Against the strategic backdrop of forging and strengthening the consciousness of the Chinese national community in the new era,universities in border areas,as crucial platforms for the integration of multi-ethnic cult...Against the strategic backdrop of forging and strengthening the consciousness of the Chinese national community in the new era,universities in border areas,as crucial platforms for the integration of multi-ethnic cultures,shoulder the significant mission of enhancing ethnic unity and promoting outstanding traditional Chinese culture.As an important carrier of Chinese culture,ethnic music not only contains profound historical memories and emotional identities but also demonstrates a powerful cultural and educational function in the teaching of border universities.Based on the actual situation of universities in border areas,this paper analyzes the unique value of ethnic music in cultivating students’national identity,cultural identity,and emotional identity,and explores effective paths for it to empower the forging and strengthening of the consciousness of the Chinese national community in teaching practice.By combining policy orientations and teaching status quo,the paper points out the main dilemmas such as single curriculum content,insufficient integration of ideological and political education,and a lack of practical resources,and proposes countermeasures such as strengthening the integration of ideological and political education,optimizing the curriculum structure,and expanding practical platforms.Through the deepening and innovation of ethnic music education,border universities can effectively enhance students’cultural consciousness and cultural confidence,providing solid educational support for forging and strengthening the consciousness of the Chinese national community.This paper has positive significance for promoting the high-quality development of education in border universities and constructing a new-era ethnic unity and progress education system.展开更多
As an effective livelihood approach to alleviate poverty without rural population migration, ethnic tourism has become the primary choice of economic development in ethnic areas worldwide in addition to traditional li...As an effective livelihood approach to alleviate poverty without rural population migration, ethnic tourism has become the primary choice of economic development in ethnic areas worldwide in addition to traditional livelihood approaches. This article applies the theories of livelihood to study the community evolution driven by tourism livelihood and examine three mountainous tourism communities in different stages of tourist area life cycle. Drawing on the methods of GIS spatial analysis, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, this article proposes a sustainable livelihood framework for ethnic tourism to explore the evolution of ethnic tourism communities by identifying changes in livelihood assets(natural, financial, social, cultural and human capitals) in the process of tourism development. The results show that the development of ethnic tourism has led to changes in the increase of building land, and the diversification of land use functions with a trend of shifting from meeting local villagers' living needs to satisfying tourists, income composition and uneven distribution of tourism income spatially. Ethnic tourism also led to the deterioration of traditional social management structure, collapse of neighboring relationship, the over- commercialization and staged authenticity of ethnic culture, as well as the gradual vanish of agricultural knowledge with a trend of increasing modern business knowledge and higher education. In addition, these changes, involving livelihood assets from natural, economic, human, social and cultural aspects are interrelated and interactive, which form new evolution characters of ethnic community. This study reveals the conflicts over livelihood approaches which have formed new vulnerabilities to impact on sustainable evolution of ethnic communities. This research provides implications for achieving the sustainable development of ethnic communities with the driving force of tourism livelihood.展开更多
A three-year study over the Bai, Jingpo and Huayaodai communities in Yunnan Province reveals that the community development is significantly influenced in various ways by such cultural factors as the concepts of devel...A three-year study over the Bai, Jingpo and Huayaodai communities in Yunnan Province reveals that the community development is significantly influenced in various ways by such cultural factors as the concepts of development; concepts and traditions of inter-community relationships, consumption, mar- riage and gender; patterns of decision-making and production, resource and income allocation; as well as the role of information dissemination systems, religion and ritual. Based on the analysis over the interactive relevance between each factor and community development, some strategies and methods for dealing with such a cultural relevance in development projects are recommended.展开更多
This study aims to describe the procession of katoba tradition performance on the Muna ethnic community at Muna Barat Regency,Southeast Celebes,Indonesia.This research is qualitative.This research was conducted at Gua...This study aims to describe the procession of katoba tradition performance on the Muna ethnic community at Muna Barat Regency,Southeast Celebes,Indonesia.This research is qualitative.This research was conducted at Guali village,Kusambi Sub-district of Muna Barat Regency,Southeast Celebes,Indonesia.Data sources of this research consist of primary and secondary data.In this study,the informants were determined purposively.To dig up information,both in the form of primary and secondary data,two techniques were used,namely observation and in-depth interviews.In this study,data analysis was done descriptively,qualitatively,and interpretively.The results of this research show that katoba tradition on the Muna ethnic community is carried out in four stages,namely:(i)performing ablution,(ii)performing kangkilo(circumcision),(iii)giving katoba advice,and(iv)reciting katoba pledge and haroa rasul prayer.The character educational value contained in katoba tradition on the Muna ethnic community is reflected in katoba advice guideline that must be taught to the katoba participant.The katoba advice guidelines are as follows:(a)dososo(regretting),(b)dofekakodoho dhosa(avoiding sins),(c)dotehi kamokula moghane(obeying father),(d)dotehi kamokula robhine(obeying mother),(e)dotehi poisaha(obeying older brothers/sisters),(f)doasiagho poaiha(loving younger brothers/sisters),and(g)miina daeala haku naasi(not taking the other people’s rights).展开更多
Against the backdrop of rapid tourism development,the imbalanced distribution of conflicting interests among community residents in tourist destinations has become a focus of attention.As core stakeholders of tourist ...Against the backdrop of rapid tourism development,the imbalanced distribution of conflicting interests among community residents in tourist destinations has become a focus of attention.As core stakeholders of tourist destinations,community residents play an indispensable role in creating a“hospitable atmosphere”.Community residents’participation in tourism development is vital for promoting sustainable development.Environmental justice theory emphasizes the fairness of resource allocation and participation in negotiations,and it has developed into an essential issue for the sustainable development of tourist destinations.This study took Skula Town in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture as a case study to explore the participation behavior of residents in ethnic tourism communities in the development of tourist destinations.Based on grounded theory and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA),a complex causal model of high participation behavior of the residents in ethnic tourism communities was constructed to reveal the multiple influencing factors and their interrelationships from the environmental justice perspective.Nineteen complex combination paths were identified that can promote the high participation behavior of community residents,which verified the diversity and complexity of the conditions behind the high participation behavior of residents in ethnic tourism communities.The results show that fair resource allocation,effective environmental protection measures,and residents’recognition of tourism development are the key factors driving high participation behavior.This study reveals the complex relationships between multiple factors that influence participation behavior from the perspective of environmental justice,with the aim of deepening our understanding of residents in ethnic tourism communities’participation in tourism development and providing a reference for the sustainable development of local tourism and the stable development of society.展开更多
Currently,the century-long transformation is accelerating,nationalism,populism,and conservatism are interacting and surging,posing multiple challenges to international security.Based on sorting out the evolutionary lo...Currently,the century-long transformation is accelerating,nationalism,populism,and conservatism are interacting and surging,posing multiple challenges to international security.Based on sorting out the evolutionary logic and latest trends of these three ideological trends,this paper systematically analyzes their impacts on national sovereignty,multi-ethnic communities,and global governance,then proposes a systematic design for the ideological and political education in international security courses.Specifically,it includes:deepening the theoretical teaching system;innovating practical teaching carriers;strengthening the dimension of value guidance;and promoting interdisciplinary integrated teaching.This aims to provide a replicable and promotable paradigm for universities to build an international security course system and cultivate students with both theoretical research and governance capabilities.展开更多
Livelihood of the people in Nepal hills depends much upon forest resources in addition to farming as forest plays a critical role in the well being of the farming households where access to alternative sources, such a...Livelihood of the people in Nepal hills depends much upon forest resources in addition to farming as forest plays a critical role in the well being of the farming households where access to alternative sources, such as energy for cooking, nutrition for animals, materials for fertilizer and constructing materials for shelter, are limited. Thus, the well being of the people in the hills is directly affected by the management of these forest resources. This issue was addressed in this paper by examining the forest resource management practices and its effect on well being of rural people in two different stages in a village lying in the steep hill of Mahabharat Range in the southern hills of Kathmandu valley, Lalitpur District. The main ethnic/caste groups in the village are Brahmin/Chhetri (high Hindu caste), Magar/Tamang (Tibeto Burmans) and Kami (occupational caste: cobbler). Currently there are four community forest users groups, with mixed ethnic membership, organized to manage the forest resources. The endowments, weak institutional settings, before 1990 helped the Bhramins, Magars and Tamangs to get access into the private forest endowment, which made them easy to get access to the forest resources, mainly fuel wood, fodder and timber in 1990 and enhanced their well beings. But the socially backward Kami could not get benefit from the institutions that existed during that time and had less chance to enhance their well beings. After the set up of different endowments during late 1990s, i.e., hand over of forest management to usersgroupsin line with the concept of community forest, environment to use the forest resources became better for all the groups, along with the management of the forest. This enhanced the well beings of all the groups in the study village. However, the ability of Kami to use the forest resources to enhance their well beings was still lacking behind. The reason was partially due to the difference in endowments carried over from the endowments before 1990, and partly due to their occupational work and location of their settlements.展开更多
The participation of ethnic minority communities in the development of local tourism is usual y based on the family unit. Senior citizens can not only provide labor services within their reach, but inherit and defend ...The participation of ethnic minority communities in the development of local tourism is usual y based on the family unit. Senior citizens can not only provide labor services within their reach, but inherit and defend local culture and landscape, playing an important social role. Their living conditions are tied to the rest of the family, and affect the sustainability of the entire community. Through field visits to ethnic minority communities in Wolong National Nature Reserve in Sichuan, authors of the paper summarized the status and problems of elderly people's participation in tourism development, and put forward specific suggestions.展开更多
India’s race,religion,and caste are quite diverse.Even within the same nation,regional variations exist in the ABO blood type and the Rh system.The current research examined the relationship between diseases and the ...India’s race,religion,and caste are quite diverse.Even within the same nation,regional variations exist in the ABO blood type and the Rh system.The current research examined the relationship between diseases and the ABO blood type among Nagaland’s Chakhesang ethnic communities.This research considered the population of sick people with ABO blood types.One hundred persons,including men and women from the Chakhesang tribe,served as research respondents.The Chakhesang Naga tribe was selected for this study because of the documented higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus within this group compared to the broader regional population.The study also aimed to explore a possible association between these health conditions and blood type A.The ABD antisera typing Kit’s standard methodology was followed for blood group testing.S2 ABO software was used to compute the Hardy-Weinberg model,and the chi-square test was used to compare the results.In this research,we discovered that blood type A was more likely to develop hypertension and diabetes than blood types B and O(blood type A,X^(2)=16.3,P=0.00*;blood type B,X^(2)=18,P=0.00*;blood type O,X^(2)=0.085,P=0.87).This might imply that blood type A may be genetically predisposed to diabetes and hypertension more than other blood types.Our research shows that,compared to healthy individuals,the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes was much higher in the general population.The Chakhesang Naga tribe has the highest prevalence of blood type B,while those with blood type A are the most afflicted and sensitive to hypertension and diabetes.A key limitation of the study is that the findings are based on a specific population and may not be generalizable.Larger and more diverse cohorts are needed to evaluate their broader applicability.展开更多
Objective:We investigate(1)the influence of ethnic,gender,and age concordance with inter-viewers and(2)how expression of qualitative data varies between interviews delivered in English and community languages(Punjabi/...Objective:We investigate(1)the influence of ethnic,gender,and age concordance with inter-viewers and(2)how expression of qualitative data varies between interviews delivered in English and community languages(Punjabi/Urdu)with monolingual and bilingual participants across three generations of the Indian Sikh and Pakistani Muslim communities living in the UK.Methods:We analyzed and interpreted semi-structured interview transcripts that were designed to collect data about lifestyles,disease management,community practices/beliefs,and social net-works.First,qualitative content analysis was applied to transcripts.Second,a framework was ap-plied as a guide to identify cross-language illustrations where responses varied in length,expression and depth.Results:Participant responses differed by language and topic.First-generation migrants when discussing religion,culture,or family practice were far likelier to use group or community narra-tives and give a longer response,indicating familiarity with or importance of such issues.Ethnic and gender concordance generated greater rapport between researchers and participants centered on community values and practices.Further,open-ended questions that were less direct were better suited for first-generation migrants.Conclusion:Community-based researchers need more time to complete interviews in second languages,need to acknowledge that narratives can be contextualized in both personal and com-munity views,and reframe questions that may lead to greater expression.Furthermore,we detail a number of recommendations with regard to validating the translation of interviews from commu-nity languages to English as well as measures for testing language proficiency.展开更多
A crucial issue in comprehending the commonality of"Community for the Chinese Nation"is finding an appropriate way to understand the relationship between the Han ethnic group and ethnic minorities.This artic...A crucial issue in comprehending the commonality of"Community for the Chinese Nation"is finding an appropriate way to understand the relationship between the Han ethnic group and ethnic minorities.This article explores the formation,development,nature,and characteristics of the Han ethnic group,as well as its inherent connections with ethnic minorities in China from both historical and contemporary perspectives.It posits that the Han ethnic group and ethnic minorities in China are intertwined and interdependent,with elements of both groups mutually present in each other.There is no clear boundary between the two,and their relationship is close,both historically and in reality.The Han ethnic group is a unity resulting from the integration of diverse ethnicities,and its composition and tremendous inclusiveness make it the cohesive core of the Chinese nation.Han ethnic group and ethnic minorities,due to their difference in geographical environments,have different economic types;however,their differences in economic types and the resulting economic complementation between the two have become the very reason for the high dependence and close connection between Han and ethnic minorities,which also demonstrate the commonality of"community for the Chinese nation".The Chinese nation has gradually become an organic whole with commonality and diversity through the mutual absorption,integration,and interdependence between the Han ethnic group and ethnic minorities in the long historical process.Therefore,it is necessary to shift away from the mindset of separating or opposing the Han ethnic group and ethnic minorities.展开更多
基金This paper is the research result of the 2023 Undergraduate Teaching Reform Project of Higher Education in Guangxi,“Research on the Teaching Practice Model of Minority Music in Universities under the Background of Forging and Strengthening the Consciousness of the Chinese National Community”(2023JGA234).
文摘Against the strategic backdrop of forging and strengthening the consciousness of the Chinese national community in the new era,universities in border areas,as crucial platforms for the integration of multi-ethnic cultures,shoulder the significant mission of enhancing ethnic unity and promoting outstanding traditional Chinese culture.As an important carrier of Chinese culture,ethnic music not only contains profound historical memories and emotional identities but also demonstrates a powerful cultural and educational function in the teaching of border universities.Based on the actual situation of universities in border areas,this paper analyzes the unique value of ethnic music in cultivating students’national identity,cultural identity,and emotional identity,and explores effective paths for it to empower the forging and strengthening of the consciousness of the Chinese national community in teaching practice.By combining policy orientations and teaching status quo,the paper points out the main dilemmas such as single curriculum content,insufficient integration of ideological and political education,and a lack of practical resources,and proposes countermeasures such as strengthening the integration of ideological and political education,optimizing the curriculum structure,and expanding practical platforms.Through the deepening and innovation of ethnic music education,border universities can effectively enhance students’cultural consciousness and cultural confidence,providing solid educational support for forging and strengthening the consciousness of the Chinese national community.This paper has positive significance for promoting the high-quality development of education in border universities and constructing a new-era ethnic unity and progress education system.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41361033)
文摘As an effective livelihood approach to alleviate poverty without rural population migration, ethnic tourism has become the primary choice of economic development in ethnic areas worldwide in addition to traditional livelihood approaches. This article applies the theories of livelihood to study the community evolution driven by tourism livelihood and examine three mountainous tourism communities in different stages of tourist area life cycle. Drawing on the methods of GIS spatial analysis, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, this article proposes a sustainable livelihood framework for ethnic tourism to explore the evolution of ethnic tourism communities by identifying changes in livelihood assets(natural, financial, social, cultural and human capitals) in the process of tourism development. The results show that the development of ethnic tourism has led to changes in the increase of building land, and the diversification of land use functions with a trend of shifting from meeting local villagers' living needs to satisfying tourists, income composition and uneven distribution of tourism income spatially. Ethnic tourism also led to the deterioration of traditional social management structure, collapse of neighboring relationship, the over- commercialization and staged authenticity of ethnic culture, as well as the gradual vanish of agricultural knowledge with a trend of increasing modern business knowledge and higher education. In addition, these changes, involving livelihood assets from natural, economic, human, social and cultural aspects are interrelated and interactive, which form new evolution characters of ethnic community. This study reveals the conflicts over livelihood approaches which have formed new vulnerabilities to impact on sustainable evolution of ethnic communities. This research provides implications for achieving the sustainable development of ethnic communities with the driving force of tourism livelihood.
文摘A three-year study over the Bai, Jingpo and Huayaodai communities in Yunnan Province reveals that the community development is significantly influenced in various ways by such cultural factors as the concepts of development; concepts and traditions of inter-community relationships, consumption, mar- riage and gender; patterns of decision-making and production, resource and income allocation; as well as the role of information dissemination systems, religion and ritual. Based on the analysis over the interactive relevance between each factor and community development, some strategies and methods for dealing with such a cultural relevance in development projects are recommended.
文摘This study aims to describe the procession of katoba tradition performance on the Muna ethnic community at Muna Barat Regency,Southeast Celebes,Indonesia.This research is qualitative.This research was conducted at Guali village,Kusambi Sub-district of Muna Barat Regency,Southeast Celebes,Indonesia.Data sources of this research consist of primary and secondary data.In this study,the informants were determined purposively.To dig up information,both in the form of primary and secondary data,two techniques were used,namely observation and in-depth interviews.In this study,data analysis was done descriptively,qualitatively,and interpretively.The results of this research show that katoba tradition on the Muna ethnic community is carried out in four stages,namely:(i)performing ablution,(ii)performing kangkilo(circumcision),(iii)giving katoba advice,and(iv)reciting katoba pledge and haroa rasul prayer.The character educational value contained in katoba tradition on the Muna ethnic community is reflected in katoba advice guideline that must be taught to the katoba participant.The katoba advice guidelines are as follows:(a)dososo(regretting),(b)dofekakodoho dhosa(avoiding sins),(c)dotehi kamokula moghane(obeying father),(d)dotehi kamokula robhine(obeying mother),(e)dotehi poisaha(obeying older brothers/sisters),(f)doasiagho poaiha(loving younger brothers/sisters),and(g)miina daeala haku naasi(not taking the other people’s rights).
基金The Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau Project(SCWL2022-15B-002)The National Social Science(19XTY001)The Sichuan Provincial Federation of Social Sciences Research Base Project(WRF202401)。
文摘Against the backdrop of rapid tourism development,the imbalanced distribution of conflicting interests among community residents in tourist destinations has become a focus of attention.As core stakeholders of tourist destinations,community residents play an indispensable role in creating a“hospitable atmosphere”.Community residents’participation in tourism development is vital for promoting sustainable development.Environmental justice theory emphasizes the fairness of resource allocation and participation in negotiations,and it has developed into an essential issue for the sustainable development of tourist destinations.This study took Skula Town in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture as a case study to explore the participation behavior of residents in ethnic tourism communities in the development of tourist destinations.Based on grounded theory and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA),a complex causal model of high participation behavior of the residents in ethnic tourism communities was constructed to reveal the multiple influencing factors and their interrelationships from the environmental justice perspective.Nineteen complex combination paths were identified that can promote the high participation behavior of community residents,which verified the diversity and complexity of the conditions behind the high participation behavior of residents in ethnic tourism communities.The results show that fair resource allocation,effective environmental protection measures,and residents’recognition of tourism development are the key factors driving high participation behavior.This study reveals the complex relationships between multiple factors that influence participation behavior from the perspective of environmental justice,with the aim of deepening our understanding of residents in ethnic tourism communities’participation in tourism development and providing a reference for the sustainable development of local tourism and the stable development of society.
基金2024 Ideological and Political Demonstration Project for Graduate Courses,Hebei Provincial Department of Education“Introduction to International Security”(Project No.:YKCSZ2024101)。
文摘Currently,the century-long transformation is accelerating,nationalism,populism,and conservatism are interacting and surging,posing multiple challenges to international security.Based on sorting out the evolutionary logic and latest trends of these three ideological trends,this paper systematically analyzes their impacts on national sovereignty,multi-ethnic communities,and global governance,then proposes a systematic design for the ideological and political education in international security courses.Specifically,it includes:deepening the theoretical teaching system;innovating practical teaching carriers;strengthening the dimension of value guidance;and promoting interdisciplinary integrated teaching.This aims to provide a replicable and promotable paradigm for universities to build an international security course system and cultivate students with both theoretical research and governance capabilities.
文摘Livelihood of the people in Nepal hills depends much upon forest resources in addition to farming as forest plays a critical role in the well being of the farming households where access to alternative sources, such as energy for cooking, nutrition for animals, materials for fertilizer and constructing materials for shelter, are limited. Thus, the well being of the people in the hills is directly affected by the management of these forest resources. This issue was addressed in this paper by examining the forest resource management practices and its effect on well being of rural people in two different stages in a village lying in the steep hill of Mahabharat Range in the southern hills of Kathmandu valley, Lalitpur District. The main ethnic/caste groups in the village are Brahmin/Chhetri (high Hindu caste), Magar/Tamang (Tibeto Burmans) and Kami (occupational caste: cobbler). Currently there are four community forest users groups, with mixed ethnic membership, organized to manage the forest resources. The endowments, weak institutional settings, before 1990 helped the Bhramins, Magars and Tamangs to get access into the private forest endowment, which made them easy to get access to the forest resources, mainly fuel wood, fodder and timber in 1990 and enhanced their well beings. But the socially backward Kami could not get benefit from the institutions that existed during that time and had less chance to enhance their well beings. After the set up of different endowments during late 1990s, i.e., hand over of forest management to usersgroupsin line with the concept of community forest, environment to use the forest resources became better for all the groups, along with the management of the forest. This enhanced the well beings of all the groups in the study village. However, the ability of Kami to use the forest resources to enhance their well beings was still lacking behind. The reason was partially due to the difference in endowments carried over from the endowments before 1990, and partly due to their occupational work and location of their settlements.
基金Sponsored by Poverty Alleviation and Development Assistance Self-Raised Project in Sichuan of China Railway(GJ20130506SC03)Project for Young Scholars of Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Southwest Minzu University(2017NZYQN21)
文摘The participation of ethnic minority communities in the development of local tourism is usual y based on the family unit. Senior citizens can not only provide labor services within their reach, but inherit and defend local culture and landscape, playing an important social role. Their living conditions are tied to the rest of the family, and affect the sustainability of the entire community. Through field visits to ethnic minority communities in Wolong National Nature Reserve in Sichuan, authors of the paper summarized the status and problems of elderly people's participation in tourism development, and put forward specific suggestions.
文摘India’s race,religion,and caste are quite diverse.Even within the same nation,regional variations exist in the ABO blood type and the Rh system.The current research examined the relationship between diseases and the ABO blood type among Nagaland’s Chakhesang ethnic communities.This research considered the population of sick people with ABO blood types.One hundred persons,including men and women from the Chakhesang tribe,served as research respondents.The Chakhesang Naga tribe was selected for this study because of the documented higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus within this group compared to the broader regional population.The study also aimed to explore a possible association between these health conditions and blood type A.The ABD antisera typing Kit’s standard methodology was followed for blood group testing.S2 ABO software was used to compute the Hardy-Weinberg model,and the chi-square test was used to compare the results.In this research,we discovered that blood type A was more likely to develop hypertension and diabetes than blood types B and O(blood type A,X^(2)=16.3,P=0.00*;blood type B,X^(2)=18,P=0.00*;blood type O,X^(2)=0.085,P=0.87).This might imply that blood type A may be genetically predisposed to diabetes and hypertension more than other blood types.Our research shows that,compared to healthy individuals,the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes was much higher in the general population.The Chakhesang Naga tribe has the highest prevalence of blood type B,while those with blood type A are the most afflicted and sensitive to hypertension and diabetes.A key limitation of the study is that the findings are based on a specific population and may not be generalizable.Larger and more diverse cohorts are needed to evaluate their broader applicability.
基金funded by the University of Birmingham and the National Institute for Health Research(NIHR)through the Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West Midlands program.Primary Care Clinical Sciences is a member of the NIHR School for Primary Care Research.
文摘Objective:We investigate(1)the influence of ethnic,gender,and age concordance with inter-viewers and(2)how expression of qualitative data varies between interviews delivered in English and community languages(Punjabi/Urdu)with monolingual and bilingual participants across three generations of the Indian Sikh and Pakistani Muslim communities living in the UK.Methods:We analyzed and interpreted semi-structured interview transcripts that were designed to collect data about lifestyles,disease management,community practices/beliefs,and social net-works.First,qualitative content analysis was applied to transcripts.Second,a framework was ap-plied as a guide to identify cross-language illustrations where responses varied in length,expression and depth.Results:Participant responses differed by language and topic.First-generation migrants when discussing religion,culture,or family practice were far likelier to use group or community narra-tives and give a longer response,indicating familiarity with or importance of such issues.Ethnic and gender concordance generated greater rapport between researchers and participants centered on community values and practices.Further,open-ended questions that were less direct were better suited for first-generation migrants.Conclusion:Community-based researchers need more time to complete interviews in second languages,need to acknowledge that narratives can be contextualized in both personal and com-munity views,and reframe questions that may lead to greater expression.Furthermore,we detail a number of recommendations with regard to validating the translation of interviews from commu-nity languages to English as well as measures for testing language proficiency.
基金the National Social Science Foundation"Research on the Concept of the Chinese Nation and its Historical Context"(21VMZ015).
文摘A crucial issue in comprehending the commonality of"Community for the Chinese Nation"is finding an appropriate way to understand the relationship between the Han ethnic group and ethnic minorities.This article explores the formation,development,nature,and characteristics of the Han ethnic group,as well as its inherent connections with ethnic minorities in China from both historical and contemporary perspectives.It posits that the Han ethnic group and ethnic minorities in China are intertwined and interdependent,with elements of both groups mutually present in each other.There is no clear boundary between the two,and their relationship is close,both historically and in reality.The Han ethnic group is a unity resulting from the integration of diverse ethnicities,and its composition and tremendous inclusiveness make it the cohesive core of the Chinese nation.Han ethnic group and ethnic minorities,due to their difference in geographical environments,have different economic types;however,their differences in economic types and the resulting economic complementation between the two have become the very reason for the high dependence and close connection between Han and ethnic minorities,which also demonstrate the commonality of"community for the Chinese nation".The Chinese nation has gradually become an organic whole with commonality and diversity through the mutual absorption,integration,and interdependence between the Han ethnic group and ethnic minorities in the long historical process.Therefore,it is necessary to shift away from the mindset of separating or opposing the Han ethnic group and ethnic minorities.
