Regarding the Chan Buddhism lamp records from the Song Dynasty and starting from Jing De Zhuan Deng Lu,the category of“enlightened masters in Chan Buddhism”禪門達者was listed separately,meaning a separate category w...Regarding the Chan Buddhism lamp records from the Song Dynasty and starting from Jing De Zhuan Deng Lu,the category of“enlightened masters in Chan Buddhism”禪門達者was listed separately,meaning a separate category was established for eccentric monks who pretended to be crazy,had unknown inheritance and miraculous deeds,and were difficult to classify.The following lamp records named this category of eccentric monks as“sages”散聖,or“saints”應化聖賢,which constructed another historical genealogy for the special Chan Buddhism eccentric monks.Moreover,the early lamp records included mostly idiosyncratic mad monks from previous dynasties.Since the Southern Song Dynasty,Chan Buddhism historical materials included many sages from the current dynasty.Therefore,this study mainly examines how the genealogy of Chan Buddhism eccentric monks was constructed in Song Dynasty Chan Buddhism lamp records,including quotations,and organizes the images of eccentric monks in the Song Dynasty,as written in Chan Buddhism historical materials,in order that the meaning of existence of these enlightened masters,sages,saints,etc.,included in the genealogy of Song Dynasty eccentric monks in the history of Chan Buddhism can be reflected.展开更多
This article explains the execution and delivery progression phases of the project lifecycle.It is the third phase of the project lifecycle that leads to the final realization of the project's goals.However,this e...This article explains the execution and delivery progression phases of the project lifecycle.It is the third phase of the project lifecycle that leads to the final realization of the project's goals.However,this essay will describe the understanding of the‘enlightened planning’approach during the execution and delivery strategy progress of a project’s lifecycle.The features and details in the Enlightened Planning and PMI PMBOK Guide are compared.The author explored the nature and role of basic frameworks such as the project lifecycle,the process phase structure,and key project definition questions—the seven Ws(Who,Why,What,Which way,Wherewithal,When,Where).Combining Enlightened Planning and PMI PMBOK Guide,the differences between the two approaches are given.In addition,the author elaborated the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches in current practice.展开更多
In Tibetan Buddhism,tulkus,also referred to as“living Buddhas,”believed to be the reincarnations of esteemed former spiritual masters,are among the most revered and cherished religious leaders.Prominent tulkus inclu...In Tibetan Buddhism,tulkus,also referred to as“living Buddhas,”believed to be the reincarnations of esteemed former spiritual masters,are among the most revered and cherished religious leaders.Prominent tulkus include Dalai Lamas,Panchen Lamas,Karmapas and Khyentses,all of whom hold significant influence within the tradition.The different titles reflect the periods in history they were installed and different sects of Tibetan Buddhism.Since the tulku system was established in the 13th century,these spiritual figures have been venerated as sacred beings.展开更多
In his final lectures,Michel Foucault highlighted Diderot’s Rameau’s Nephew as pivotal in the history of the transmission and metamorphosis of Cynicism(Foucault 2012,191).This article investigates and repudiates Fou...In his final lectures,Michel Foucault highlighted Diderot’s Rameau’s Nephew as pivotal in the history of the transmission and metamorphosis of Cynicism(Foucault 2012,191).This article investigates and repudiates Foucault’s conception of the evolution of ancient Cynicism in Diderot’s Rameau’s Nephew during the Enlightenment,focusing on parrhêsia,free speech,or outspokenness.It examines how Diogenes of Sinope’s ethos of truth-telling deviates from its original sense and degenerates into mockery among the Enlightenment cynics in the shift of discourse from the agora to the public spheres like the Caféde Régence.Rameau’s nephew epitomizes modern cynicism,embodying various facets such as satire,misanthropy,and a disdain for societal norms.He challenges sacred values such as truth and truthfulness with sarcasm or indifference in the public sphere of the Enlightenment.Though aspiring to practice parrhêsia,the nephew’s speech deconstructs morality,while his actions seem puppet-like.He oscillates between animality and a“second nature”shaped by rationality.Modern cynics,such as the nephew,contend that all public opinions that dictates decisions are often driven by self-interest.They lack autonomy,resorting to farce or sarcasm when thwarted.In essence,the modern cynicism in the Enlightenment shows great discrepancies from the parrhêsiastic classical Cynicism and leads to a complex interplay of freedom of speech,societal critique,and individualism.Modern cynicism,born from the Enlightenment’s failures,embodies an“enlightened false consciousness.”It culminates in a modern cynical worldview shaped by societal disillusionment and the failure of the Enlightenment ideals.展开更多
The eighteenth century marked the advent of a true Chinese exoticism,its growing interest in the search for universal values characterized the spirit and approach of the Enlightenment that swept France.Philosophers be...The eighteenth century marked the advent of a true Chinese exoticism,its growing interest in the search for universal values characterized the spirit and approach of the Enlightenment that swept France.Philosophers began to find foreign models to remedy this ailing country and in Voltaire’s eyes,China could be an ideal example.This study analyzes the image of China from the pen of Voltaire,mainly in The Princess of Babylon and also in his other works as a complement.It highlights Voltaire’s great interest in Chinese politics,culture and civilization.The return to the legendary and authentic China that Voltaire describes includes a new conception of history,a morality without religious imperatives,a harmonious vision of the state that he calls enlightened despotism.展开更多
This paper explores the divergent receptions of Lu Xun in China and the Anglophone world,examining how his image has been constructed,exalted,and contested across ideological and cultural boundaries.In China,Lu Xun is...This paper explores the divergent receptions of Lu Xun in China and the Anglophone world,examining how his image has been constructed,exalted,and contested across ideological and cultural boundaries.In China,Lu Xun is revered as a literary saint and revolutionary prophet,with his contributions to the New Culture Movement and critiques of feudalism canonized in public memory.In contrast,Anglophone scholarship has deconstructed his figure,focusing on translation politics,Cold War anxieties,postcolonial theory,and aesthetic modernism.Western critics have examined his ethical ambiguities,ideological complexities,and the aesthetic tensions in his work.This comparative analysis highlights how Lu Xun’s legacy reflects both the complexity of his work and the cultural,theoretical,and political contexts of his interpreters.展开更多
Chemistry science popularization for lower grades(Grades 1-2)in primary schools is an important part of science enlightenment education.However,in practice,it generally faces practical dilemmas such as insufficient co...Chemistry science popularization for lower grades(Grades 1-2)in primary schools is an important part of science enlightenment education.However,in practice,it generally faces practical dilemmas such as insufficient content adaptability,a single implementation method,and a lack of coordination mechanisms.Based on Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory and the STSE(Science,Technology,Society,Environment)educational concept,this study constructed a four-in-one strategy system of“content development-teaching implementation-collaborative linkage-guarantee support”through literature analysis,action research,and empirical comparison.An empirical study was conducted in two primary schools for one academic year.The results show that this strategy system can increase students’interest in participating in chemistry science popularization by 42 percentage points,the compliance rate of observation ability reaches 85%,and the collaborative participation of families,schools,and society rises to 85%.The core strategies formed in the study,including“age-appropriate content screening,interactive teaching implementation,three-dimensional collaborative promotion,and full-process guarantee support,”provide a replicable practical model for the standardized and efficient development of chemistry science popularization for lower grades in primary schools.They also offer empirical references for fulfilling the requirement of“strengthening the pertinence and effectiveness of science popularization”in the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Popularization of Science and Technology(revised in 2024).展开更多
By analyzing the basic naturalistic features,namely the controlling power of environment and heredity,it is expected that the naturalistic tendency,at least naturalistic features of the novel can be revealed and some ...By analyzing the basic naturalistic features,namely the controlling power of environment and heredity,it is expected that the naturalistic tendency,at least naturalistic features of the novel can be revealed and some enlightenments on the world view of the contemporary can be gained.The early part of the thesis provides a frame by giving the research background and synopsis,while the later sections aim at approaching the conclusion at the efforts of unveiling the naturalistic features in the novel.展开更多
A very successful image of feminism is created in this novel:Jane Eyre,written by Charlotte Bronte.Jane Eyre grows up from a penniless and pathetic girl into a totally independent new woman economically and emotionall...A very successful image of feminism is created in this novel:Jane Eyre,written by Charlotte Bronte.Jane Eyre grows up from a penniless and pathetic girl into a totally independent new woman economically and emotionally.This essay will introduce the background and the purpose of writing Jane Eyre,then take the independent personality of Jane Eyre as the main body and explore her feminist consciousness,end with some enlightenment from the independent personality in Jane Eyre.展开更多
From 1·18 case, the stiff violent crimes in view of financial sections can be seen to possess the characteristics of family crime, relatively deeper criminal history, delicately selecting hiding places, intellige...From 1·18 case, the stiff violent crimes in view of financial sections can be seen to possess the characteristics of family crime, relatively deeper criminal history, delicately selecting hiding places, intelligent crimes, having proper ant-investigation capabilities, bold and reckless, ruthless measures in the new stage. The successful solution of 1·18 case displayed the firm belief, extraordinary wisdom and massive combat power to conquer over hardships and difficulties of the police organs. As to the urban prevention and control system, the management of shifting population, the self-prevention in vital parts, the prison administration and the pursuit of criminals, the management of guns and bullets, explosives and dangerous articles arouse the people’s reflections simultaneously. Its successful cracking accumulated the plentiful experience to better the police work mechanism under the new situation.展开更多
The Old Man and the Sea tells a tough and frustrated experience of an old fisherman.The theme is a praise of heroism.The enlightenment of the work is that "man is not made for defeat...[a] man can be destroyed bu...The Old Man and the Sea tells a tough and frustrated experience of an old fisherman.The theme is a praise of heroism.The enlightenment of the work is that "man is not made for defeat...[a] man can be destroyed but not defeated."展开更多
On the basis of financial,scientific and technological,and resource factors constraining modern agricultural development,we analyze a series of effective explorations amid the plight of modern agriculture in China.Res...On the basis of financial,scientific and technological,and resource factors constraining modern agricultural development,we analyze a series of effective explorations amid the plight of modern agriculture in China.Results show that significant achievements have been made through measures such as increasing agricultural investment,strengthening research and development and popularization of agricultural science and technology,enhancing infrastructure construction,and great improvement has been made in agricultural production,farmers' living,agricultural science and technology,agricultural industrialization and scale level of land.In line with these,we sum up following experience:insist on ensuring national grain security,increase agricultural investment to lay solid foundation for developing modern agriculture,speed up innovation in mechanism and system,and guide by different types through proper planning in accordance with local conditions.展开更多
Since the programmatic document for the greenway construction in 9 cities of the Pear River Delta-Greenway Network Master Planning Outline for the Pearl River Delta was issued, greenway construction has been launched ...Since the programmatic document for the greenway construction in 9 cities of the Pear River Delta-Greenway Network Master Planning Outline for the Pearl River Delta was issued, greenway construction has been launched in all regions. This study proposed background of greenway study and problems in current greenway construction, analyzed the advanced overseas cases about networking and ecologicalization of greenways, and summarized their successful experience and their enlightenment for domestic greenway planning. By analyzing greenway construction in the United States in an all-around way, especially the typical greenway planning of Auckland Isthmus in New Zealand, it was proposed that sustainable development should be taken as the guiding ideology for greenway network planning of the Pearl River Delta, ecology-based planning adopted, ecological control and guidance of greenway defined, and high technology applied to create a scientific network.展开更多
The report approved on The 20th National Congress of The Communist Party of China (CPC) explained deep meaning of Chinese modernization, which provided practical enlightenment and value guidance for the modernization ...The report approved on The 20th National Congress of The Communist Party of China (CPC) explained deep meaning of Chinese modernization, which provided practical enlightenment and value guidance for the modernization of ideological and political education in universities. The five distinctive characteristics of Chinese modernization, including “huge population”,“common prosperity for all”, “harmony between material and spiritual civilization”, “harmony between humanity and nature”, “following the path of peaceful development”, guided universities to build a more targeted ideological and political education system. In this way, universities can cultivate more talents for modernization cause.展开更多
In the past five years,shale gas exploration and development has grown in a leaping-forward way in China.Following USA and Canada,China is now the third country where industrial shale gas production is realized,with t...In the past five years,shale gas exploration and development has grown in a leaping-forward way in China.Following USA and Canada,China is now the third country where industrial shale gas production is realized,with the cumulative production exceeding 60×10^(8) m^(3) until the end of 2015.In this paper,the main achievements of shale gas exploration and development in China in recent years were reviewed and the future development prospect was analyzed.It is pointed out that shale gas exploration and development in China is,on the whole,still at its early stage.Especially,marine shale gas in the Sichuan Basin has dominated the recent exploration and development.For the realization of shale gas scale development in China,one key point lies in the breakthrough and industrial production of transitional facies and continental facies shale gas.Lowemoderate yield of shale gas wells is the normal in China,so it is crucial to develop key exploration and development technologies.Especially,strictly controlling single well investment and significantly reducing cost are the important means to increase shale gas exploration and development benefits.And finally,suggestions were proposed in five aspects.First,continuously strengthen theoretical and technical re-searches,actively carry out appraisal on shale gas“sweet spots”,and gradually accumulate development basis.Second,stress on primary evaluation of exploration and development,highlight the effective implementation of shale gas resources,and control the rhythm of appraisal drilling and productivity construction.Third,highlight fine description and evaluation of shale gas reservoirs and increase the overall devel-opment level.Fourth,intensify the research on exploration and development technologies in order to stand out simple and practical technologies with low costs.And fifth,summarize the experiences in fast growth of shale gas exploration and development,highlight the demonstration and evaluation of key indicators,and try to achieve more breakthroughs and replacement in new areas,new domains and new strata.展开更多
文摘Regarding the Chan Buddhism lamp records from the Song Dynasty and starting from Jing De Zhuan Deng Lu,the category of“enlightened masters in Chan Buddhism”禪門達者was listed separately,meaning a separate category was established for eccentric monks who pretended to be crazy,had unknown inheritance and miraculous deeds,and were difficult to classify.The following lamp records named this category of eccentric monks as“sages”散聖,or“saints”應化聖賢,which constructed another historical genealogy for the special Chan Buddhism eccentric monks.Moreover,the early lamp records included mostly idiosyncratic mad monks from previous dynasties.Since the Southern Song Dynasty,Chan Buddhism historical materials included many sages from the current dynasty.Therefore,this study mainly examines how the genealogy of Chan Buddhism eccentric monks was constructed in Song Dynasty Chan Buddhism lamp records,including quotations,and organizes the images of eccentric monks in the Song Dynasty,as written in Chan Buddhism historical materials,in order that the meaning of existence of these enlightened masters,sages,saints,etc.,included in the genealogy of Song Dynasty eccentric monks in the history of Chan Buddhism can be reflected.
文摘This article explains the execution and delivery progression phases of the project lifecycle.It is the third phase of the project lifecycle that leads to the final realization of the project's goals.However,this essay will describe the understanding of the‘enlightened planning’approach during the execution and delivery strategy progress of a project’s lifecycle.The features and details in the Enlightened Planning and PMI PMBOK Guide are compared.The author explored the nature and role of basic frameworks such as the project lifecycle,the process phase structure,and key project definition questions—the seven Ws(Who,Why,What,Which way,Wherewithal,When,Where).Combining Enlightened Planning and PMI PMBOK Guide,the differences between the two approaches are given.In addition,the author elaborated the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches in current practice.
文摘In Tibetan Buddhism,tulkus,also referred to as“living Buddhas,”believed to be the reincarnations of esteemed former spiritual masters,are among the most revered and cherished religious leaders.Prominent tulkus include Dalai Lamas,Panchen Lamas,Karmapas and Khyentses,all of whom hold significant influence within the tradition.The different titles reflect the periods in history they were installed and different sects of Tibetan Buddhism.Since the tulku system was established in the 13th century,these spiritual figures have been venerated as sacred beings.
基金supported by Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program and the Cyrus Tang Foundation.
文摘In his final lectures,Michel Foucault highlighted Diderot’s Rameau’s Nephew as pivotal in the history of the transmission and metamorphosis of Cynicism(Foucault 2012,191).This article investigates and repudiates Foucault’s conception of the evolution of ancient Cynicism in Diderot’s Rameau’s Nephew during the Enlightenment,focusing on parrhêsia,free speech,or outspokenness.It examines how Diogenes of Sinope’s ethos of truth-telling deviates from its original sense and degenerates into mockery among the Enlightenment cynics in the shift of discourse from the agora to the public spheres like the Caféde Régence.Rameau’s nephew epitomizes modern cynicism,embodying various facets such as satire,misanthropy,and a disdain for societal norms.He challenges sacred values such as truth and truthfulness with sarcasm or indifference in the public sphere of the Enlightenment.Though aspiring to practice parrhêsia,the nephew’s speech deconstructs morality,while his actions seem puppet-like.He oscillates between animality and a“second nature”shaped by rationality.Modern cynics,such as the nephew,contend that all public opinions that dictates decisions are often driven by self-interest.They lack autonomy,resorting to farce or sarcasm when thwarted.In essence,the modern cynicism in the Enlightenment shows great discrepancies from the parrhêsiastic classical Cynicism and leads to a complex interplay of freedom of speech,societal critique,and individualism.Modern cynicism,born from the Enlightenment’s failures,embodies an“enlightened false consciousness.”It culminates in a modern cynical worldview shaped by societal disillusionment and the failure of the Enlightenment ideals.
文摘The eighteenth century marked the advent of a true Chinese exoticism,its growing interest in the search for universal values characterized the spirit and approach of the Enlightenment that swept France.Philosophers began to find foreign models to remedy this ailing country and in Voltaire’s eyes,China could be an ideal example.This study analyzes the image of China from the pen of Voltaire,mainly in The Princess of Babylon and also in his other works as a complement.It highlights Voltaire’s great interest in Chinese politics,culture and civilization.The return to the legendary and authentic China that Voltaire describes includes a new conception of history,a morality without religious imperatives,a harmonious vision of the state that he calls enlightened despotism.
文摘This paper explores the divergent receptions of Lu Xun in China and the Anglophone world,examining how his image has been constructed,exalted,and contested across ideological and cultural boundaries.In China,Lu Xun is revered as a literary saint and revolutionary prophet,with his contributions to the New Culture Movement and critiques of feudalism canonized in public memory.In contrast,Anglophone scholarship has deconstructed his figure,focusing on translation politics,Cold War anxieties,postcolonial theory,and aesthetic modernism.Western critics have examined his ethical ambiguities,ideological complexities,and the aesthetic tensions in his work.This comparative analysis highlights how Lu Xun’s legacy reflects both the complexity of his work and the cultural,theoretical,and political contexts of his interpreters.
基金Projects of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2020JQ-886,2022JM-075)Education Science Planning Project of Shaanxi Province during the“14th Five-Year Plan”Period(SGH22Y1392)+6 种基金Scientific Research Program of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education(23JP146,23JP147)Science and Technology Program of Xi’an(No.22GXFW0112)Three-Year Action Plan Project of Xi’an University(21XJZZ0001-11)Basic Education Research Project of Xi’an in 2022(2022JYZX28)2022“Xi’an University-Xi’an Academy of Social Sciences”Strategic Cooperation Projects(22ZL10,22ZL11)Doctoral Start-up Fund of Xi’an University(06005017)Key Discipline of Analytical Chemistry in Shaanxi Province(09009001)。
文摘Chemistry science popularization for lower grades(Grades 1-2)in primary schools is an important part of science enlightenment education.However,in practice,it generally faces practical dilemmas such as insufficient content adaptability,a single implementation method,and a lack of coordination mechanisms.Based on Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory and the STSE(Science,Technology,Society,Environment)educational concept,this study constructed a four-in-one strategy system of“content development-teaching implementation-collaborative linkage-guarantee support”through literature analysis,action research,and empirical comparison.An empirical study was conducted in two primary schools for one academic year.The results show that this strategy system can increase students’interest in participating in chemistry science popularization by 42 percentage points,the compliance rate of observation ability reaches 85%,and the collaborative participation of families,schools,and society rises to 85%.The core strategies formed in the study,including“age-appropriate content screening,interactive teaching implementation,three-dimensional collaborative promotion,and full-process guarantee support,”provide a replicable practical model for the standardized and efficient development of chemistry science popularization for lower grades in primary schools.They also offer empirical references for fulfilling the requirement of“strengthening the pertinence and effectiveness of science popularization”in the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Popularization of Science and Technology(revised in 2024).
文摘By analyzing the basic naturalistic features,namely the controlling power of environment and heredity,it is expected that the naturalistic tendency,at least naturalistic features of the novel can be revealed and some enlightenments on the world view of the contemporary can be gained.The early part of the thesis provides a frame by giving the research background and synopsis,while the later sections aim at approaching the conclusion at the efforts of unveiling the naturalistic features in the novel.
文摘A very successful image of feminism is created in this novel:Jane Eyre,written by Charlotte Bronte.Jane Eyre grows up from a penniless and pathetic girl into a totally independent new woman economically and emotionally.This essay will introduce the background and the purpose of writing Jane Eyre,then take the independent personality of Jane Eyre as the main body and explore her feminist consciousness,end with some enlightenment from the independent personality in Jane Eyre.
文摘From 1·18 case, the stiff violent crimes in view of financial sections can be seen to possess the characteristics of family crime, relatively deeper criminal history, delicately selecting hiding places, intelligent crimes, having proper ant-investigation capabilities, bold and reckless, ruthless measures in the new stage. The successful solution of 1·18 case displayed the firm belief, extraordinary wisdom and massive combat power to conquer over hardships and difficulties of the police organs. As to the urban prevention and control system, the management of shifting population, the self-prevention in vital parts, the prison administration and the pursuit of criminals, the management of guns and bullets, explosives and dangerous articles arouse the people’s reflections simultaneously. Its successful cracking accumulated the plentiful experience to better the police work mechanism under the new situation.
文摘The Old Man and the Sea tells a tough and frustrated experience of an old fisherman.The theme is a praise of heroism.The enlightenment of the work is that "man is not made for defeat...[a] man can be destroyed but not defeated."
基金Key Project of National Social Science Foundation(08AJY019)
文摘On the basis of financial,scientific and technological,and resource factors constraining modern agricultural development,we analyze a series of effective explorations amid the plight of modern agriculture in China.Results show that significant achievements have been made through measures such as increasing agricultural investment,strengthening research and development and popularization of agricultural science and technology,enhancing infrastructure construction,and great improvement has been made in agricultural production,farmers' living,agricultural science and technology,agricultural industrialization and scale level of land.In line with these,we sum up following experience:insist on ensuring national grain security,increase agricultural investment to lay solid foundation for developing modern agriculture,speed up innovation in mechanism and system,and guide by different types through proper planning in accordance with local conditions.
文摘Since the programmatic document for the greenway construction in 9 cities of the Pear River Delta-Greenway Network Master Planning Outline for the Pearl River Delta was issued, greenway construction has been launched in all regions. This study proposed background of greenway study and problems in current greenway construction, analyzed the advanced overseas cases about networking and ecologicalization of greenways, and summarized their successful experience and their enlightenment for domestic greenway planning. By analyzing greenway construction in the United States in an all-around way, especially the typical greenway planning of Auckland Isthmus in New Zealand, it was proposed that sustainable development should be taken as the guiding ideology for greenway network planning of the Pearl River Delta, ecology-based planning adopted, ecological control and guidance of greenway defined, and high technology applied to create a scientific network.
文摘The report approved on The 20th National Congress of The Communist Party of China (CPC) explained deep meaning of Chinese modernization, which provided practical enlightenment and value guidance for the modernization of ideological and political education in universities. The five distinctive characteristics of Chinese modernization, including “huge population”,“common prosperity for all”, “harmony between material and spiritual civilization”, “harmony between humanity and nature”, “following the path of peaceful development”, guided universities to build a more targeted ideological and political education system. In this way, universities can cultivate more talents for modernization cause.
基金Major Special Items of National Oil and Gas(No.:2011ZX05018-001)National Key Basic Research&Development Plan(Plan 973)project(No.:2013CB228001).
文摘In the past five years,shale gas exploration and development has grown in a leaping-forward way in China.Following USA and Canada,China is now the third country where industrial shale gas production is realized,with the cumulative production exceeding 60×10^(8) m^(3) until the end of 2015.In this paper,the main achievements of shale gas exploration and development in China in recent years were reviewed and the future development prospect was analyzed.It is pointed out that shale gas exploration and development in China is,on the whole,still at its early stage.Especially,marine shale gas in the Sichuan Basin has dominated the recent exploration and development.For the realization of shale gas scale development in China,one key point lies in the breakthrough and industrial production of transitional facies and continental facies shale gas.Lowemoderate yield of shale gas wells is the normal in China,so it is crucial to develop key exploration and development technologies.Especially,strictly controlling single well investment and significantly reducing cost are the important means to increase shale gas exploration and development benefits.And finally,suggestions were proposed in five aspects.First,continuously strengthen theoretical and technical re-searches,actively carry out appraisal on shale gas“sweet spots”,and gradually accumulate development basis.Second,stress on primary evaluation of exploration and development,highlight the effective implementation of shale gas resources,and control the rhythm of appraisal drilling and productivity construction.Third,highlight fine description and evaluation of shale gas reservoirs and increase the overall devel-opment level.Fourth,intensify the research on exploration and development technologies in order to stand out simple and practical technologies with low costs.And fifth,summarize the experiences in fast growth of shale gas exploration and development,highlight the demonstration and evaluation of key indicators,and try to achieve more breakthroughs and replacement in new areas,new domains and new strata.
