Online examinations have become a dominant assessment mode,increasing concerns over academic integrity.To address the critical challenge of detecting cheating behaviours,this study proposes a hybrid deep learning appr...Online examinations have become a dominant assessment mode,increasing concerns over academic integrity.To address the critical challenge of detecting cheating behaviours,this study proposes a hybrid deep learning approach that combines visual detection and temporal behaviour classification.The methodology utilises object detection models—You Only Look Once(YOLOv12),Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network(RCNN),and Single Shot Detector(SSD)MobileNet—integrated with classification models such as Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN),Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit(Bi-GRU),and CNN-LSTM(Long Short-Term Memory).Two distinct datasets were used:the Online Exam Proctoring(EOP)dataset from Michigan State University and the School of Computer Science,Duy Tan Unievrsity(SCS-DTU)dataset collected in a controlled classroom setting.A diverse set of cheating behaviours,including book usage,unauthorised interaction,internet access,and mobile phone use,was categorised.Comprehensive experiments evaluated the models based on accuracy,precision,recall,training time,inference speed,and memory usage.We evaluate nine detector-classifier pairings under a unified budget and score them via a calibrated harmonic mean of detection and classification accuracies,enabling deployment-oriented selection under latency and memory constraints.Macro-Precision/Recall/F1 and Receiver Operating Characteristic-Area Under the Curve(ROC-AUC)are reported for the top configurations,revealing consistent advantages of object-centric pipelines for fine-grained cheating cues.The highest overall score is achieved by YOLOv12+CNN(97.15%accuracy),while SSD-MobileNet+CNN provides the best speed-efficiency trade-off for edge devices.This research provides valuable insights into selecting and deploying appropriate deep learning models for maintaining exam integrity under varying resource constraints.展开更多
The rapid shift to online education has introduced significant challenges to maintaining academic integrity in remote assessments,as traditional proctoring methods fall short in preventing cheating.The increase in che...The rapid shift to online education has introduced significant challenges to maintaining academic integrity in remote assessments,as traditional proctoring methods fall short in preventing cheating.The increase in cheating during online exams highlights the need for efficient,adaptable detection models to uphold academic credibility.This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of various deep learning models for cheating detection in online proctoring systems,evaluating their accuracy,efficiency,and adaptability.We benchmark several advanced architectures,including EfficientNet,MobileNetV2,ResNet variants and more,using two specialized datasets(OEP and OP)tailored for online proctoring contexts.Our findings reveal that EfficientNetB1 and YOLOv5 achieve top performance on the OP dataset,with EfficientNetB1 attaining a peak accuracy of 94.59% and YOLOv5 reaching a mean average precision(mAP@0.5)of 98.3%.For the OEP dataset,ResNet50-CBAM,YOLOv5 and EfficientNetB0 stand out,with ResNet50-CBAMachieving an accuracy of 93.61% and EfficientNetB0 showing robust detection performance with balanced accuracy and computational efficiency.These results underscore the importance of selectingmodels that balance accuracy and efficiency,supporting scalable,effective cheating detection in online assessments.展开更多
Aims: This study aims at designing and implementing syllabus-oriented question-bank system that is capable of producing paper-based exams with multiple forms along with answer keys. The developed software tool is nam...Aims: This study aims at designing and implementing syllabus-oriented question-bank system that is capable of producing paper-based exams with multiple forms along with answer keys. The developed software tool is named Χ(Chi)-Pro Milestone and supports four types of questions, namely: Multiple-choice, True/False, Short-Answer and Free-Response Essay questions. The study is motivated by the fact that student number in schools and universities is continuously growing at high, non-linear, and uncontrolled rates. This growth, however, is not accompanied by an equivalent growth of educational resources (mainly: instructors, classrooms, and labs). A direct result of this situation is having relatively large number of students in each classroom. It is observed that providing and using online-examining systems could be intractable and expensive. As an alternative, paper-based exams can be used. One main issue is that manually produced paper-based exams are of low quality because of some human factors such as instability and relatively narrow range of topics [1]. Further, it is observed that instructors usually need to spend a lot of time and energy in composing paper-based exams with multiple forms. Therefore, the use of computers for automatic production of paper-based exams from question banks is becoming more and more important. Methodology: The design and evaluation of X-Pro Milestone are done by considering a basic set of design principles that are based on a list of identified Functional and Non-Functional Requirements. Deriving those requirements is made possible by developing X-Pro Milestone using the Iterative and Incremental model from software engineering domain. Results: We demonstrate that X-Pro Milestone has a number of excellent characteristics compared to the exam-preparation and question banks tools available in market. Some of these characteristics are: ease of use and operation, user-friendly interface and good usability, high security and protection of the question bank-items, high stability, and reliability. Further, X-Pro Milestone makes initiating, maintaining and archiving Question-Banks and produced exams possible. Putting X-Pro Milestone into real use has showed that X-Pro Milestone is easy to be learned and effectively used. We demonstrate that X-Pro Milestone is a cost-effective alternative to online examining systems with more and richer features and with low infrastructure requirements.展开更多
The issue related to the risk of identity impersonation, where one person can be replaced by another in online exam surveillance systems, poses challenges. This study focuses on the effectiveness of detecting attempts...The issue related to the risk of identity impersonation, where one person can be replaced by another in online exam surveillance systems, poses challenges. This study focuses on the effectiveness of detecting attempts of identity impersonation through face substitution during online exams, with the aim of ensuring the integrity of assessments. The goal is to develop facial recognition algorithms capable of precisely detecting these impersonations, training them on a tailored database rather than biased generic data. An original database of student faces has been created. An algorithm leveraging advanced deep learning techniques such as depthwise separable convolution has been developed and evaluated on this database. We achieved very high levels of precision, reaching an accuracy rate of 98% in face detection and recognition.展开更多
This paper discusses the importance of a well-written college English final exam within a university at the end of each semester, the directive function of such an exam, the valuable informative feedback of the detail...This paper discusses the importance of a well-written college English final exam within a university at the end of each semester, the directive function of such an exam, the valuable informative feedback of the detailed scores, the necessity and importance of informing students of the general format of the exam and types of items as early as possible. It also deals with the importance of formative evaluation, the functions of regular scores, problems in retests that test-makers should pay attention to and the different organizations of test-makers.展开更多
Until recently,elementary and high school students across China faced regular exams organized by localand regional educational authorities.These exams were conducted with the aim of mea-suring and improving student su...Until recently,elementary and high school students across China faced regular exams organized by localand regional educational authorities.These exams were conducted with the aim of mea-suring and improving student success,but with districts vying against one another and schools'reputations on the line,undue pressure was inevitably handed down to classroom teachers and students.展开更多
Little research has been conducted on Oral English course exams for tertiary-level English major students in China. Issues found in recent surveys of teachers and students of Oral English classes at four universities ...Little research has been conducted on Oral English course exams for tertiary-level English major students in China. Issues found in recent surveys of teachers and students of Oral English classes at four universities suggest that the Oral English course exam needs a theoretical model to ensure its reliability and validity and hence to better lead students' learning of spoken English. Applying language testing theories and using ethnographic methodologies, this paper attempts to propose such a model through discussing the problematic issues in current practice in Oral English course exams and defining the targeted oral English abilities to be examined.展开更多
China’s national college entrance exam,which is set down for June 7 and 8,occurred on Monday and Tuesday this year.The exam caused extensive traffic jams incities and many parents had to take two days off work to acc...China’s national college entrance exam,which is set down for June 7 and 8,occurred on Monday and Tuesday this year.The exam caused extensive traffic jams incities and many parents had to take two days off work to accompany their children to the exam.展开更多
A teacher sitting alongside his/her students taking the same exam is something unheard of in high schools in China.However,in mid-January,over 8,000 high school teach- ers in northeast China’s Shenyang City took part...A teacher sitting alongside his/her students taking the same exam is something unheard of in high schools in China.However,in mid-January,over 8,000 high school teach- ers in northeast China’s Shenyang City took part in the final examination together with their students.This is a first for Shenyang’s education system and a move that is still new to most of China. The exam was organized after the Shenyang Education Bureau decided that monitoring the quality of local education would in future not only cover students but also the teachers.How the teachers do in the examination will be an important criterion in the teaching evaluation system.展开更多
This year marks the10th time 81-year-old Wang Xia took the national college entrance exam.Wang is a wellknown figure in Nanjing,capital of eastern Jiangsu Province.He became known to the public in 2001 at 72 when he e...This year marks the10th time 81-year-old Wang Xia took the national college entrance exam.Wang is a wellknown figure in Nanjing,capital of eastern Jiangsu Province.He became known to the public in 2001 at 72 when he entered展开更多
(1997/11/20) It is 9: 30 in the evening. I have just finished the final exam of Macroeconomics.It is scheduled from 7 p. m. to 10 p. m. It is not that difficult. But it takes me abouttwo hours to finish, because we ne...(1997/11/20) It is 9: 30 in the evening. I have just finished the final exam of Macroeconomics.It is scheduled from 7 p. m. to 10 p. m. It is not that difficult. But it takes me abouttwo hours to finish, because we need to write a lot and there is some computution to do.展开更多
Hello,everyone!I'm a fifth-grade student from Beijing.Today I want to talk about something I see a lot"tiger parenting".This means parents push their kids to study very hard.Many parents around me are li...Hello,everyone!I'm a fifth-grade student from Beijing.Today I want to talk about something I see a lot"tiger parenting".This means parents push their kids to study very hard.Many parents around me are like this.They send their kids to many after-school classes—online,inperson,big groups,small groups,even one-on-one lessons!Some parents give their kids a lot of extra homework.Others make them take many exams,like Olympic Math,KET,and PET.It feels like we always have to get certifi cates or we'll fall behind.Studying hard can be good.展开更多
好题精选Join the Study Program and boost your learning Who can join the Study Program?The Study Program welcomes all high school students seeking academic growth.Freshmen adjusting to new routines,seniors tackling exa...好题精选Join the Study Program and boost your learning Who can join the Study Program?The Study Program welcomes all high school students seeking academic growth.Freshmen adjusting to new routines,seniors tackling exams and anyone needing extra support can benefit from it.Participants come from over fifty schools across the city.1.They share a common goal to achieve academic excellence.展开更多
Disseminated mucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal infection with high mortality,particularly in immunocompromised patients.Early diagnosis and prompt intervention are crutial but often delayed due to nonspecific ...Disseminated mucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal infection with high mortality,particularly in immunocompromised patients.Early diagnosis and prompt intervention are crutial but often delayed due to nonspecific presentations.Many studies have highlighted the challenges in emergency settings,where atypical symptoms may lead to misdiagnosis.We report a rare case of disseminated mucormycosis originating from the stomach in a pregnancy-induced thrombocytopenia(PITP)patient,emphasizing rapid gastroscopy examination,histopathological confi rmation,multidisciplinary management,and high-risk factors for hospital-acquired gastrointestinal mucormycosis infection.展开更多
BACKGROUND System based practice(SBP) milestones require trainees to effectively navigate the larger health care system for optimal patient care. In gastroenterology training programs, the assessment of SBP is difficu...BACKGROUND System based practice(SBP) milestones require trainees to effectively navigate the larger health care system for optimal patient care. In gastroenterology training programs, the assessment of SBP is difficult due to high volume, high acuity inpatient care, as well as inconsistent direct supervision. Nevertheless,structured assessment is required for training programs. We hypothesized that objective structured clinical examination(OSCE) would be an effective tool for assessment of SBP.AIM To develop a novel method for SBP milestone assessment of gastroenterology fellows using the OSCE.METHODS For this observational study, we created 4 OSCE stations: Counseling an impaired colleague, handoff after overnight call, a feeding tube placement discussion, and giving feedback to a medical student on a progress note. Twentysix first year fellows from 7 programs participated. All fellows encountered identical case presentations. Checklists were completed by trained standardized patients who interacted with each fellow participant. A report with individual and composite scores was generated and forwarded to program directors to utilize in formative assessment. Fellows also received immediate feedback from a faculty observer and completed a post-session program evaluation survey.RESULTS Survey response rate was 100%. The average composite score across SBP milestones for all cases were 6.22(SBP1), 4.34(SBP2), 3.35(SBP3), and 6.42(SBP4)out of 9. The lowest composite score was in SBP 3, which asks fellows to advocate for cost effective care. This highest score was in patient care 2, which asks fellows to develop comprehensive management plans. Discrepancies were identified between the fellows’ perceived performance in their self-assessments and Standardized Patient checklist evaluations for each case. Eighty-seven percent of fellows agreed that OSCEs are an important component of their clinical training,and 83% stated that the cases were similar to actual clinical encounters. All participating fellows stated that the immediate feedback was "very useful." One hundred percent of the fellows stated they would incorporate OSCE learning into their clinical practice.CONCLUSION OSCEs may be used for standardized evaluation of SBP milestones. Trainees scored lower on SBP milestones than other more concrete milestones. Training programs should consider OSCEs for assessment of SBP.展开更多
Cheat sheets are so named because they may be used by students without the instructor's knowledge to cheat on a test.Student learning is greatly enhanced by studying prior to an exam.Allowing students to prepare a...Cheat sheets are so named because they may be used by students without the instructor's knowledge to cheat on a test.Student learning is greatly enhanced by studying prior to an exam.Allowing students to prepare a cheat sheet for the exam helps structure this study time and deepens learning.The crib sheet is well defined:one double-sided page of A4.An award for the best and most creative cheat sheet allows the instructor to appreciate the students' efforts.Using the cheat sheet can not only reduces student anxiety during testing but also incease student learning efficiency.展开更多
文摘Online examinations have become a dominant assessment mode,increasing concerns over academic integrity.To address the critical challenge of detecting cheating behaviours,this study proposes a hybrid deep learning approach that combines visual detection and temporal behaviour classification.The methodology utilises object detection models—You Only Look Once(YOLOv12),Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network(RCNN),and Single Shot Detector(SSD)MobileNet—integrated with classification models such as Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN),Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit(Bi-GRU),and CNN-LSTM(Long Short-Term Memory).Two distinct datasets were used:the Online Exam Proctoring(EOP)dataset from Michigan State University and the School of Computer Science,Duy Tan Unievrsity(SCS-DTU)dataset collected in a controlled classroom setting.A diverse set of cheating behaviours,including book usage,unauthorised interaction,internet access,and mobile phone use,was categorised.Comprehensive experiments evaluated the models based on accuracy,precision,recall,training time,inference speed,and memory usage.We evaluate nine detector-classifier pairings under a unified budget and score them via a calibrated harmonic mean of detection and classification accuracies,enabling deployment-oriented selection under latency and memory constraints.Macro-Precision/Recall/F1 and Receiver Operating Characteristic-Area Under the Curve(ROC-AUC)are reported for the top configurations,revealing consistent advantages of object-centric pipelines for fine-grained cheating cues.The highest overall score is achieved by YOLOv12+CNN(97.15%accuracy),while SSD-MobileNet+CNN provides the best speed-efficiency trade-off for edge devices.This research provides valuable insights into selecting and deploying appropriate deep learning models for maintaining exam integrity under varying resource constraints.
基金funded by the Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number(PNURSP2025R752),Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘The rapid shift to online education has introduced significant challenges to maintaining academic integrity in remote assessments,as traditional proctoring methods fall short in preventing cheating.The increase in cheating during online exams highlights the need for efficient,adaptable detection models to uphold academic credibility.This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of various deep learning models for cheating detection in online proctoring systems,evaluating their accuracy,efficiency,and adaptability.We benchmark several advanced architectures,including EfficientNet,MobileNetV2,ResNet variants and more,using two specialized datasets(OEP and OP)tailored for online proctoring contexts.Our findings reveal that EfficientNetB1 and YOLOv5 achieve top performance on the OP dataset,with EfficientNetB1 attaining a peak accuracy of 94.59% and YOLOv5 reaching a mean average precision(mAP@0.5)of 98.3%.For the OEP dataset,ResNet50-CBAM,YOLOv5 and EfficientNetB0 stand out,with ResNet50-CBAMachieving an accuracy of 93.61% and EfficientNetB0 showing robust detection performance with balanced accuracy and computational efficiency.These results underscore the importance of selectingmodels that balance accuracy and efficiency,supporting scalable,effective cheating detection in online assessments.
文摘Aims: This study aims at designing and implementing syllabus-oriented question-bank system that is capable of producing paper-based exams with multiple forms along with answer keys. The developed software tool is named Χ(Chi)-Pro Milestone and supports four types of questions, namely: Multiple-choice, True/False, Short-Answer and Free-Response Essay questions. The study is motivated by the fact that student number in schools and universities is continuously growing at high, non-linear, and uncontrolled rates. This growth, however, is not accompanied by an equivalent growth of educational resources (mainly: instructors, classrooms, and labs). A direct result of this situation is having relatively large number of students in each classroom. It is observed that providing and using online-examining systems could be intractable and expensive. As an alternative, paper-based exams can be used. One main issue is that manually produced paper-based exams are of low quality because of some human factors such as instability and relatively narrow range of topics [1]. Further, it is observed that instructors usually need to spend a lot of time and energy in composing paper-based exams with multiple forms. Therefore, the use of computers for automatic production of paper-based exams from question banks is becoming more and more important. Methodology: The design and evaluation of X-Pro Milestone are done by considering a basic set of design principles that are based on a list of identified Functional and Non-Functional Requirements. Deriving those requirements is made possible by developing X-Pro Milestone using the Iterative and Incremental model from software engineering domain. Results: We demonstrate that X-Pro Milestone has a number of excellent characteristics compared to the exam-preparation and question banks tools available in market. Some of these characteristics are: ease of use and operation, user-friendly interface and good usability, high security and protection of the question bank-items, high stability, and reliability. Further, X-Pro Milestone makes initiating, maintaining and archiving Question-Banks and produced exams possible. Putting X-Pro Milestone into real use has showed that X-Pro Milestone is easy to be learned and effectively used. We demonstrate that X-Pro Milestone is a cost-effective alternative to online examining systems with more and richer features and with low infrastructure requirements.
文摘The issue related to the risk of identity impersonation, where one person can be replaced by another in online exam surveillance systems, poses challenges. This study focuses on the effectiveness of detecting attempts of identity impersonation through face substitution during online exams, with the aim of ensuring the integrity of assessments. The goal is to develop facial recognition algorithms capable of precisely detecting these impersonations, training them on a tailored database rather than biased generic data. An original database of student faces has been created. An algorithm leveraging advanced deep learning techniques such as depthwise separable convolution has been developed and evaluated on this database. We achieved very high levels of precision, reaching an accuracy rate of 98% in face detection and recognition.
文摘This paper discusses the importance of a well-written college English final exam within a university at the end of each semester, the directive function of such an exam, the valuable informative feedback of the detailed scores, the necessity and importance of informing students of the general format of the exam and types of items as early as possible. It also deals with the importance of formative evaluation, the functions of regular scores, problems in retests that test-makers should pay attention to and the different organizations of test-makers.
文摘Until recently,elementary and high school students across China faced regular exams organized by localand regional educational authorities.These exams were conducted with the aim of mea-suring and improving student success,but with districts vying against one another and schools'reputations on the line,undue pressure was inevitably handed down to classroom teachers and students.
文摘Little research has been conducted on Oral English course exams for tertiary-level English major students in China. Issues found in recent surveys of teachers and students of Oral English classes at four universities suggest that the Oral English course exam needs a theoretical model to ensure its reliability and validity and hence to better lead students' learning of spoken English. Applying language testing theories and using ethnographic methodologies, this paper attempts to propose such a model through discussing the problematic issues in current practice in Oral English course exams and defining the targeted oral English abilities to be examined.
文摘China’s national college entrance exam,which is set down for June 7 and 8,occurred on Monday and Tuesday this year.The exam caused extensive traffic jams incities and many parents had to take two days off work to accompany their children to the exam.
文摘A teacher sitting alongside his/her students taking the same exam is something unheard of in high schools in China.However,in mid-January,over 8,000 high school teach- ers in northeast China’s Shenyang City took part in the final examination together with their students.This is a first for Shenyang’s education system and a move that is still new to most of China. The exam was organized after the Shenyang Education Bureau decided that monitoring the quality of local education would in future not only cover students but also the teachers.How the teachers do in the examination will be an important criterion in the teaching evaluation system.
文摘This year marks the10th time 81-year-old Wang Xia took the national college entrance exam.Wang is a wellknown figure in Nanjing,capital of eastern Jiangsu Province.He became known to the public in 2001 at 72 when he entered
文摘(1997/11/20) It is 9: 30 in the evening. I have just finished the final exam of Macroeconomics.It is scheduled from 7 p. m. to 10 p. m. It is not that difficult. But it takes me abouttwo hours to finish, because we need to write a lot and there is some computution to do.
文摘Hello,everyone!I'm a fifth-grade student from Beijing.Today I want to talk about something I see a lot"tiger parenting".This means parents push their kids to study very hard.Many parents around me are like this.They send their kids to many after-school classes—online,inperson,big groups,small groups,even one-on-one lessons!Some parents give their kids a lot of extra homework.Others make them take many exams,like Olympic Math,KET,and PET.It feels like we always have to get certifi cates or we'll fall behind.Studying hard can be good.
文摘好题精选Join the Study Program and boost your learning Who can join the Study Program?The Study Program welcomes all high school students seeking academic growth.Freshmen adjusting to new routines,seniors tackling exams and anyone needing extra support can benefit from it.Participants come from over fifty schools across the city.1.They share a common goal to achieve academic excellence.
基金supported by a grant from Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2023A15115012665).
文摘Disseminated mucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal infection with high mortality,particularly in immunocompromised patients.Early diagnosis and prompt intervention are crutial but often delayed due to nonspecific presentations.Many studies have highlighted the challenges in emergency settings,where atypical symptoms may lead to misdiagnosis.We report a rare case of disseminated mucormycosis originating from the stomach in a pregnancy-induced thrombocytopenia(PITP)patient,emphasizing rapid gastroscopy examination,histopathological confi rmation,multidisciplinary management,and high-risk factors for hospital-acquired gastrointestinal mucormycosis infection.
文摘BACKGROUND System based practice(SBP) milestones require trainees to effectively navigate the larger health care system for optimal patient care. In gastroenterology training programs, the assessment of SBP is difficult due to high volume, high acuity inpatient care, as well as inconsistent direct supervision. Nevertheless,structured assessment is required for training programs. We hypothesized that objective structured clinical examination(OSCE) would be an effective tool for assessment of SBP.AIM To develop a novel method for SBP milestone assessment of gastroenterology fellows using the OSCE.METHODS For this observational study, we created 4 OSCE stations: Counseling an impaired colleague, handoff after overnight call, a feeding tube placement discussion, and giving feedback to a medical student on a progress note. Twentysix first year fellows from 7 programs participated. All fellows encountered identical case presentations. Checklists were completed by trained standardized patients who interacted with each fellow participant. A report with individual and composite scores was generated and forwarded to program directors to utilize in formative assessment. Fellows also received immediate feedback from a faculty observer and completed a post-session program evaluation survey.RESULTS Survey response rate was 100%. The average composite score across SBP milestones for all cases were 6.22(SBP1), 4.34(SBP2), 3.35(SBP3), and 6.42(SBP4)out of 9. The lowest composite score was in SBP 3, which asks fellows to advocate for cost effective care. This highest score was in patient care 2, which asks fellows to develop comprehensive management plans. Discrepancies were identified between the fellows’ perceived performance in their self-assessments and Standardized Patient checklist evaluations for each case. Eighty-seven percent of fellows agreed that OSCEs are an important component of their clinical training,and 83% stated that the cases were similar to actual clinical encounters. All participating fellows stated that the immediate feedback was "very useful." One hundred percent of the fellows stated they would incorporate OSCE learning into their clinical practice.CONCLUSION OSCEs may be used for standardized evaluation of SBP milestones. Trainees scored lower on SBP milestones than other more concrete milestones. Training programs should consider OSCEs for assessment of SBP.
文摘Cheat sheets are so named because they may be used by students without the instructor's knowledge to cheat on a test.Student learning is greatly enhanced by studying prior to an exam.Allowing students to prepare a cheat sheet for the exam helps structure this study time and deepens learning.The crib sheet is well defined:one double-sided page of A4.An award for the best and most creative cheat sheet allows the instructor to appreciate the students' efforts.Using the cheat sheet can not only reduces student anxiety during testing but also incease student learning efficiency.
