OBJECTIVE:To investigate the value of relative exchangeable copper(REC)in diagnosing Wilson's disease(WD)and to determine its significance in the differentiation of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndrome.METHOD...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the value of relative exchangeable copper(REC)in diagnosing Wilson's disease(WD)and to determine its significance in the differentiation of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndrome.METHODS:A total of 78 patients with WD were recruited on the same day of the medical visit,and among them,32 were suffering from non-WD(N-WD)and 37 were heterozygous ATP7B carriers(HC)enrolled as controls.Molecular genetic testing was performed for diagnosing WD and HC.Additionally,REC levels in different TCM syndromes were investigated.The correlation between REC and serum ceruloplasmin(Cp),serum copper oxidase(CO),and 24-h urinary copper was analyzed using the Global Assessment Scale and Unified Wilson's Disease Rating Scale and the significance of REC in WD diagnosis was investigated.Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess the clinical symptoms of WD and analyze its severity in different TCM syndromes.RESULTS:REC determination helped in significantly distinguishing patients with N-WD or HC from those with WD with a cut-off of 21.15%.Furthermore,the comparative analysis of REC ratios among different TCM syndromes showed markedly high REC levels in the dampness-heat internal accumulation syndrome group.Additionally,the seed-based functional connectivity value from the putamen to the cerebellum was significantly correlated with TCM syndromes.CONCLUSION:REC level is a high-quality biomarker for diagnosing WD that effectively reflects disease severity and plays an essential role in deciding on treatment strategies and prognosis.Furthermore,REC levels are closely related to TCM syndromes in WD;thus,it is a potential objective quantitative indicator for distinguishing TCM syndromes in WD.展开更多
The effects of simulated nitrogen(N)deposition on soil exchangeable cations were studied in three forest types of subtropical China.Four N treatments with three replications were designed for the monsoon evergreen bro...The effects of simulated nitrogen(N)deposition on soil exchangeable cations were studied in three forest types of subtropical China.Four N treatments with three replications were designed for the monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest (mature forest):control(0 kg N ha-1 year-1),low N(50 kg N ha-1 year-1),medium N(100 kg N ha-1 year-1)and high N(150 kg N ha-1 year-1),and only three treatments(i.e.,control,low N,medium N)were established for the pine and mixed forests.Nitrogen had been applied continuously for 26 months before the measurement.The mature forest responded more rapidly and intensively to N additions than the pine and mixed forests,and exhibited some significant negative symptoms,e.g.,soil acidification,Al mobilization and leaching of base cations from soil.The pine and mixed forests responded slowly to N additions and exhibited no significant response of soil cations.Response of soil exchangeable cations to N deposition varied in the forests of subtropical China,depending on soil N status and land-use history.展开更多
Information on the distribution patterns of soil water content （SWC）, soil organic matter （SOM）, and soil exchangeable cations （SEC） is important for managing forest ecosystems in a sustainable manner. This stud...Information on the distribution patterns of soil water content （SWC）, soil organic matter （SOM）, and soil exchangeable cations （SEC） is important for managing forest ecosystems in a sustainable manner. This study investigated how SWC, SOM, and SEC were influenced in forests along a successional gradient, including a regional climax （monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, or MEBF）, a transitional forest （coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, or MF）, and a pioneer forest （coniferous Masson pine （Pinus rnassoniana） forest, or MPF） of the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in the subtropical region of southern China. SWC, SOM, and SEC excluding Ca^2＋ were found to increase in the soil during forest succession, being highest in the top soil layer （0 to 15 cm depth） except for Na^＋. The differences between soil layers were largest in MF. This finding also suggested that the nutrients were enriched in the topsoil when they became increasingly scarce in the soil. There were no significant differences （P = 0.05） among SWC, SOM, and SEC. A linear, positive correlation was found between SWC and SOM. The correlation between SOM and cation exchange capacity （CEC） was statistically significant, which agreed with the theory that the most important factor determining SEC is SOM. The ratio of K^＋ to Na^＋ in the topsoil was about a half of that in the plants of each forest. MF had the lowest exchangeable Ca^2＋ concentration among the three forests and Ca^2＋：K^＋ in MPF was two times higher than that in MF. Understanding the changes of SWC, SOM, and CEC during forest succession would be of great help in protecting all three forests in southern China.展开更多
In a model experiment, which imitated the rhizosphere of rice, the effect of organic acids (oxalic acid, citric acid) and protons on the release of non-exchangeable NH4+ and the resin adsorption of N was studied in a ...In a model experiment, which imitated the rhizosphere of rice, the effect of organic acids (oxalic acid, citric acid) and protons on the release of non-exchangeable NH4+ and the resin adsorption of N was studied in a paddy soil, typical for Zhejiang Province, China. Oxalic and citric acids under low pH conditions, in combination with proton secretion, favored the mobilization of NH4+ ions and increased resin adsorption of N. The release of non-exchangeable NH4+ was associated with less formation of iron oxides. These could coat clay minerals and thus hinder the diffusion of NH4+ ions out of the interlayer. Protons enhanced the release of NH4+, and then they could enter the wedge zones of the clay minerals and displace non-exchangeable NH4+ ions.展开更多
An extremely acidified acid sulfate soil (ASS) was investigated to characterize its soluble and exchangeableacidity. The results showed that soluble acidity of a sample determined by titration with a KOH solutionwas m...An extremely acidified acid sulfate soil (ASS) was investigated to characterize its soluble and exchangeableacidity. The results showed that soluble acidity of a sample determined by titration with a KOH solutionwas much significantly greater than that indicated by pH measured using a PH meter, particularly for theextremely acidic soil samples. This is because the total soluble acidity of the extremely acidic soil sampleswas mainly composed of various soluble Al and Fe species, possibly in forms of Al sulfate complexes (e.g.,AISO4) and ferrous Fe (Fe2+). It is therefore suggested not to use pH alone as an indicator of soluble acidityin ASS, particularly for extremely acidic ASS. It is also likely that AISO4+ actively pericipated in cationexchange reactions. It appears that the possible involvement of this Al sulfate canon in the canon adsorptionhas significant effect on increasing the amount of acidity being adsorbed by the soils.展开更多
In the present work, the exchangeable acidity of a red soilcolloid and a latosol colloid at different pH during reacting withfour neutral salts was measured. The results show that theexchangeable acidity increased wit...In the present work, the exchangeable acidity of a red soilcolloid and a latosol colloid at different pH during reacting withfour neutral salts was measured. The results show that theexchangeable acidity increased with increasing amounts of the neutralsalts added, and the relation between them was almost linear. Whenthe amount of the neutral salt added was lower than a certain value,the slop of the line was high, and the slop turned low when theamount exceeded that value, so there was a turning point in eachline. The addition amounts of the neutral salts for the turningpoints were affected by the cation species of the neutral salts, butpH had less effect on them. After the turning points occurred, theexchangeable acidity of the red soil colloid still graduallyincreased with the addition amounts of the neutral salts, but that ofthe latosol colloid did not increase any more.展开更多
pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ of soil can influence the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. Xuancheng city is the dominant tobacco-planting region in Anhui province since 2008. A general soil survey was conducte...pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ of soil can influence the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. Xuancheng city is the dominant tobacco-planting region in Anhui province since 2008. A general soil survey was conducted in Xuancheng city to understand the current situations of pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ of farmlands under tobacco-rice rotation and to decide whether continuous applying dolomite powders to abate soil acidification. In total 124 topsoil samples (0-20 cm) were collected from the typical farmlands and soil pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ were measured. The results showed that soil pH and Ca2+ and Mg2+ in Xuancheng city were generally in the suitable grades, pH ranged from 4.56 to 8.42 with an average of 5.87, exchangeable Ca2+ ranged from 1.01 cmol(1/2Ca2+) kg-1 to 100.55 cmol(1/2Ca2+) kg-1 with an average of 11.07 cmol(1/2Ca2+) kg-1, and exchangeable Mg2+ ranged from 0.14 cmol(1/2Mg2+) kg-1 to 2.86 cmol(1/2Mg2+) kg-1 with an average of 0.81 cmol(1/2Mg2+) kg-1, all spanned from the low grades to the high grades. To the whole Xuancheng city, 37.10%, 62.10% and 72.58% of the surveyed farmlands were in the low grades of pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+, respectively, while 52.42%, 25.00% and 20.97% of the farmlands were in the suitable grades, respectively. pH had an extremely significantly positive Napierian logarithm correlation with exchangeable Ca2+ and an extremely significantly positive power correlation with exchangeable Mg2+. In total about 338.2 kg·hm-2 of Ca2+ and 202.4 kg·hm-2 of Mg2+ are annually input into the farmlands, while about 110.4 kg·hm-2 of Ca2+ and 7.4 kg·hm-2 of Mg2+ are annually moved out from the farmlands, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ were annually increased by 225.2 kg·hm-2 and 187.6 kg·hm-2 in the farmlands, respectively. It is necessary to monitor the farmlands dynamically in order to decide whether continuous applying dolomite powders which should be dependent upon the specific conditions of individual farmlands.展开更多
Twenty-six soil samples were collected from five soil profiles at different climatological and ecological regions in central Sudan. Soil profile was dug in each studied area and morphological profile description was c...Twenty-six soil samples were collected from five soil profiles at different climatological and ecological regions in central Sudan. Soil profile was dug in each studied area and morphological profile description was carried out for different horizons. All samples were analyzed using two different methods to determine Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Statistical analysis (T-test) was used in order to investigate the differences between soil samples for the studied locations. Significant differences appeared when compared the two methods for CEC determination at Gedaref area, Wad Medani and Nile flood plain and that appeared in evaluation of ESP at Nile flood plain and Shambat area. The results also revealed that, the developed method used in this study was more practical, simple and reliable for determination of CEC and ESP as the currently used in most soil laboratories. In addition, it will be safer than the other methods in some problematic soils. The adoption of this developed method is advisable because it is less time consuming as it omits the washing step. In contrast, the old method cannot be a good substitute in laboratories which have no possibility to determine sodium by using flame photometer. We conclude that when the developed method is used to determine CEC and ESP time will be saved, that fewer amounts of chemicals will be used and that accurate results will be achieved.展开更多
The Fork-Join program consisting of K parallel tasks is a useful model for a large number of computing applications. When the parallel processor has multi-channels, later tasks may finish execution earlier than their ...The Fork-Join program consisting of K parallel tasks is a useful model for a large number of computing applications. When the parallel processor has multi-channels, later tasks may finish execution earlier than their earlier tasks and may join with tasks from other programs. This phenomenon is called exchangeable join (EJ), which introduces correlation to the task’s service time. In this work, we investigate the response time of multiprocessor systems with EJ with a new approach. We analyze two aspects of this kind of systems: exchangeable join (EJ) and the capacity constraint (CC). We prove that the system response time can be effectively reduced by EJ, while the reduced amount is constrained by the capacity of the multiprocessor. An upper bound model is constructed based on this analysis and a quick estimation algorithm is proposed. The approximation formula is verified by extensive simulation results, which show that the relative error of approximation is less than 5%.展开更多
A leaching experiment was carried out with repacked soil columns in laboratory to stndy the leachingprocess of a red soil derived from sandstone as affected by warions fertilization practices. The treatments wereCK (a...A leaching experiment was carried out with repacked soil columns in laboratory to stndy the leachingprocess of a red soil derived from sandstone as affected by warions fertilization practices. The treatments wereCK (as a control), CaCO_3, CaSO_4, MgCO_3, Ca(H_2PO_4)_2, Urea, KCl, Mnltiple (a mixture of the above-mentioned fertilizers), and KNO_3. The fertilizers were added to the bare surface of the soil columns, andthen the columns were leached with 120 mL deionized water daily through peristaltic pumps over a periodof 92 days. At the end of leaching process, soils were sampled from different depths of the soil profiles, i.e.,0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm. The results showed when applying Ca, Mg, andK to the bare surface of the soil columns, exchangeable Ca￣(2+), Mg￣(2+), and K￣+ in the upper layer of thesoil profile increased correspondingly, with an extent depending mainly on the application rates of Ca, Mg,and K and showing a downward trend. CaCO_3, CaSO_4, MgCO_3, and Ca(H_2PO_4)_2 treatments had scarcelyany effect on movement of exchangeable K￣+, while CaCO_3, and CaSO_4 treatments significantly promotedthe downward movement of exchangeable Mg￣(2+) although these two treatments had no obvious effect onleaching losses of Mg. The fact that under Urea treatment, exchangeable Ca￣(2+) and Mg￣(2+) were higheras compared to CK treatment showed urea could prevent leaching of exchangeable Ca￣(2+) and Mg￣(2+). Theobvious downward movement of exchangeable Ca￣(2+) and Mg￣(2+) was noticed in KCl treatment. In Multipletreatment, the downward movement of exchangeable Ca￣(2+) and Mg￣(2+) was evident, while that of K￣+ was lessevident. Application of KNO_3 strongly promoted the downward movement of exchangeable Ca￣(2+) and Mg￣(2+)in the soil profile.展开更多
[Objective] A method for the determination of exchangeable Ca and Mg contents in tobacco growing area by atomic absorption spectrometry was established. [Method] Factors in the extraction process, sample weight, ammon...[Objective] A method for the determination of exchangeable Ca and Mg contents in tobacco growing area by atomic absorption spectrometry was established. [Method] Factors in the extraction process, sample weight, ammonium acetate volume, extraction time and strontium chloride volume were tested, and the stability, precision and accuracy of the method were also investigated. Meanwhile, samples at different pH values were determined by this method. [Result] The results showed that this method operation has simple operation with good stability and high precision. [Conclusion] This method could be applied to determine exchangeable Ca and Mg contents in tobacco growing area.展开更多
In this paper, we establish the stochastic ordering of median from an exchangeable trivaxiate normal vector based on the strength of the correlation coefficient. Specifically, by considering two exchangeable trivariat...In this paper, we establish the stochastic ordering of median from an exchangeable trivaxiate normal vector based on the strength of the correlation coefficient. Specifically, by considering two exchangeable trivariate normal vectors with different correlation coefficients, we show that the absolute value of the median in the vector with smaller correlation coefficient is stochastically smaller than the absolute value of the median in the vector with larger correlation coefficient. We prove this result by utilizing skew-normal distributions.展开更多
In this paper,a new technique is introduced to obtain non-uniform Berry-Esseen bounds for normal and nonnormal approximations by unbounded exchangeable pairs.This technique does not rely on the concentration inequalit...In this paper,a new technique is introduced to obtain non-uniform Berry-Esseen bounds for normal and nonnormal approximations by unbounded exchangeable pairs.This technique does not rely on the concentration inequalities developed by Chen and Shao[4,5]and can be applied to the quadratic forms and the general Curie-Weiss model.展开更多
We study the connection between the central limit theorem and law of large numbers for exchangeable sequences, and provide a counterexample to the Gnedenko-Raikov theorem for such sequences.
Base saturation percentage (BSP) is an important soil chemical index in soil fertility and soil taxonomy. However, it is still unclear what exchangeable cation dominates BSP of soil in south China. Therefore, in this ...Base saturation percentage (BSP) is an important soil chemical index in soil fertility and soil taxonomy. However, it is still unclear what exchangeable cation dominates BSP of soil in south China. Therefore, in this study, the data of BSPs and exchangeable H+, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ of 109 and 45 horizon samples of 50 and 28 soil species in red soil and yellow soil groups in the Database of Chinese Soil Species were used to explore further the characteristics of BSPs and exchangeable cations as well as the correlation between BSPs and exchangeable cations. The results showed that the concentrations of exchangeable cations in both red soil and yellow soil groups were in an order of Al3+ (4.55 ± 1.47 and 4.22 ± 1.2 cmol(+)/kg) > Ca2+ (0.32 ± 0.21 and 0.36 ± 0.24 cmol(+)/kg) > H+ (0.23 ± 0.13 and 0.19 ± 0.10 cmol(+)/kg) > K+ (0.16 ± 0.09 and 0.16 ± 0.11 cmol(+)/kg) > Mg2+ (0.13 ± 0.09 and 0.11 ± 0.08 cmol(+)/kg) > Na+ (0.08 ± 0.06 and 0.11 ± 0.06 cmol(+)/kg). For red soil group, Al3+ concentration was significantly higher than those of other exchangeable cations, Ca2+ and H+ concentrations were significantly higher than those of K+, Mg2+ and Na+;while for yellow soil group, Ca2+, H+ and K+ concentrations were significantly higher than those of Mg2+ and K+. BSP of red soil group was codetermined by Ca2+, Al3+, Mg2+ and Na+, with the contributions of 33.81%, 19.82% and 14.49%, respectively;while BSP of yellow soil group was codetermined by Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+, with the contributions of 24.91%, 21.55%, 19.91% and 14.21%, respectively. A higher concentration of exchangeable cation does not mean the higher importance of the cation to soil BSP.展开更多
Soil chemical degradation caused by acidity is a serious constraint to food production in most parts of the Tropics. It was in the bid to proffer solution to this that the present study was conceived. Anincubation stu...Soil chemical degradation caused by acidity is a serious constraint to food production in most parts of the Tropics. It was in the bid to proffer solution to this that the present study was conceived. Anincubation study was conducted at the laboratory of Soil Science and Meteorology Department of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike. The aim was to ascertain the effect of amendments namely: Control (no amendment), Biochar, Ash, Lime, Biochar + Poultry Manure, Ash + Poultry Manure and Lime + Poultry Manure, on soil pH and exchangeable acidity of Sandstone, Shale and Alluvium. The rate of application was 1.43 g for the sole amendments and 0.72 g each for the combined amendments to give an equivalent of 2 t/ha. They were applied to 100 g of the soil and replicated three times in a Completely Randomized Design. The incubation study lasted for eighty-four days, the pH and exchangeable acidity were determined at fourteen days intervals. The result obtained revealed that all the treatments increased the soil pH and decreased the exchangeable acidity over the control. In all parent materials, applied Lime and Lime + Pm significantly (p < 0.05) gave the highest pH of 6.6, 6.9 and 7.2 for Shale, Sandstone and Alluvium respectively on the 28<sup>th</sup> day of incubation which, was the time, the maximum pH value was attained. Biochar and Biochar + Pm were considered the appropriate amendments because the pH values they gave were towards neutral, unlike that of Lime and Lime + Pm that were towards alkaline. It is recommended that field trial of this work is conducted.展开更多
As a pioneer leguminous shrub species for vegetation re-establishment, Caragana microphylla is widely distributed in the semi-fixed and fixed sandy lands of the Horqin region, North China. C. microphylla planta- tions...As a pioneer leguminous shrub species for vegetation re-establishment, Caragana microphylla is widely distributed in the semi-fixed and fixed sandy lands of the Horqin region, North China. C. microphylla planta- tions modify organic carbon （SOC）, nitrogen （N） and phosphorus dynamics, bulk density and water-holding capacity and biological activities in soils, but little is known with regard to soil exchange properties. Variation in soil ex- changeable base cations was examined under C. microphylla plantations with an age sequence of 0, 5, 10, and 22 years in the Horqin Sandy Land, and at the depth of 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm, respectively. C. microphylla has been planted on the non-vegetated sand dunes with similar physical-chemical soil properties. The results showed that exchangeable calcium （Ca）, magnesium （Mg）, and potassium （K）, and cation exchange capacity （CEC） were significantly increased, and Ca saturation tended to decrease, while Mg and K saturations were increased with the plantation years. No difference was observed for exchangeable sodium （Na） neither with plantation years nor at soil depths. Of all the base cations and soil layers, exchangeable K at the depth of 0-10 cm accumulated most quickly, and it increased by 1.76, 3.16, and 4.25 times, respectively after C. microphylla was planted for 5, 10, and 22 years. Exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K, and CEC were significantly （P〈0.001） and positively correlated with SOC, total N, pH and electrical conductivity （EC）. Soil pH and SOC are regarded as the main factors influencing the variation in ex- changeable cations, and the preferential absorption of cations by plants and different leaching rates of base cations that modify cation saturations under C. microphylla plantation. It is concluded that as a nitrogen-fixation species, C. microphylla plantation is beneficial to increasing exchangeable base cations and CEC in soils, and therefore can improve soil fertility and create favorable microenvironments for plants and creatures in the semi-arid sandy land ecosystems.展开更多
As one of the most important soil components, montmorillonite plays a vital role in transport and retention of organic pollutants in soils. Ciprofloxacin （CIP）, an antibiotic of fluoroquiolones, has been frequently ...As one of the most important soil components, montmorillonite plays a vital role in transport and retention of organic pollutants in soils. Ciprofloxacin （CIP）, an antibiotic of fluoroquiolones, has been frequently detected in water and soil environments due to its wide use in human and veterinary medicine. In this study, the adsorption of CIP onto different homoionic montmorillonite such as Na-, Ca- and Al-MMT was investigated, and the influence of types and charges of exchangeable cations in the interlayer of montmorillonite on CIP adsorption was evaluated. The results showed that different homoionic montmorillonite exhibited different sorption capacity of CIP. At pH 3, the sorption capacity of CIP decreased in the order Na-MMT Ca-MMT Al-MMT, following the lyotropic series. When solution pH increased to 11, the sorption capacity of CIP followed the order Ca-MMT Al-MMT Na-MMT. Accompanying CIP adsorption on Ca-MMT, a certain amount of Ca2＋ was released into solution. Compared to pH 3, the lower Ca concentration in solution at pH 11 indicated that the adsorption of CIP on Ca-MMT at strong alkaline pH was no longer via cation exchange, and surface complexation or cation bridging might contribute to CIP adsorption. The adsorption of CIP on Na- and Ca-MMT at pH 3 and 11 resulted in the expansion of d-spacing, indicative of intercalation of CIP into the interlayer space of the montmorillonite. However, a decrease of d-spacing was observed when CIP adsorbed on Al-MMT at pH 11, which might be attributed to the dissolution of Al-CIP complex formed between CIP and Al3＋ in the interlayer of montmorillonite. The results suggest that the types and charges of exchangeable cations in the interlayer of montmorillonite play an important role in CIP adsorption on montmorillonite.展开更多
Limited models have been devised using Stern theory to obtain the repulsive force from a double layer.Moreover,an elastoplastic model that differentiates various swelling behaviors because of exchangeable cation speci...Limited models have been devised using Stern theory to obtain the repulsive force from a double layer.Moreover,an elastoplastic model that differentiates various swelling behaviors because of exchangeable cation species is yet to be devised.In this study,we introduce a novel multiphysics elastoplastic model for swelling geomaterials that incorporates Stern theory.This model considered the finite size of exchangeable cations and specific adsorption phenomena,which are typically overlooked in existing models.Based on Stern theory,we derived the repulsive force from the double layer and integrated the force into the elastoplastic expansive bedrock model,which addresses electroechemoemechanical phenomena in the interlayer.The proposed model differentiated swelling behaviors based on the type of exchangeable cation species by incorporating these phenomena.To validate the model,a onedimensional(1D)numerical analysis was performed,demonstrating its capability to describe various swelling behaviors due to different exchangeable cation species through comparison with free swelling test results of bentonite.Additionally,a parametric study was conducted to elucidate the effect of the hydrated radius of exchangeable cations and the specific adsorption potential on swelling behavior,analyzed from the perspective of the equilibrium of charge distribution near the mineral surface.展开更多
High-resolution non-emissive displays based on electrochromic tungsten oxides(WOx)are crucial for future near-eye virtual/augmented reality interactions,given their impressive attributes such as high environmental sta...High-resolution non-emissive displays based on electrochromic tungsten oxides(WOx)are crucial for future near-eye virtual/augmented reality interactions,given their impressive attributes such as high environmental stability,ideal outdoor readability,and low energy consumption.However,the limited intrinsic structure of inorganic materials has presented a significant challenge in achieving precise patterning/pixelation at the micron scale.Here,we successfully developed the direct photolithography for WOx nanoparticles based on in situ photo-induced ligand exchange.This strategy enabled us to achieve ultra-high resolution efficiently(line width<4μm,the best resolution for reported inorganic electrochromic materials).Additionally,the resulting device exhibited impressive electrochromic performance,such as fast response(<1 s at 0 V),high coloration efficiency(119.5 cm^(2) C^(−1)),good optical modulation(55.9%),and durability(>3600 cycles),as well as promising applications in electronic logos,pixelated displays,flexible electronics,etc.The success and advancements presented here are expected to inspire and accelerate research and development(R&D)in high-resolution non-emissive displays and other ultra-fine micro-electronics.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China:Research on the Neuroprotective Mechanism of the Gandouling based on the Regulation of Long Non-coding Ribonucleic Acid Maternally Expressed Gene 3 and Targets Gene Forkhead Box O1 through the Way of Autophagy in Wilson Disease(No.82104783)National Natural Science Foundation of China:Study on Mechanism of Xin'an Medical Gubenpeiyuan Prescription Treating Wilson's Disease based on Enterohepatic Axis and Enterobrain Axis Pathway(No.U22A20366)+2 种基金National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine:2019 Project of Building Evidence based Practice Capacity for Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.2019XZZX-NB001)National Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province:Mechanism Study on the Regulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-gamma Coactivator-1alpha/Sirtuin-3/Mitochondrial Axis to Maintain Hippocampal Synaptic Homeostasis to Improve Cognitive Impairment in Wilson's Disease by Qingre Lidan JieDu Prescription(No.2008085MH264)National Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province:Mitofusin 2 Mediates the Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum-MAMs-mitochondria Regulation of Synaptic Homeostasis in Wilson's Disease Neurons and the Mechanism of Qingre Lidan Jiedu Prescription Intervention(No.2208085MH271)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the value of relative exchangeable copper(REC)in diagnosing Wilson's disease(WD)and to determine its significance in the differentiation of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndrome.METHODS:A total of 78 patients with WD were recruited on the same day of the medical visit,and among them,32 were suffering from non-WD(N-WD)and 37 were heterozygous ATP7B carriers(HC)enrolled as controls.Molecular genetic testing was performed for diagnosing WD and HC.Additionally,REC levels in different TCM syndromes were investigated.The correlation between REC and serum ceruloplasmin(Cp),serum copper oxidase(CO),and 24-h urinary copper was analyzed using the Global Assessment Scale and Unified Wilson's Disease Rating Scale and the significance of REC in WD diagnosis was investigated.Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess the clinical symptoms of WD and analyze its severity in different TCM syndromes.RESULTS:REC determination helped in significantly distinguishing patients with N-WD or HC from those with WD with a cut-off of 21.15%.Furthermore,the comparative analysis of REC ratios among different TCM syndromes showed markedly high REC levels in the dampness-heat internal accumulation syndrome group.Additionally,the seed-based functional connectivity value from the putamen to the cerebellum was significantly correlated with TCM syndromes.CONCLUSION:REC level is a high-quality biomarker for diagnosing WD that effectively reflects disease severity and plays an essential role in deciding on treatment strategies and prognosis.Furthermore,REC levels are closely related to TCM syndromes in WD;thus,it is a potential objective quantitative indicator for distinguishing TCM syndromes in WD.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30670392)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.KZCX2-YW-432 and KSCX2-SW-133)
文摘The effects of simulated nitrogen(N)deposition on soil exchangeable cations were studied in three forest types of subtropical China.Four N treatments with three replications were designed for the monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest (mature forest):control(0 kg N ha-1 year-1),low N(50 kg N ha-1 year-1),medium N(100 kg N ha-1 year-1)and high N(150 kg N ha-1 year-1),and only three treatments(i.e.,control,low N,medium N)were established for the pine and mixed forests.Nitrogen had been applied continuously for 26 months before the measurement.The mature forest responded more rapidly and intensively to N additions than the pine and mixed forests,and exhibited some significant negative symptoms,e.g.,soil acidification,Al mobilization and leaching of base cations from soil.The pine and mixed forests responded slowly to N additions and exhibited no significant response of soil cations.Response of soil exchangeable cations to N deposition varied in the forests of subtropical China,depending on soil N status and land-use history.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 30590381-03 and 30570350).
文摘Information on the distribution patterns of soil water content （SWC）, soil organic matter （SOM）, and soil exchangeable cations （SEC） is important for managing forest ecosystems in a sustainable manner. This study investigated how SWC, SOM, and SEC were influenced in forests along a successional gradient, including a regional climax （monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, or MEBF）, a transitional forest （coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, or MF）, and a pioneer forest （coniferous Masson pine （Pinus rnassoniana） forest, or MPF） of the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in the subtropical region of southern China. SWC, SOM, and SEC excluding Ca^2＋ were found to increase in the soil during forest succession, being highest in the top soil layer （0 to 15 cm depth） except for Na^＋. The differences between soil layers were largest in MF. This finding also suggested that the nutrients were enriched in the topsoil when they became increasingly scarce in the soil. There were no significant differences （P = 0.05） among SWC, SOM, and SEC. A linear, positive correlation was found between SWC and SOM. The correlation between SOM and cation exchange capacity （CEC） was statistically significant, which agreed with the theory that the most important factor determining SEC is SOM. The ratio of K^＋ to Na^＋ in the topsoil was about a half of that in the plants of each forest. MF had the lowest exchangeable Ca^2＋ concentration among the three forests and Ca^2＋：K^＋ in MPF was two times higher than that in MF. Understanding the changes of SWC, SOM, and CEC during forest succession would be of great help in protecting all three forests in southern China.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30070428), the Research Foundation ofGermany, the Zhejiang Province Natural Science Foundation (No. 399485) and the Foundation for University PhD GrantingDiscipline by the Ministr
文摘In a model experiment, which imitated the rhizosphere of rice, the effect of organic acids (oxalic acid, citric acid) and protons on the release of non-exchangeable NH4+ and the resin adsorption of N was studied in a paddy soil, typical for Zhejiang Province, China. Oxalic and citric acids under low pH conditions, in combination with proton secretion, favored the mobilization of NH4+ ions and increased resin adsorption of N. The release of non-exchangeable NH4+ was associated with less formation of iron oxides. These could coat clay minerals and thus hinder the diffusion of NH4+ ions out of the interlayer. Protons enhanced the release of NH4+, and then they could enter the wedge zones of the clay minerals and displace non-exchangeable NH4+ ions.
文摘An extremely acidified acid sulfate soil (ASS) was investigated to characterize its soluble and exchangeableacidity. The results showed that soluble acidity of a sample determined by titration with a KOH solutionwas much significantly greater than that indicated by pH measured using a PH meter, particularly for theextremely acidic soil samples. This is because the total soluble acidity of the extremely acidic soil sampleswas mainly composed of various soluble Al and Fe species, possibly in forms of Al sulfate complexes (e.g.,AISO4) and ferrous Fe (Fe2+). It is therefore suggested not to use pH alone as an indicator of soluble acidityin ASS, particularly for extremely acidic ASS. It is also likely that AISO4+ actively pericipated in cationexchange reactions. It appears that the possible involvement of this Al sulfate canon in the canon adsorptionhas significant effect on increasing the amount of acidity being adsorbed by the soils.
基金Project (Nos. 49971046 and 49831005) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘In the present work, the exchangeable acidity of a red soilcolloid and a latosol colloid at different pH during reacting withfour neutral salts was measured. The results show that theexchangeable acidity increased with increasing amounts of the neutralsalts added, and the relation between them was almost linear. Whenthe amount of the neutral salt added was lower than a certain value,the slop of the line was high, and the slop turned low when theamount exceeded that value, so there was a turning point in eachline. The addition amounts of the neutral salts for the turningpoints were affected by the cation species of the neutral salts, butpH had less effect on them. After the turning points occurred, theexchangeable acidity of the red soil colloid still graduallyincreased with the addition amounts of the neutral salts, but that ofthe latosol colloid did not increase any more.
文摘pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ of soil can influence the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. Xuancheng city is the dominant tobacco-planting region in Anhui province since 2008. A general soil survey was conducted in Xuancheng city to understand the current situations of pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ of farmlands under tobacco-rice rotation and to decide whether continuous applying dolomite powders to abate soil acidification. In total 124 topsoil samples (0-20 cm) were collected from the typical farmlands and soil pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ were measured. The results showed that soil pH and Ca2+ and Mg2+ in Xuancheng city were generally in the suitable grades, pH ranged from 4.56 to 8.42 with an average of 5.87, exchangeable Ca2+ ranged from 1.01 cmol(1/2Ca2+) kg-1 to 100.55 cmol(1/2Ca2+) kg-1 with an average of 11.07 cmol(1/2Ca2+) kg-1, and exchangeable Mg2+ ranged from 0.14 cmol(1/2Mg2+) kg-1 to 2.86 cmol(1/2Mg2+) kg-1 with an average of 0.81 cmol(1/2Mg2+) kg-1, all spanned from the low grades to the high grades. To the whole Xuancheng city, 37.10%, 62.10% and 72.58% of the surveyed farmlands were in the low grades of pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+, respectively, while 52.42%, 25.00% and 20.97% of the farmlands were in the suitable grades, respectively. pH had an extremely significantly positive Napierian logarithm correlation with exchangeable Ca2+ and an extremely significantly positive power correlation with exchangeable Mg2+. In total about 338.2 kg·hm-2 of Ca2+ and 202.4 kg·hm-2 of Mg2+ are annually input into the farmlands, while about 110.4 kg·hm-2 of Ca2+ and 7.4 kg·hm-2 of Mg2+ are annually moved out from the farmlands, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ were annually increased by 225.2 kg·hm-2 and 187.6 kg·hm-2 in the farmlands, respectively. It is necessary to monitor the farmlands dynamically in order to decide whether continuous applying dolomite powders which should be dependent upon the specific conditions of individual farmlands.
文摘Twenty-six soil samples were collected from five soil profiles at different climatological and ecological regions in central Sudan. Soil profile was dug in each studied area and morphological profile description was carried out for different horizons. All samples were analyzed using two different methods to determine Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Statistical analysis (T-test) was used in order to investigate the differences between soil samples for the studied locations. Significant differences appeared when compared the two methods for CEC determination at Gedaref area, Wad Medani and Nile flood plain and that appeared in evaluation of ESP at Nile flood plain and Shambat area. The results also revealed that, the developed method used in this study was more practical, simple and reliable for determination of CEC and ESP as the currently used in most soil laboratories. In addition, it will be safer than the other methods in some problematic soils. The adoption of this developed method is advisable because it is less time consuming as it omits the washing step. In contrast, the old method cannot be a good substitute in laboratories which have no possibility to determine sodium by using flame photometer. We conclude that when the developed method is used to determine CEC and ESP time will be saved, that fewer amounts of chemicals will be used and that accurate results will be achieved.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of0 China (Nos. 60274011 and 60574067), and the Program for NewCentury Excellent Talents in University (No. NCET-04-0094), China
文摘The Fork-Join program consisting of K parallel tasks is a useful model for a large number of computing applications. When the parallel processor has multi-channels, later tasks may finish execution earlier than their earlier tasks and may join with tasks from other programs. This phenomenon is called exchangeable join (EJ), which introduces correlation to the task’s service time. In this work, we investigate the response time of multiprocessor systems with EJ with a new approach. We analyze two aspects of this kind of systems: exchangeable join (EJ) and the capacity constraint (CC). We prove that the system response time can be effectively reduced by EJ, while the reduced amount is constrained by the capacity of the multiprocessor. An upper bound model is constructed based on this analysis and a quick estimation algorithm is proposed. The approximation formula is verified by extensive simulation results, which show that the relative error of approximation is less than 5%.
文摘A leaching experiment was carried out with repacked soil columns in laboratory to stndy the leachingprocess of a red soil derived from sandstone as affected by warions fertilization practices. The treatments wereCK (as a control), CaCO_3, CaSO_4, MgCO_3, Ca(H_2PO_4)_2, Urea, KCl, Mnltiple (a mixture of the above-mentioned fertilizers), and KNO_3. The fertilizers were added to the bare surface of the soil columns, andthen the columns were leached with 120 mL deionized water daily through peristaltic pumps over a periodof 92 days. At the end of leaching process, soils were sampled from different depths of the soil profiles, i.e.,0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm. The results showed when applying Ca, Mg, andK to the bare surface of the soil columns, exchangeable Ca￣(2+), Mg￣(2+), and K￣+ in the upper layer of thesoil profile increased correspondingly, with an extent depending mainly on the application rates of Ca, Mg,and K and showing a downward trend. CaCO_3, CaSO_4, MgCO_3, and Ca(H_2PO_4)_2 treatments had scarcelyany effect on movement of exchangeable K￣+, while CaCO_3, and CaSO_4 treatments significantly promotedthe downward movement of exchangeable Mg￣(2+) although these two treatments had no obvious effect onleaching losses of Mg. The fact that under Urea treatment, exchangeable Ca￣(2+) and Mg￣(2+) were higheras compared to CK treatment showed urea could prevent leaching of exchangeable Ca￣(2+) and Mg￣(2+). Theobvious downward movement of exchangeable Ca￣(2+) and Mg￣(2+) was noticed in KCl treatment. In Multipletreatment, the downward movement of exchangeable Ca￣(2+) and Mg￣(2+) was evident, while that of K￣+ was lessevident. Application of KNO_3 strongly promoted the downward movement of exchangeable Ca￣(2+) and Mg￣(2+)in the soil profile.
文摘[Objective] A method for the determination of exchangeable Ca and Mg contents in tobacco growing area by atomic absorption spectrometry was established. [Method] Factors in the extraction process, sample weight, ammonium acetate volume, extraction time and strontium chloride volume were tested, and the stability, precision and accuracy of the method were also investigated. Meanwhile, samples at different pH values were determined by this method. [Result] The results showed that this method operation has simple operation with good stability and high precision. [Conclusion] This method could be applied to determine exchangeable Ca and Mg contents in tobacco growing area.
文摘In this paper, we establish the stochastic ordering of median from an exchangeable trivaxiate normal vector based on the strength of the correlation coefficient. Specifically, by considering two exchangeable trivariate normal vectors with different correlation coefficients, we show that the absolute value of the median in the vector with smaller correlation coefficient is stochastically smaller than the absolute value of the median in the vector with larger correlation coefficient. We prove this result by utilizing skew-normal distributions.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFA0703900)the Na-tional Natural Science Foundation of China(11701331)+1 种基金Shandong Provincial Natural Science Founda-tion(ZR2017QA007)Young Slcholars Program of Shandong University。
文摘In this paper,a new technique is introduced to obtain non-uniform Berry-Esseen bounds for normal and nonnormal approximations by unbounded exchangeable pairs.This technique does not rely on the concentration inequalities developed by Chen and Shao[4,5]and can be applied to the quadratic forms and the general Curie-Weiss model.
文摘We study the connection between the central limit theorem and law of large numbers for exchangeable sequences, and provide a counterexample to the Gnedenko-Raikov theorem for such sequences.
文摘Base saturation percentage (BSP) is an important soil chemical index in soil fertility and soil taxonomy. However, it is still unclear what exchangeable cation dominates BSP of soil in south China. Therefore, in this study, the data of BSPs and exchangeable H+, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ of 109 and 45 horizon samples of 50 and 28 soil species in red soil and yellow soil groups in the Database of Chinese Soil Species were used to explore further the characteristics of BSPs and exchangeable cations as well as the correlation between BSPs and exchangeable cations. The results showed that the concentrations of exchangeable cations in both red soil and yellow soil groups were in an order of Al3+ (4.55 ± 1.47 and 4.22 ± 1.2 cmol(+)/kg) > Ca2+ (0.32 ± 0.21 and 0.36 ± 0.24 cmol(+)/kg) > H+ (0.23 ± 0.13 and 0.19 ± 0.10 cmol(+)/kg) > K+ (0.16 ± 0.09 and 0.16 ± 0.11 cmol(+)/kg) > Mg2+ (0.13 ± 0.09 and 0.11 ± 0.08 cmol(+)/kg) > Na+ (0.08 ± 0.06 and 0.11 ± 0.06 cmol(+)/kg). For red soil group, Al3+ concentration was significantly higher than those of other exchangeable cations, Ca2+ and H+ concentrations were significantly higher than those of K+, Mg2+ and Na+;while for yellow soil group, Ca2+, H+ and K+ concentrations were significantly higher than those of Mg2+ and K+. BSP of red soil group was codetermined by Ca2+, Al3+, Mg2+ and Na+, with the contributions of 33.81%, 19.82% and 14.49%, respectively;while BSP of yellow soil group was codetermined by Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+, with the contributions of 24.91%, 21.55%, 19.91% and 14.21%, respectively. A higher concentration of exchangeable cation does not mean the higher importance of the cation to soil BSP.
文摘Soil chemical degradation caused by acidity is a serious constraint to food production in most parts of the Tropics. It was in the bid to proffer solution to this that the present study was conceived. Anincubation study was conducted at the laboratory of Soil Science and Meteorology Department of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike. The aim was to ascertain the effect of amendments namely: Control (no amendment), Biochar, Ash, Lime, Biochar + Poultry Manure, Ash + Poultry Manure and Lime + Poultry Manure, on soil pH and exchangeable acidity of Sandstone, Shale and Alluvium. The rate of application was 1.43 g for the sole amendments and 0.72 g each for the combined amendments to give an equivalent of 2 t/ha. They were applied to 100 g of the soil and replicated three times in a Completely Randomized Design. The incubation study lasted for eighty-four days, the pH and exchangeable acidity were determined at fourteen days intervals. The result obtained revealed that all the treatments increased the soil pH and decreased the exchangeable acidity over the control. In all parent materials, applied Lime and Lime + Pm significantly (p < 0.05) gave the highest pH of 6.6, 6.9 and 7.2 for Shale, Sandstone and Alluvium respectively on the 28<sup>th</sup> day of incubation which, was the time, the maximum pH value was attained. Biochar and Biochar + Pm were considered the appropriate amendments because the pH values they gave were towards neutral, unlike that of Lime and Lime + Pm that were towards alkaline. It is recommended that field trial of this work is conducted.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (2011CB403204)the Natural Science Foundation of China (31000200)
文摘As a pioneer leguminous shrub species for vegetation re-establishment, Caragana microphylla is widely distributed in the semi-fixed and fixed sandy lands of the Horqin region, North China. C. microphylla planta- tions modify organic carbon （SOC）, nitrogen （N） and phosphorus dynamics, bulk density and water-holding capacity and biological activities in soils, but little is known with regard to soil exchange properties. Variation in soil ex- changeable base cations was examined under C. microphylla plantations with an age sequence of 0, 5, 10, and 22 years in the Horqin Sandy Land, and at the depth of 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm, respectively. C. microphylla has been planted on the non-vegetated sand dunes with similar physical-chemical soil properties. The results showed that exchangeable calcium （Ca）, magnesium （Mg）, and potassium （K）, and cation exchange capacity （CEC） were significantly increased, and Ca saturation tended to decrease, while Mg and K saturations were increased with the plantation years. No difference was observed for exchangeable sodium （Na） neither with plantation years nor at soil depths. Of all the base cations and soil layers, exchangeable K at the depth of 0-10 cm accumulated most quickly, and it increased by 1.76, 3.16, and 4.25 times, respectively after C. microphylla was planted for 5, 10, and 22 years. Exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K, and CEC were significantly （P〈0.001） and positively correlated with SOC, total N, pH and electrical conductivity （EC）. Soil pH and SOC are regarded as the main factors influencing the variation in ex- changeable cations, and the preferential absorption of cations by plants and different leaching rates of base cations that modify cation saturations under C. microphylla plantation. It is concluded that as a nitrogen-fixation species, C. microphylla plantation is beneficial to increasing exchangeable base cations and CEC in soils, and therefore can improve soil fertility and create favorable microenvironments for plants and creatures in the semi-arid sandy land ecosystems.
基金Funded by the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education (No. 107076)Wisconsin Groundwater Research Council to Z.Li
文摘As one of the most important soil components, montmorillonite plays a vital role in transport and retention of organic pollutants in soils. Ciprofloxacin （CIP）, an antibiotic of fluoroquiolones, has been frequently detected in water and soil environments due to its wide use in human and veterinary medicine. In this study, the adsorption of CIP onto different homoionic montmorillonite such as Na-, Ca- and Al-MMT was investigated, and the influence of types and charges of exchangeable cations in the interlayer of montmorillonite on CIP adsorption was evaluated. The results showed that different homoionic montmorillonite exhibited different sorption capacity of CIP. At pH 3, the sorption capacity of CIP decreased in the order Na-MMT Ca-MMT Al-MMT, following the lyotropic series. When solution pH increased to 11, the sorption capacity of CIP followed the order Ca-MMT Al-MMT Na-MMT. Accompanying CIP adsorption on Ca-MMT, a certain amount of Ca2＋ was released into solution. Compared to pH 3, the lower Ca concentration in solution at pH 11 indicated that the adsorption of CIP on Ca-MMT at strong alkaline pH was no longer via cation exchange, and surface complexation or cation bridging might contribute to CIP adsorption. The adsorption of CIP on Na- and Ca-MMT at pH 3 and 11 resulted in the expansion of d-spacing, indicative of intercalation of CIP into the interlayer space of the montmorillonite. However, a decrease of d-spacing was observed when CIP adsorbed on Al-MMT at pH 11, which might be attributed to the dissolution of Al-CIP complex formed between CIP and Al3＋ in the interlayer of montmorillonite. The results suggest that the types and charges of exchangeable cations in the interlayer of montmorillonite play an important role in CIP adsorption on montmorillonite.
基金supported by the Japan Tunnelling Association and by JST SPRING(Grant Nos.JTA-R6-G1 and JPMJSP2114).
文摘Limited models have been devised using Stern theory to obtain the repulsive force from a double layer.Moreover,an elastoplastic model that differentiates various swelling behaviors because of exchangeable cation species is yet to be devised.In this study,we introduce a novel multiphysics elastoplastic model for swelling geomaterials that incorporates Stern theory.This model considered the finite size of exchangeable cations and specific adsorption phenomena,which are typically overlooked in existing models.Based on Stern theory,we derived the repulsive force from the double layer and integrated the force into the elastoplastic expansive bedrock model,which addresses electroechemoemechanical phenomena in the interlayer.The proposed model differentiated swelling behaviors based on the type of exchangeable cation species by incorporating these phenomena.To validate the model,a onedimensional(1D)numerical analysis was performed,demonstrating its capability to describe various swelling behaviors due to different exchangeable cation species through comparison with free swelling test results of bentonite.Additionally,a parametric study was conducted to elucidate the effect of the hydrated radius of exchangeable cations and the specific adsorption potential on swelling behavior,analyzed from the perspective of the equilibrium of charge distribution near the mineral surface.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3606501,2022YFB3602902)the Key projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China(62234004)+8 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A2092)Pioneer and Leading Goose R&D Program of Zhejiang(2024C01191,2024C01092)Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team of Zhejiang Province(2021R01003)Ningbo Key Technologies R&D Program(2022Z085),Ningbo 3315 Programme(2020A-01-B)YONGJIANG Talent Introduction Programme(2021A-038-B,2021A-159-G)“Innovation Yongjiang 2035”Key R&D Programme(2024Z146)Ningbo JiangBei District public welfare science and technology project(2022C07)the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(grant no.BX20240391)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant no.2023M743623).
文摘High-resolution non-emissive displays based on electrochromic tungsten oxides(WOx)are crucial for future near-eye virtual/augmented reality interactions,given their impressive attributes such as high environmental stability,ideal outdoor readability,and low energy consumption.However,the limited intrinsic structure of inorganic materials has presented a significant challenge in achieving precise patterning/pixelation at the micron scale.Here,we successfully developed the direct photolithography for WOx nanoparticles based on in situ photo-induced ligand exchange.This strategy enabled us to achieve ultra-high resolution efficiently(line width<4μm,the best resolution for reported inorganic electrochromic materials).Additionally,the resulting device exhibited impressive electrochromic performance,such as fast response(<1 s at 0 V),high coloration efficiency(119.5 cm^(2) C^(−1)),good optical modulation(55.9%),and durability(>3600 cycles),as well as promising applications in electronic logos,pixelated displays,flexible electronics,etc.The success and advancements presented here are expected to inspire and accelerate research and development(R&D)in high-resolution non-emissive displays and other ultra-fine micro-electronics.
