In order to improve the performance of vehicle radiators, a two-dimensional heat transfer steady-state model of the radiator was set up. The influence of the structural parameters (axial ratio) of the heat exchange tu...In order to improve the performance of vehicle radiators, a two-dimensional heat transfer steady-state model of the radiator was set up. The influence of the structural parameters (axial ratio) of the heat exchange tube on the windward side on the heat transfer performance of the radiator was studied. With the increase of the axial ratio of the heat exchange tube on the windward side, the heat exchange capacity of the heat exchange tube surface slightly decreases. The heat exchange area increases significantly, which increases the total heat exchange of the radiator and improves the heat transfer performance of the radiator. When the axial ratio increases from 1.0 to 2.0, the average surface heat transfer capacity decreases from 5664.16</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">W/m<sup>2</sup> to 5623.57</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">W/m<sup>2</sup>.展开更多
Income mobility is a key issue for understanding the process of economic growth and distributional change.Some economists have used the concept of“pro-poor growth”to examine,with individual-level panel data,whether ...Income mobility is a key issue for understanding the process of economic growth and distributional change.Some economists have used the concept of“pro-poor growth”to examine,with individual-level panel data,whether the poor benefit more than the rich from economic growth by tracking the extent of income mobility among different population subgroups.There is also literature in macroeconomics on the measurement of convergence.This paper introduces population-weighted relative and absolute indices of mobility,convergence,and pro-poor growth;it also distinguishes between anonymous and nonanonymous approaches to these issues.The empirical analysis is based on Chinese panel data for the period 2010–2018.In both absolute and relative terms,income growth in China was greater for individuals with an initially lower income but only for lower income deciles in relative terms.There was also an overall increase in individual welfare from anonymous and nonanonymous perspectives,which was higher among younger individuals.The welfare of the poor did not increase more than that of the nonpoor.These results shed light on the evolution of income distribution in China during the past decade's rapid economic growth.展开更多
文摘In order to improve the performance of vehicle radiators, a two-dimensional heat transfer steady-state model of the radiator was set up. The influence of the structural parameters (axial ratio) of the heat exchange tube on the windward side on the heat transfer performance of the radiator was studied. With the increase of the axial ratio of the heat exchange tube on the windward side, the heat exchange capacity of the heat exchange tube surface slightly decreases. The heat exchange area increases significantly, which increases the total heat exchange of the radiator and improves the heat transfer performance of the radiator. When the axial ratio increases from 1.0 to 2.0, the average surface heat transfer capacity decreases from 5664.16</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">W/m<sup>2</sup> to 5623.57</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">W/m<sup>2</sup>.
基金A previous version of this paper was presented by Jacques Silber at the Western Economic Association International(WEAI)15th International Conference,which took place on March 21–24,2019,at Keio University,Tokyo,Japan.Jacques Silber is grateful to the participants in his session,in particular to Peter Phelps,for their very useful comments.He is also grateful for the comments he received at seminars that he gave at the Asian Growth Research Institute in Kitakyushu and at Kyoto University,and at the Encuentro de Economia Publica(Barcelona,January 23–24,2020)Elena Bárcena-Martín acknowledges financial aid from Grant PID2020-115429GB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033Yuan Zhang acknowledges financial aid from the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.72173026).
文摘Income mobility is a key issue for understanding the process of economic growth and distributional change.Some economists have used the concept of“pro-poor growth”to examine,with individual-level panel data,whether the poor benefit more than the rich from economic growth by tracking the extent of income mobility among different population subgroups.There is also literature in macroeconomics on the measurement of convergence.This paper introduces population-weighted relative and absolute indices of mobility,convergence,and pro-poor growth;it also distinguishes between anonymous and nonanonymous approaches to these issues.The empirical analysis is based on Chinese panel data for the period 2010–2018.In both absolute and relative terms,income growth in China was greater for individuals with an initially lower income but only for lower income deciles in relative terms.There was also an overall increase in individual welfare from anonymous and nonanonymous perspectives,which was higher among younger individuals.The welfare of the poor did not increase more than that of the nonpoor.These results shed light on the evolution of income distribution in China during the past decade's rapid economic growth.
