The current study attempted to formulate a conceptualization of Muslim fundamentalism as well as its counter-narratives as grounded in religious experience of Pakistani Muslims.Open ended interviews were conducted wit...The current study attempted to formulate a conceptualization of Muslim fundamentalism as well as its counter-narratives as grounded in religious experience of Pakistani Muslims.Open ended interviews were conducted with 133 Pakistani Muslim men and women of prominent local religious affiliations.Analysis revealed a grounded theory model of Muslim fundamentalism highlighting cognitive,and social psychological processes involved.Participants saw their religion as a complete code of conduct and inferred various meanings from completeness of Islam as finalized,closed to inquiry as well as rejecting of other cultures and religious traditions.The major inter-related themes of the model were totalitarianism,closed mindedness,binary thinking,hyper-exotericism,ambiguity intolerance,authoritarianism,punitive approach,violent tendencies,labelling,diversity intolerance and paranoia or threat perceiving attitude.The interplay of these factors is discussed in the light of earlier research on fundamentalism.The research also revealed strong counter narratives to fundamentalist stance which formulated the major themes of esoteric religiosity,open mindedness,pluralism,and Islam and civil society.The study carries implications for religious education of Muslims and their socialization with believers of other religious traditions.展开更多
The Lamp for the Bodhi-Path(Bodhipatha-pradī-pa,Tibetan:Byanchub lamgyi sgronma,菩提道灯论)is a basic classic of the Bkahgdamspa Sect(Kadam Sect,迦当派)in Tibetan Buddhism,a lamp for Buddhist practitioners in general...The Lamp for the Bodhi-Path(Bodhipatha-pradī-pa,Tibetan:Byanchub lamgyi sgronma,菩提道灯论)is a basic classic of the Bkahgdamspa Sect(Kadam Sect,迦当派)in Tibetan Buddhism,a lamp for Buddhist practitioners in general as well.The appearance of this sastra(treatise,论)did much to elucidate the chaotic conditions in the Buddhist community of Xizang during its Later Period of Propagation(后弘期).It provides,within a limited volume of 69 and half sloka(颂,a metrical verse form in Sanskrit poetry,often used in Buddhist scriptures),an authoritative summary of the important principles of the Mahayana and the Therevada,the Exoteric(显宗)and the Esoteric(密宗),in a word,a summary of the whole range of Buddhist teachings with its numerous schools.By solving the many embarrassing problems arising from the apparent contradictions among the various sects,chiefly those between the Mahayana and the Therevada,and the schools of Exoteric and the Esoteric,it affords a reliable guide for learners in the ages to come.Thus,it may be considered as one of the most valuable sastra of Tibetan Buddhism.展开更多
文摘The current study attempted to formulate a conceptualization of Muslim fundamentalism as well as its counter-narratives as grounded in religious experience of Pakistani Muslims.Open ended interviews were conducted with 133 Pakistani Muslim men and women of prominent local religious affiliations.Analysis revealed a grounded theory model of Muslim fundamentalism highlighting cognitive,and social psychological processes involved.Participants saw their religion as a complete code of conduct and inferred various meanings from completeness of Islam as finalized,closed to inquiry as well as rejecting of other cultures and religious traditions.The major inter-related themes of the model were totalitarianism,closed mindedness,binary thinking,hyper-exotericism,ambiguity intolerance,authoritarianism,punitive approach,violent tendencies,labelling,diversity intolerance and paranoia or threat perceiving attitude.The interplay of these factors is discussed in the light of earlier research on fundamentalism.The research also revealed strong counter narratives to fundamentalist stance which formulated the major themes of esoteric religiosity,open mindedness,pluralism,and Islam and civil society.The study carries implications for religious education of Muslims and their socialization with believers of other religious traditions.
文摘The Lamp for the Bodhi-Path(Bodhipatha-pradī-pa,Tibetan:Byanchub lamgyi sgronma,菩提道灯论)is a basic classic of the Bkahgdamspa Sect(Kadam Sect,迦当派)in Tibetan Buddhism,a lamp for Buddhist practitioners in general as well.The appearance of this sastra(treatise,论)did much to elucidate the chaotic conditions in the Buddhist community of Xizang during its Later Period of Propagation(后弘期).It provides,within a limited volume of 69 and half sloka(颂,a metrical verse form in Sanskrit poetry,often used in Buddhist scriptures),an authoritative summary of the important principles of the Mahayana and the Therevada,the Exoteric(显宗)and the Esoteric(密宗),in a word,a summary of the whole range of Buddhist teachings with its numerous schools.By solving the many embarrassing problems arising from the apparent contradictions among the various sects,chiefly those between the Mahayana and the Therevada,and the schools of Exoteric and the Esoteric,it affords a reliable guide for learners in the ages to come.Thus,it may be considered as one of the most valuable sastra of Tibetan Buddhism.
