droplet and the temperature distribution of the droplet under different vibration frequencies could be observed.The device has a simple structure,is easy to control,and can achieve continuous observation of the spray cooling process.展开更多
During the process of organizing our original data,we unfortunately identified two error in the figures within our published article.In Fig.1,the online version incorrectly labels the SNI+NAC group as the sham+NAC gro...During the process of organizing our original data,we unfortunately identified two error in the figures within our published article.In Fig.1,the online version incorrectly labels the SNI+NAC group as the sham+NAC group.We have revised the grouping annotations in Fig.1 and have labeled the DHE staining in the figure to present the experimental design more clearly.展开更多
This study examines the efficacy of Avicennia marina(AM)leaves as an environmentally sustainable biosorbent for the extraction of methylene blue(MB)dye from wastewater.A hybrid approach of Response Surface Methodology...This study examines the efficacy of Avicennia marina(AM)leaves as an environmentally sustainable biosorbent for the extraction of methylene blue(MB)dye from wastewater.A hybrid approach of Response Surface Methodology(RSM)and Artificial Neural Networks(ANN)was implemented to assess,optimize,and forecast biosorption effectiveness across different operating parameters.The experimental design employed a Central Composite Design(CCD)methodology,focusing on critical parameters including pH,initial dye concentration,temperature,and biosorbent dosage.The ideal biosorption parameters were identified as a temperature of 44.3℃,pH 7.1,a biosorbent dosage of 0.3 grams,and an initial dye concentration of 48.4 mg/L,resulting in a maximum removal efficiency of 84.26%.The ANN model exhibited significant prediction accuracy,so confirming its appropriateness for predicting and enhancing intricate biosorption processes.The findings underscore that AM leaves constitute a cost-efficient,plentiful,and ecologically sustainable resource for wastewater treatment purposes.Furthermore,the amalgamation of RSM and ANN shown significant efficacy in process optimization and forecasting.These findings provide significant insights into the advancement of eco-friendly solutions for the treatment of dye-contaminated water.Subsequent study must prioritize the amplification of the procedure for industrial applications,the execution of ongoing system assessments,and the evaluation of the enduring environmental and economic ramifications of utilizing AM leaves as a biosorbent.展开更多
The penetration modeling of an adhesive into the fiber requires the measurement of various properties of resin and fiber： the resin viscosity, its surface tension, the penetration depth and the timber pore radius. Th...The penetration modeling of an adhesive into the fiber requires the measurement of various properties of resin and fiber： the resin viscosity, its surface tension, the penetration depth and the timber pore radius. This study is based on the screening technique that identifies the factors sensed by the experimenter. In order to determine the optimum processing conditions and find the combination of parameters that maximize the productivity in the experimental phase, a geometric illustration of the response has been made. The results are： the pores radius （4 μm）, surface tension （62.5 mN/m）, depth （10 μm） and viscosity （2,000 Cp）.展开更多
A spice formulation study in Burkina Faso was carried out using local ingredients for the benefit of households. The objective of this study was to propose some spice formulations based on local ingredients in order t...A spice formulation study in Burkina Faso was carried out using local ingredients for the benefit of households. The objective of this study was to propose some spice formulations based on local ingredients in order to reduce the use of chemical spices in the preparation of different dishes. The Design of Experiments (DOE) methodology was used for the formulation of the spices and their physicochemical, nutritional and sensory characteristics were evaluated by standardized and standard methods. The results obtained showed lipid contents (g/100 g DM) ranging from 10.41 ± 0.26 to 15.64 ± 0.68, total sugars from 4.39 ± 0.32 to 5.46 ± 0.31, protein from 3.65 ± 0.17 to 12.04 ± 0.35 and ash from 5.83 ± 0.01 to 7.02 ± 0.01. The polyphenol content ranged from 9.09 ± 1.60 to 11.33 ± 0.90, and the flavonoid content ranged from 0.65 ± 0.03 to 1.08 ± 0.13. The sensory analysis carried out showed that the spices have generally satisfactory organoleptic characteristics. These results constitute new information in the diet of populations and are an alternative to the chemical spices used in their cooking.展开更多
Food production demand is constantly growing,entailing a proportional increment in fertilisers and pharmaceuticals use,which are eventually introduced to the environment,leading,among others,to an imbalance in the nit...Food production demand is constantly growing,entailing a proportional increment in fertilisers and pharmaceuticals use,which are eventually introduced to the environment,leading,among others,to an imbalance in the nitrogen cycle.Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction is a delocalised route for nitrates elimination and green ammonia production.In the present study,we carry out nitrates electroreduction over a commercial MoS_(2)catalyst,focusing on optimising selected input factors affecting the reaction.Concretely,Doehlert design of experiment and response surface methodology are employed to find the proper combination of supporting salt concentration in the electrolyte,applied potential,and catalyst loading at the working electrode,with the overall aim to boost Faradaic efficiency(FE)and ammonia production.As a matter of fact,varying these input factors,the obtained FE values ranged from∼2%to∼80%,highlighting the strength of the newly conceived approach.Moreover,our multivariate strategy allows the quantification of each factor effect and elucidates hidden interactions between them.Finally,successful extended durability tests are performed for 100 h at both FE and productivity(P)optimal conditions.In parallel,cell electrodes are characterised by in-depth structural,morphological,and surface techniques,before and after ageing,overall demonstrating the outstanding stability of the proposed electrochemical reactor.展开更多
The Statistical Experimental Design techniques are the most powerful tools for the chemical reactors experimental modeling. Empirical models can be formulated for representing the chemical behavior of reactors with th...The Statistical Experimental Design techniques are the most powerful tools for the chemical reactors experimental modeling. Empirical models can be formulated for representing the chemical behavior of reactors with the minimal effort in the necessary number of experimental runs, hence, minimizing the consumption of chemicals and the consumption of time due to the reduction in the number of experimental runs and increasing the certainty of the results. Four types of nonthermal plasma reactors were assayed seeking for the highest efficiency in obtaining hydrogen and ethylene. Three different geometries for AC high voltage driven reactors, and only a single geometry for a DC high voltage pulse driven reactor were studied. According to the fundamental principles of chemical kinetics and considering an analogy among the reaction rate and the applied power to the plasma reactor, the four reactors are modeled following the classical chemical reactors design to understand if the behavior of the nonthermal plasma reactors can be regarded as the chemical reactors following the flow patterns of PFR (Plug Flow Reactor) or CSTR (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor). Dehydrogenation is a common elimination reaction that takes place in nonthermal plasmas. Owing to this characteristic, a paraffinic heavy oil with an average molecular weight corresponding to C15 was used to study the production of light olefins and hydrogen.展开更多
The inverse heat conduction method is one of methods to identify the casting simulation parameters. A new inverse method was presented according to the Tikhonov regularization theory. One appropriate regularized funct...The inverse heat conduction method is one of methods to identify the casting simulation parameters. A new inverse method was presented according to the Tikhonov regularization theory. One appropriate regularized functional was established, and the functional was solved by the sensitivity coefficient and Newtonaphson iteration method. Moreover, the orthogonal experimental design was used to estimate the appropriate initial value and variation domain of each variable to decrease the number of iteration and improve the identification accuracy and efficiency. It illustrated a detailed case of AlSiTMg sand mold casting and the temperature measurement experiment was done. The physical properties of sand mold and the interracial heat transfer coefficient were identified at the meantime. The results indicated that the new regularization method was efficient in overcoming the ill-posedness of the inverse heat conduction problem and improving the stability and accuracy of the solutions.展开更多
A new ion-imprinted polymer （liP） was synthesized by copolymerization of 4-vinylpyridine （monomer）, ethyleneglycoldimethacrylate （cross-linker） and 2,2-azobis-isobutyronitrile （initiator） in the presence of Cd...A new ion-imprinted polymer （liP） was synthesized by copolymerization of 4-vinylpyridine （monomer）, ethyleneglycoldimethacrylate （cross-linker） and 2,2-azobis-isobutyronitrile （initiator） in the presence of Cd2＋ and quinaldic acid （complexing agent）. It was found that the adsorption capacity of IIP and blank polymer were 45.0 and 6.2 mg g-l, respectively. The relative selectivity coefficients of the imprinted polymer for different binary mixture were also calculated. Compared to non-imprinted polymer （NIP）, the IIP had higher selectivity for Cd（II）. The IIP was used as a sorbent for cadmium extraction from water samples by using a simple batch extraction procedure. The effect of different parameters on Cd2＋ extraction and its recovery from the IIP were evaluated and optimized by using experimental design methodology. The optimized adsorption/desorption procedure was applied for cadmium removal from the real water samples. The obtained recoveries proved that this IIP could be used for removal of trace cadmium ions from water samples.展开更多
Experimental design was applied in the optimization of crude oil adsorption from saline waste water using raw bagasse.The application of response surface methodology(RSM) was presented with temperature,salinity of wat...Experimental design was applied in the optimization of crude oil adsorption from saline waste water using raw bagasse.The application of response surface methodology(RSM) was presented with temperature,salinity of water,pH,adsorbent dose,and initial oil content as factors.A quadratic model could be used to approximate the mathematical relationship of crude oil removal on the five significant independent variables.Predicted values and experimental values are found to be in good agreement with R2 of 97.44%.The result of optimization shows that the maximum crude oil removal is equal to 67.38% under the optimal condition of temperature of 46.53 °C,salinity of 37.2 g/L,pH of 3,adsorbent dose of 9 g/L and initial oil content of 300×10-6.展开更多
By considering the identification problem of unknown but fixed Hamiltonian H = S0σ0 ＋∑i=x,y,z Siσi where σi （i = x, y, z） are pauli matrices and σ0=I, we explore the feasibility and limitation of empirically d...By considering the identification problem of unknown but fixed Hamiltonian H = S0σ0 ＋∑i=x,y,z Siσi where σi （i = x, y, z） are pauli matrices and σ0=I, we explore the feasibility and limitation of empirically determining the Hamiltonian parameters for quantum systems under experimental conditions imposed by projective measurements and initialization procedures. It may be unsurprising to physicists that one can not obtain the knowledge of So no matter what kind of projective measurements and initialization are permitted, but the observation draws our attention to the importance of the parameter identifiability under different experimental condition. It has also been revealed that one can obtain the knowledge of ｜Sz｜ and Sx^2＋Sy^2 at most when only the projective measurement {｜0/（0｜, ｜1/（1｜} is permitted to perform on and initialize the qubit. Further more, we demonstrated that it is feasible to distinguish ｜Sx｜, ｜Sy｜, and ｜Sz｜ even without any a priori information about Hamiltonian if at least two kinds of projective measurement or initialization procedures are permitted. It should be emphasized that both projective measurements and initialization procedures play an important role in quantum system identification.展开更多
New HPLC method was developed for determination of amlodipine and valsartan in their binary mixture as a part of routine control of combined formulations. The method was validated to meet official requirements includi...New HPLC method was developed for determination of amlodipine and valsartan in their binary mixture as a part of routine control of combined formulations. The method was validated to meet official requirements including selectivity, stability, linearity, precision and accuracy. Chromatography was carried out using a LiChrospher RP-18 column, a mixture containing acetonitrile, phosphate buffer of pH 3.5 and methanol (45:45:10, v/v/v) and new fluorescence detection at 255 nm for excitation and 448 nm for emission. The effect of methanol content, pH of the buffer, flow rate, detection wavelengths and column temperature was estimated in robustness study, according to a plan defined by the Plackett-Burman design. For identification of significant effects, both graphical and statistical methods were used. Ro-bustness for dissolution test was checked estimating the effects of paddle speed, temperature and pH of dissolution medium. The method was proved to complying with all official guidelines. Therefore, it is suitable for determination of amlodipine and valsartan in their binary mixtures for different analytical and pharmaceutical purposes.展开更多
Method validation presents a detailed investigation of analytical method and provision of the evidence that the method, when correctly applied, produces results that fit to the purpose. In order to achieve the method ...Method validation presents a detailed investigation of analytical method and provision of the evidence that the method, when correctly applied, produces results that fit to the purpose. In order to achieve the method validation scope efficiently, experimental design presents a very useful tool. The greatest benefits of such approach could be seen in robustness testing through the provision of very useful data about the control of the chromatograp6hic system during the routine application. In this paper, robustness testing of the LC method proposed for the determination of raloxifene hydrochloride and its four impurities was done employing Plackett-Burman design. Applying this design, the effect of five real factors （acetonitrile content, sodium dodecyl sulfate content, column temperature, pH of the mobile phase and flow rate） on the corresponding resolution factors was investigated through twelve experiments. Furthermore, the insignificance intervals for significant factors were calculated and the parameters for system suitability tests were defined. Eventually, the other validation parameters were tested and the effectiveness of the proposed analytical method with a high degree of accuracy was confirmed.展开更多
Different Ziegler-Natta catalysts were employed to polymerize ethylene. To investigate the influences of reaction parameters, namely Al/Ti molar ratio, hydrogen and processing parameters, i.e. ethylene pressure and te...Different Ziegler-Natta catalysts were employed to polymerize ethylene. To investigate the influences of reaction parameters, namely Al/Ti molar ratio, hydrogen and processing parameters, i.e. ethylene pressure and temperature, a Taguchi experimental design was worked out. An L27 orthogonal array was chosen to take the above-mentioned parameters and relevant interactions into account. Response surface method was the tool used to analyze the experimental design results. Al/Ti, ethylene pressure and temperature were selected as experimental design factors, and catalyst activity and polymerization yield were the response parameters. Increasing pressure, due to an increment in monomer accessibility, and rising Al/Ti, because of higher reduction in the catalysts, cause an increase in both polymerization yield and catalyst activity. Nonetheless, a higher temperature, thanks to reducing ethylene solubility in the slurry medium and partially catalyst destruction, lead to a reduction in both response parameters. A synergistic effect was also observed between temperature and pressure. All catalyst activities will reduce in the presence of hydrogen. Molecular weight also shows a decline in the presence of hydrogen as a transfer agent. However, the polydispersity index remains approximately intact. Using SEM, various morphologies, owing to different catalyst morphologies, were seen for the polyethylene.展开更多
The effect of formulation variables on in-vitro release and permeation properties of carvedilol from transdermal patch was studied by varying one factor at a time as preliminary study.Based on these results,design of ...The effect of formulation variables on in-vitro release and permeation properties of carvedilol from transdermal patch was studied by varying one factor at a time as preliminary study.Based on these results,design of experiments technique was applied followed by regression analysis and response surface methodology to optimize formulation variables.Central Composite IV model design was used with four formulation variables:drug loading,matrix thickness,adhesive layer thickness,and propylene glycol concentration.Nineteen formulations were prepared according to the design;and the effect of formulation variables was studied on in-vitro release and permeation profiles of these formulations.In all cases,the permeation profiles paralleled in-vitro release profiles.The drug released at 7 h and 24 h was used as release response parameters while permeation flux obtained was employed as permeation response parameter.All four formulation variables were found to be significant for release properties and three of these exhibited significant effect on permeation profile of carvedilol across artificial membrane.Constrained optimization,using 47.9%of cumulative carvedilol released at 7 h and 99.8%at 24 h as well as 25.7 mg/cm2/h of permeation flux,was applied to obtain desired release and permeation profiles.Experimentally,carvedilol was observed to release from the optimized formulation with 51.4%drug release at 7 h and 98.5%at 24 h with an observed flux value of 27.4 mg/cm2/h across artificial membrane,which showed an excellent agreement with the predicted values.The results of this investigation show that the quadratic mathematical model developed could be used to further predict formulations with desirable release and permeation properties.展开更多
As a new bionic algorithm,Spider Monkey Optimization(SMO)has been widely used in various complex optimization problems in recent years.However,the new space exploration power of SMO is limited and the diversity of the...As a new bionic algorithm,Spider Monkey Optimization(SMO)has been widely used in various complex optimization problems in recent years.However,the new space exploration power of SMO is limited and the diversity of the population in SMO is not abundant.Thus,this paper focuses on how to reconstruct SMO to improve its performance,and a novel spider monkey optimization algorithm with opposition-based learning and orthogonal experimental design(SMO^(3))is developed.A position updatingmethod based on the historical optimal domain and particle swarmfor Local Leader Phase(LLP)andGlobal Leader Phase(GLP)is presented to improve the diversity of the population of SMO.Moreover,an opposition-based learning strategy based on self-extremum is proposed to avoid suffering from premature convergence and getting stuck at locally optimal values.Also,a local worst individual elimination method based on orthogonal experimental design is used for helping the SMO algorithm eliminate the poor individuals in time.Furthermore,an extended SMO^(3)named CSMO^(3)is investigated to deal with constrained optimization problems.The proposed algorithm is applied to both unconstrained and constrained functions which include the CEC2006 benchmark set and three engineering problems.Experimental results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is better than three well-known SMO algorithms and other evolutionary algorithms in unconstrained and constrained problems.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72171231).
文摘Iterated local search(ILS)is used to construct the optimal experimental designs for multi-dimensional constrained spaces,in which the inner loop is based on the stochastic coordinate-exchange(SCE)algorithm.Every time a local optimal solution is found by the SCE algorithm,the perturbation operator is applied to it,and then a new solution is explored in the areas where the exchange of coordinates may produce improvement,so as to retain the features and attributes of the current optimal solution and avoid the defects of random restart.We implement the iterated local coordinate-exchange algorithm for experimental designs in the multi-dimensional constrained spaces.In addition,sensitivity analysis was conducted to analyze the impacts of the parameters on the performance of the proposed algorithm.Also we compared the performance of the proposed algorithm to the SCE algorithm using the random restart strategy.The analysis shows that the proposed algorithm is better than the SCE algorithm in terms of efficiency and quality,especially in the experimental designs for high-dimensional constrained space.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52174154).
文摘When the amphibious vehicle navigates in water,the angle of the anti-wave plate and the position of the center of gravity greatly influence the navigation characteristics.In the relevant research on reducing the navigation resistance of amphibious vehicles by adjusting the angle of the anti-wave plate,there is a lack of scientific selection of parameters and reasonable research of simulation results by using mathematical methods,and the influence of the center of gravity position on navigation characteristics is not considered at the same time.To study the influence of the combinations of the angle of the anti-wave plate and the position of the center of gravity on the resistance reduction characteristics,a numerical calculation model of the amphibious unmanned vehicle was established by using the theory of computational fluid dynamics,and the experimental data verified the correctness of the numerical model.Based on this numerical model,the navigation characteristics of the amphibious unmanned vehicle were studied when the center of gravity was located at different positions,and the orthogonal experimental design method was used to optimize the parameters of the angle of the anti-wave plate and the position of the center of gravity.The results show that through the parameter optimization analysis based on the orthogonal experimental method,the combination of the optimal angle of the anti-wave plate and the position of the center of gravity is obtained.And the numerical simulation result of resistance is consistent with the predicted optimal solution.Compared with the maximum navigational resistance,the parameter optimization reduces the navigational resistance of the amphibious unmanned vehicle by 24%.
文摘Soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is significant to estimate the site-specific unsaturated soil properties (such as unsaturated shear strength and coefficient of permeability) for geotechnical analyses involving unsaturated soils. Determining SWCC can be achieved by fitting data points obtained according to the prescribed experimental scheme, which is specified by the number of measuring points and their corresponding values of the control variable. The number of measuring points is limited since direct measurement of SWCC is often costly and time-consuming. Based on the limited number of measuring points, the estimated SWCC is unavoidably associated with uncertainties, which depends on measurement data obtained from the prescribed experimental scheme. Therefore, it is essential to plan the experimental scheme so as to reduce the uncertainty in the estimated SWCC. This study presented a Bayesian approach, called OBEDO, for probabilistic experimental design optimization of measuring SWCC based on the prior knowledge and information of testing apparatus. The uncertainty in estimated SWCC is quantified and the optimal experimental scheme with the maximum expected utility is determined by Subset Simulation optimization (SSO) in candidate experimental scheme space. The proposed approach is illustrated using an experimental design example given prior knowledge and the information of testing apparatus and is verified based on a set of real loess SWCC data, which were used to generate random experimental schemes to mimic the arbitrary arrangement of measuring points during SWCC testing in practice. Results show that the arbitrary arrangement of measuring points of SWCC testing is hardly superior to the optimal scheme obtained from OBEDO in terms of the expected utility. The proposed OBEDO approach provides a rational tool to optimize the arrangement of measuring points of SWCC test so as to obtain SWCC measurement data with relatively high expected utility for uncertainty reduction.
文摘Mixed-variable problems are inevitable in engineering. However, few researches pay attention to discrete variables. This paper proposed a mixed-variable experimental design method (ODCD): first, the design variables were divided into discrete variables and continuous variables;then, the DVD method was employed for handling discrete variables, the LHD method was applied for continuous variables, and finally, a Columnwise-Pairwise Algorithm was used for the overall optimization of the design matrix. Experimental results demonstrated that the ODCD method outperforms in terms of the sample space coverage performance.
基金The Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(22KJD580001)Jiangsu Maritime Institute Innovation Technology Funding Project(kicx2020-2)。
文摘In this paper,we introduce the design principle of the oscillating excited spray cooling experimental device.We then designed an oscillating excited spray cooling experimental device.By using the device,the swaying motion can be realized through the control system,and the motion of the droplet under different vibration frequencies can be observed.By measuring the liquid flow rate and pressure,the changes in liquid flow rate,pressure,and temperature with time under different vibration frequencies were studied.The trajectory of the droplet and the temperature distribution of the droplet under different vibration frequencies could be observed.The device has a simple structure,is easy to control,and can achieve continuous observation of the spray cooling process.
文摘During the process of organizing our original data,we unfortunately identified two error in the figures within our published article.In Fig.1,the online version incorrectly labels the SNI+NAC group as the sham+NAC group.We have revised the grouping annotations in Fig.1 and have labeled the DHE staining in the figure to present the experimental design more clearly.
文摘This study examines the efficacy of Avicennia marina(AM)leaves as an environmentally sustainable biosorbent for the extraction of methylene blue(MB)dye from wastewater.A hybrid approach of Response Surface Methodology(RSM)and Artificial Neural Networks(ANN)was implemented to assess,optimize,and forecast biosorption effectiveness across different operating parameters.The experimental design employed a Central Composite Design(CCD)methodology,focusing on critical parameters including pH,initial dye concentration,temperature,and biosorbent dosage.The ideal biosorption parameters were identified as a temperature of 44.3℃,pH 7.1,a biosorbent dosage of 0.3 grams,and an initial dye concentration of 48.4 mg/L,resulting in a maximum removal efficiency of 84.26%.The ANN model exhibited significant prediction accuracy,so confirming its appropriateness for predicting and enhancing intricate biosorption processes.The findings underscore that AM leaves constitute a cost-efficient,plentiful,and ecologically sustainable resource for wastewater treatment purposes.Furthermore,the amalgamation of RSM and ANN shown significant efficacy in process optimization and forecasting.These findings provide significant insights into the advancement of eco-friendly solutions for the treatment of dye-contaminated water.Subsequent study must prioritize the amplification of the procedure for industrial applications,the execution of ongoing system assessments,and the evaluation of the enduring environmental and economic ramifications of utilizing AM leaves as a biosorbent.
文摘The penetration modeling of an adhesive into the fiber requires the measurement of various properties of resin and fiber： the resin viscosity, its surface tension, the penetration depth and the timber pore radius. This study is based on the screening technique that identifies the factors sensed by the experimenter. In order to determine the optimum processing conditions and find the combination of parameters that maximize the productivity in the experimental phase, a geometric illustration of the response has been made. The results are： the pores radius （4 μm）, surface tension （62.5 mN/m）, depth （10 μm） and viscosity （2,000 Cp）.
文摘A spice formulation study in Burkina Faso was carried out using local ingredients for the benefit of households. The objective of this study was to propose some spice formulations based on local ingredients in order to reduce the use of chemical spices in the preparation of different dishes. The Design of Experiments (DOE) methodology was used for the formulation of the spices and their physicochemical, nutritional and sensory characteristics were evaluated by standardized and standard methods. The results obtained showed lipid contents (g/100 g DM) ranging from 10.41 ± 0.26 to 15.64 ± 0.68, total sugars from 4.39 ± 0.32 to 5.46 ± 0.31, protein from 3.65 ± 0.17 to 12.04 ± 0.35 and ash from 5.83 ± 0.01 to 7.02 ± 0.01. The polyphenol content ranged from 9.09 ± 1.60 to 11.33 ± 0.90, and the flavonoid content ranged from 0.65 ± 0.03 to 1.08 ± 0.13. The sensory analysis carried out showed that the spices have generally satisfactory organoleptic characteristics. These results constitute new information in the diet of populations and are an alternative to the chemical spices used in their cooking.
基金This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 948769, project title: SuN_2rise)the 《HYDREAM》 project–funded by European Union-Next Generation EU–within the PRIN 2022 program (D.D. 104-02/02/2022 Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca)supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 101107906
文摘Food production demand is constantly growing,entailing a proportional increment in fertilisers and pharmaceuticals use,which are eventually introduced to the environment,leading,among others,to an imbalance in the nitrogen cycle.Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction is a delocalised route for nitrates elimination and green ammonia production.In the present study,we carry out nitrates electroreduction over a commercial MoS_(2)catalyst,focusing on optimising selected input factors affecting the reaction.Concretely,Doehlert design of experiment and response surface methodology are employed to find the proper combination of supporting salt concentration in the electrolyte,applied potential,and catalyst loading at the working electrode,with the overall aim to boost Faradaic efficiency(FE)and ammonia production.As a matter of fact,varying these input factors,the obtained FE values ranged from∼2%to∼80%,highlighting the strength of the newly conceived approach.Moreover,our multivariate strategy allows the quantification of each factor effect and elucidates hidden interactions between them.Finally,successful extended durability tests are performed for 100 h at both FE and productivity(P)optimal conditions.In parallel,cell electrodes are characterised by in-depth structural,morphological,and surface techniques,before and after ageing,overall demonstrating the outstanding stability of the proposed electrochemical reactor.
文摘The Statistical Experimental Design techniques are the most powerful tools for the chemical reactors experimental modeling. Empirical models can be formulated for representing the chemical behavior of reactors with the minimal effort in the necessary number of experimental runs, hence, minimizing the consumption of chemicals and the consumption of time due to the reduction in the number of experimental runs and increasing the certainty of the results. Four types of nonthermal plasma reactors were assayed seeking for the highest efficiency in obtaining hydrogen and ethylene. Three different geometries for AC high voltage driven reactors, and only a single geometry for a DC high voltage pulse driven reactor were studied. According to the fundamental principles of chemical kinetics and considering an analogy among the reaction rate and the applied power to the plasma reactor, the four reactors are modeled following the classical chemical reactors design to understand if the behavior of the nonthermal plasma reactors can be regarded as the chemical reactors following the flow patterns of PFR (Plug Flow Reactor) or CSTR (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor). Dehydrogenation is a common elimination reaction that takes place in nonthermal plasmas. Owing to this characteristic, a paraffinic heavy oil with an average molecular weight corresponding to C15 was used to study the production of light olefins and hydrogen.
文摘The inverse heat conduction method is one of methods to identify the casting simulation parameters. A new inverse method was presented according to the Tikhonov regularization theory. One appropriate regularized functional was established, and the functional was solved by the sensitivity coefficient and Newtonaphson iteration method. Moreover, the orthogonal experimental design was used to estimate the appropriate initial value and variation domain of each variable to decrease the number of iteration and improve the identification accuracy and efficiency. It illustrated a detailed case of AlSiTMg sand mold casting and the temperature measurement experiment was done. The physical properties of sand mold and the interracial heat transfer coefficient were identified at the meantime. The results indicated that the new regularization method was efficient in overcoming the ill-posedness of the inverse heat conduction problem and improving the stability and accuracy of the solutions.
文摘A new ion-imprinted polymer （liP） was synthesized by copolymerization of 4-vinylpyridine （monomer）, ethyleneglycoldimethacrylate （cross-linker） and 2,2-azobis-isobutyronitrile （initiator） in the presence of Cd2＋ and quinaldic acid （complexing agent）. It was found that the adsorption capacity of IIP and blank polymer were 45.0 and 6.2 mg g-l, respectively. The relative selectivity coefficients of the imprinted polymer for different binary mixture were also calculated. Compared to non-imprinted polymer （NIP）, the IIP had higher selectivity for Cd（II）. The IIP was used as a sorbent for cadmium extraction from water samples by using a simple batch extraction procedure. The effect of different parameters on Cd2＋ extraction and its recovery from the IIP were evaluated and optimized by using experimental design methodology. The optimized adsorption/desorption procedure was applied for cadmium removal from the real water samples. The obtained recoveries proved that this IIP could be used for removal of trace cadmium ions from water samples.
文摘Experimental design was applied in the optimization of crude oil adsorption from saline waste water using raw bagasse.The application of response surface methodology(RSM) was presented with temperature,salinity of water,pH,adsorbent dose,and initial oil content as factors.A quadratic model could be used to approximate the mathematical relationship of crude oil removal on the five significant independent variables.Predicted values and experimental values are found to be in good agreement with R2 of 97.44%.The result of optimization shows that the maximum crude oil removal is equal to 67.38% under the optimal condition of temperature of 46.53 °C,salinity of 37.2 g/L,pH of 3,adsorbent dose of 9 g/L and initial oil content of 300×10-6.
基金Supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China under Grant No.60674040
文摘By considering the identification problem of unknown but fixed Hamiltonian H = S0σ0 ＋∑i=x,y,z Siσi where σi （i = x, y, z） are pauli matrices and σ0=I, we explore the feasibility and limitation of empirically determining the Hamiltonian parameters for quantum systems under experimental conditions imposed by projective measurements and initialization procedures. It may be unsurprising to physicists that one can not obtain the knowledge of So no matter what kind of projective measurements and initialization are permitted, but the observation draws our attention to the importance of the parameter identifiability under different experimental condition. It has also been revealed that one can obtain the knowledge of ｜Sz｜ and Sx^2＋Sy^2 at most when only the projective measurement {｜0/（0｜, ｜1/（1｜} is permitted to perform on and initialize the qubit. Further more, we demonstrated that it is feasible to distinguish ｜Sx｜, ｜Sy｜, and ｜Sz｜ even without any a priori information about Hamiltonian if at least two kinds of projective measurement or initialization procedures are permitted. It should be emphasized that both projective measurements and initialization procedures play an important role in quantum system identification.
文摘New HPLC method was developed for determination of amlodipine and valsartan in their binary mixture as a part of routine control of combined formulations. The method was validated to meet official requirements including selectivity, stability, linearity, precision and accuracy. Chromatography was carried out using a LiChrospher RP-18 column, a mixture containing acetonitrile, phosphate buffer of pH 3.5 and methanol (45:45:10, v/v/v) and new fluorescence detection at 255 nm for excitation and 448 nm for emission. The effect of methanol content, pH of the buffer, flow rate, detection wavelengths and column temperature was estimated in robustness study, according to a plan defined by the Plackett-Burman design. For identification of significant effects, both graphical and statistical methods were used. Ro-bustness for dissolution test was checked estimating the effects of paddle speed, temperature and pH of dissolution medium. The method was proved to complying with all official guidelines. Therefore, it is suitable for determination of amlodipine and valsartan in their binary mixtures for different analytical and pharmaceutical purposes.
基金the Ministry of Education and Science ofthe Republic of Serbia for supporting these investigations through the Project 172052
文摘Method validation presents a detailed investigation of analytical method and provision of the evidence that the method, when correctly applied, produces results that fit to the purpose. In order to achieve the method validation scope efficiently, experimental design presents a very useful tool. The greatest benefits of such approach could be seen in robustness testing through the provision of very useful data about the control of the chromatograp6hic system during the routine application. In this paper, robustness testing of the LC method proposed for the determination of raloxifene hydrochloride and its four impurities was done employing Plackett-Burman design. Applying this design, the effect of five real factors （acetonitrile content, sodium dodecyl sulfate content, column temperature, pH of the mobile phase and flow rate） on the corresponding resolution factors was investigated through twelve experiments. Furthermore, the insignificance intervals for significant factors were calculated and the parameters for system suitability tests were defined. Eventually, the other validation parameters were tested and the effectiveness of the proposed analytical method with a high degree of accuracy was confirmed.
文摘Different Ziegler-Natta catalysts were employed to polymerize ethylene. To investigate the influences of reaction parameters, namely Al/Ti molar ratio, hydrogen and processing parameters, i.e. ethylene pressure and temperature, a Taguchi experimental design was worked out. An L27 orthogonal array was chosen to take the above-mentioned parameters and relevant interactions into account. Response surface method was the tool used to analyze the experimental design results. Al/Ti, ethylene pressure and temperature were selected as experimental design factors, and catalyst activity and polymerization yield were the response parameters. Increasing pressure, due to an increment in monomer accessibility, and rising Al/Ti, because of higher reduction in the catalysts, cause an increase in both polymerization yield and catalyst activity. Nonetheless, a higher temperature, thanks to reducing ethylene solubility in the slurry medium and partially catalyst destruction, lead to a reduction in both response parameters. A synergistic effect was also observed between temperature and pressure. All catalyst activities will reduce in the presence of hydrogen. Molecular weight also shows a decline in the presence of hydrogen as a transfer agent. However, the polydispersity index remains approximately intact. Using SEM, various morphologies, owing to different catalyst morphologies, were seen for the polyethylene.
基金The authors acknowledge financial assistance and research facilities provided by College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,St.John’s University to carry out this research。
文摘The effect of formulation variables on in-vitro release and permeation properties of carvedilol from transdermal patch was studied by varying one factor at a time as preliminary study.Based on these results,design of experiments technique was applied followed by regression analysis and response surface methodology to optimize formulation variables.Central Composite IV model design was used with four formulation variables:drug loading,matrix thickness,adhesive layer thickness,and propylene glycol concentration.Nineteen formulations were prepared according to the design;and the effect of formulation variables was studied on in-vitro release and permeation profiles of these formulations.In all cases,the permeation profiles paralleled in-vitro release profiles.The drug released at 7 h and 24 h was used as release response parameters while permeation flux obtained was employed as permeation response parameter.All four formulation variables were found to be significant for release properties and three of these exhibited significant effect on permeation profile of carvedilol across artificial membrane.Constrained optimization,using 47.9%of cumulative carvedilol released at 7 h and 99.8%at 24 h as well as 25.7 mg/cm2/h of permeation flux,was applied to obtain desired release and permeation profiles.Experimentally,carvedilol was observed to release from the optimized formulation with 51.4%drug release at 7 h and 98.5%at 24 h with an observed flux value of 27.4 mg/cm2/h across artificial membrane,which showed an excellent agreement with the predicted values.The results of this investigation show that the quadratic mathematical model developed could be used to further predict formulations with desirable release and permeation properties.
基金supported by the First Batch of Teaching Reform Projects of Zhejiang Higher Education“14th Five-Year Plan”(jg20220434)Special Scientific Research Project for Space Debris and Near-Earth Asteroid Defense(KJSP2020020202)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LGG19F030010)National Natural Science Foundation of China(61703183).
文摘As a new bionic algorithm,Spider Monkey Optimization(SMO)has been widely used in various complex optimization problems in recent years.However,the new space exploration power of SMO is limited and the diversity of the population in SMO is not abundant.Thus,this paper focuses on how to reconstruct SMO to improve its performance,and a novel spider monkey optimization algorithm with opposition-based learning and orthogonal experimental design(SMO^(3))is developed.A position updatingmethod based on the historical optimal domain and particle swarmfor Local Leader Phase(LLP)andGlobal Leader Phase(GLP)is presented to improve the diversity of the population of SMO.Moreover,an opposition-based learning strategy based on self-extremum is proposed to avoid suffering from premature convergence and getting stuck at locally optimal values.Also,a local worst individual elimination method based on orthogonal experimental design is used for helping the SMO algorithm eliminate the poor individuals in time.Furthermore,an extended SMO^(3)named CSMO^(3)is investigated to deal with constrained optimization problems.The proposed algorithm is applied to both unconstrained and constrained functions which include the CEC2006 benchmark set and three engineering problems.Experimental results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is better than three well-known SMO algorithms and other evolutionary algorithms in unconstrained and constrained problems.
