Approximately 20%-30%of patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis develop infected pancreatic necrosis(IPN),a highly morbid and potentially lethal complication.Early identification of patients at high risk of IPN m...Approximately 20%-30%of patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis develop infected pancreatic necrosis(IPN),a highly morbid and potentially lethal complication.Early identification of patients at high risk of IPN may facilitate appropriate preventive measures to improve clinical outcomes.In the past two decades,several markers and predictive tools have been proposed and evaluated for this purpose.Conventional biomarkers like C-reactive protein,procalcitonin,lymphocyte count,interleukin-6,and interleukin-8,and newly developed biomarkers like angiopoietin-2 all showed significant association with IPN.On the other hand,scoring systems like the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II and Pancreatitis Activity Scoring System have also been tested,and the results showed that they may provide better accuracy.For early prevention of IPN,several new therapies were tested,including early enteral nutrition,anti-biotics,probiotics,immune enhancement,etc.,but the results varied.Taken together,several evidence-supported predictive markers and scoring systems are readily available for predicting IPN.However,effective treatments to reduce the incidence of IPN are still lacking apart from early enteral nutrition.In this editorial,we summarize evidence concerning early prediction and prevention of IPN,providing insights into future practice and study design.A more homo-geneous patient population with reliable risk-stratification tools may help find effective treatments to reduce the risk of IPN,thereby achieving individualized treatment.展开更多
This paper reviews the main benefits of Aronia melanocarpa Elliot for eye health,focusing on its antioxidant protection,prevention of visual deterioration,reduction of inflammation,improvement of blood circulation,pro...This paper reviews the main benefits of Aronia melanocarpa Elliot for eye health,focusing on its antioxidant protection,prevention of visual deterioration,reduction of inflammation,improvement of blood circulation,protection of the retina,and immunity enhancement.Based on the existing studies,the application of A.melanocarpa Elliot in the field of eye health is promising and deserves further research and promotion.展开更多
Objective:This article aims to elaborate the recent research status of perioperative nutrition optimization,in order to help clinical practice.Methods:This study employed a comprehensive and systematic method to searc...Objective:This article aims to elaborate the recent research status of perioperative nutrition optimization,in order to help clinical practice.Methods:This study employed a comprehensive and systematic method to search prominent databases,including PubMed and Web of Science,using carefully selected keywords.Following meticulous screening,the inclusion of high-quality studies was prioritized,and a thorough review of the references was conducted to comprehensively analyze the latest evidence on perioperative nutrition optimization.Results:The main contents include preoperative nutritional risk screening and assessment,nutritional support pathway,immune enhancing nutrition,preoperative and postoperative nutritional management,as well as personalized nutrition optimization strategies for specific populations(such as children,bariatric surgery patients,and cancer patients).Conclusions:In clinical practice,the importance of perioperative nutrition should be emphasized,and personalized nutrition management plans should be developed based on the characteristics and needs of patients.Further research and promotion of perioperative nutrition optimization strategies will help improve the overall prognosis and quality of life of surgical patients.展开更多
The clinical application of Chuanminshen violaceum polysaccharides(CVP),a natural immunomodulator with intrinsic antioxidant activity,is constrained by rapid systemic clearance,limited tissue specificity,and short-liv...The clinical application of Chuanminshen violaceum polysaccharides(CVP),a natural immunomodulator with intrinsic antioxidant activity,is constrained by rapid systemic clearance,limited tissue specificity,and short-lived bioactivity.To address these limitations,a multifunctional biomimetic nanoplatform incorporating erythrocyte membrane camouflage,mannose-mediated active targeting,and squalene-stabilized Pickering emulsion technology was developed.CVP-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA)nanoparticles(CVPP)were fabricated via solvent evaporation,coated with erythrocyte membranes,and subsequently functionalized with mannose to obtain CVPP@M-M.This dual modification enabled selective recognition by macrophage and dendritic cell(DC)mannose receptors,while the erythrocyte membrane imparted prolonged systemic circulation.Subsequent emulsification for the first time with squalene yielded CVPP@M-M-PPAS,a Pickering emulsion designed for enhanced lymph node delivery.In vitro,CVPP@M-M-PPAS significantly promoted macrophage activation,as evidenced by elevated CD80+/CD86+expression,compared with free CVP.In vivo,intramuscular co-administration with ovalbumin(OVA)antigen induced pronounced DC maturation and T cell polarization in the spleen.This formulation also elicited robust and sustained production of antigen-specific IgG,accompanied by increased upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6(IL-6)and interferon-γ(IFN-γ).In vivo imaging demonstrated prolonged lymph node retention(>336 h)with a near-linear fluorescence decay profile,confirming controlled release kinetics.By integrating stealth properties,receptor-specific targeting,and emulsion-enabled lymphatic trafficking,this nanoplatform effectively circumvents the pharmacokinetic and biodistributional barriers of plant-derived polysaccharides,enabling durable humoral and cellular immune responses.This strategy offers a generalizable framework for translating natural immunomodulators into clinically viable nanotherapeutics.展开更多
Ongoing challenges in the swine industry,such as reduced access to antibiotics and virus outbreaks(e.g.,porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,African swine fever virus),have prompted calls for innovative feed additives to s...Ongoing challenges in the swine industry,such as reduced access to antibiotics and virus outbreaks(e.g.,porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,African swine fever virus),have prompted calls for innovative feed additives to support pig production.Medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)and monoglycerides have emerged as a potential option due to key molecular features and versatile functions,including inhibitory activity against viral and bacterial pathogens.In this review,we summarize recent studies examining the potential of MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives to improve pig gut health and to mitigate feed pathogens.The molecular properties and biological functions of MCFAs and monoglycerides are first introduced along with an overview of intervention needs at different stages of pig production.The latest progress in testing MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives in pig diets is then presented,and their effects on a wide range of production issues,such as growth performance,pathogenic infections,and gut health,are covered.The utilization of MCFAs and monoglycerides together with other feed additives such as organic acids and probiotics is also described,along with advances in molecular encapsulation and delivery strategies.Finally,we discuss how MCFAs and monoglycerides demonstrate potential for feed pathogen mitigation to curb disease transmission.Looking forward,we envision that MCFAs and monoglycerides may become an important class of feed additives in pig production for gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation.展开更多
Transforming immature DCs into mature state to activate cellular immunity is a critical step in initiating immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy.Lipopolysaccharides(LPS)can promote DCs maturation by binding receptor on ...Transforming immature DCs into mature state to activate cellular immunity is a critical step in initiating immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy.Lipopolysaccharides(LPS)can promote DCs maturation by binding receptor on DCs surface,but their clinical application is limited due to biological toxicity.Although many LPS analogues have been developed,complex synthesis and purification hinder their practical application.Here,we propose a novel and simple strategy to synthesize LPS analogues with adjustable structural units.Using monomer units similar to the key functional groups of LPS,we synthesize LPS analogues with different group ratios by RAFT polymerization.The obtained analogues have little negative effect on cell viability.Compared with LPS,the analogues show greater promoting effect on DCs maturation.And the analogues can be applied to different scenarios since the degrees of promoting DCs maturation by LPS analogues with different group ratios are different.This strategy provides a new direction for synthesizing LPS analogues,and it has the potential to produce LPS analogues on a large scale with tunable promoting DCs maturation effect.展开更多
[ Objective] The paper was to study the immune enhancement of ATRA on Newcastle Disease （ND） vaccine. [ Method ] The 1-day-old AA broilers were treated with ATRA at the doses of I and 5 p.mol/kg, respectively. At 7 ...[ Objective] The paper was to study the immune enhancement of ATRA on Newcastle Disease （ND） vaccine. [ Method ] The 1-day-old AA broilers were treated with ATRA at the doses of I and 5 p.mol/kg, respectively. At 7 and 28 days of age, broilers in drug control group, low dose group and high dose group were immunized with ND vaccine by intranasal and eye immunization approach. At 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 clays of age, seven chickens were randomly se- lected from each group and weighed. The thymus, spleen, bursa of fabrieius and serum were collected for calculating immune organ index of thymus, spleen and bursa of fabricius. The ND specific antibody titers in serum were determined with HI test. [Result] ATRA promoted the growth of thymus, spleen and bursa of fabricius, and improved the immune organ index and ND specific antibody titers of chicks. [ Conclusion] ATRA enhanced the humoral immune response of chicks, and ATRT at the dose of 5 μmol/kg presented more prominent immune enhancement effect on ND vaccine.展开更多
[ Objective] To investigate the combined immunization of porcine circovirus 2 （PCV2） inactivated vaccine with PoIL-2,4. [ Methods] A total of 60 crossbred piglets were randomly divided into three groups, including t...[ Objective] To investigate the combined immunization of porcine circovirus 2 （PCV2） inactivated vaccine with PoIL-2,4. [ Methods] A total of 60 crossbred piglets were randomly divided into three groups, including the test group （ inoculation of 0.5 dose PCV2 inactivated vaccine with 0. 1 mL PoIL-2,4 at 14 and 28 day-old）, the positive control group （inoculation of 0.5 dose PCV2 inactivated vaccine） and the blank control group. [ Results ] The immune organ index, the lymphocyte transformation rates under different ages and the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes in peripheral blood increased significantly in test group, compared with control group. Moreover, the antibody and neutralizing antibody were also significantly higher in test group than that in control group. The clinical symptoms and pathological changes were not found, and the PC72 was not detected in serum and tissue after challenge test in test group, which indicated that the combined immunization of PCV2 inactivated vaccine with PoIL-2,4 significantly improved the lymphocyte transformation rate, effectively prevented the replication of PCV2 in organism, and enhanced the growth performance of piglets.展开更多
BACKGROUND Many Ayurvedic preparations are claimed to have immune-boosting properties,as suggested in various published randomized clinical trials(RCTs)AIM To compile evidence on the nature and mechanism of immune sys...BACKGROUND Many Ayurvedic preparations are claimed to have immune-boosting properties,as suggested in various published randomized clinical trials(RCTs)AIM To compile evidence on the nature and mechanism of immune system enhancement by Ayurvedic preparations in healthy and sick individuals.METHODS After prospectively registering study protocol with PROSPERO,we searched PubMed,DOAJ,Google Scholar,three dedicated Ayurveda research portals,two specialty Ayurveda journals,and reference lists for relevant records published until February 6,2021 using appropriate search strategies.Baseline features and data pertaining to the nature and mechanism of immune system function were extracted from all eligible records.Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane RoB-2 tool.RESULTS Of 12554 articles screened,19 studies reporting 20 RCTs(17 parallel group design,three crossover design)with 1661 unique patients were included;11/19 studies had Indian first authors.Healthy population was included in nine studies,of which one study included pregnant women and two included pediatric population;remaining studies included patients with different health conditions,including one study with coronavirus disease 2019 patients.A total of 21 Ayurvedic interventions were studied,out of which five were composite mixtures.The predominant route of administration was oral;dose and frequency of administration of the intervention varied across the studies.The results reported with five RCTs exploring five Ayurvedic interventions were incomplete,ambiguous,or confusing.Of the remaining 16 interventions,indirect evidence of immune enhancement was reported with four interventions,while lack of the same was reported with two interventions.Enhancement of T helper cells and natural killer cells was reported with three and four interventions,respectively,while the pooled results did not clearly point toward enhancement of other components of the immune system,including cytotoxic T cells,B lymphocytes,immunoglobulins,cytokines,complement components,leucocyte counts,and other components.Nine of the 20 RCTs had a high risk of bias,and the remaining 11 RCTs had some concerns according to RoB-2.CONCLUSION Various Ayurvedic preparations appear to enhance the immune system,particularly via enhancements in natural killer cells and T helper cells.展开更多
Some drugs like clozapine, interferons and cyclosporine affect the number and function of white blood cells. This study examined the effect of oral dihydroartemisinin on the white blood cells; the lymph and intestinal...Some drugs like clozapine, interferons and cyclosporine affect the number and function of white blood cells. This study examined the effect of oral dihydroartemisinin on the white blood cells; the lymph and intestinal glands of the intestinal wall and the open circulation of the spleen of Wistar albino rats. Five dosages of oral DHA （dihydroartemisinin）, 1, 2, 60 and 80 ms/ks were administered for 5 days or 7 days to 10 sets of 5 test rats weighing 104-106 grams. Equivalent doses of distilled water were given to 4 rats of similar weight and age to serve as controls in each of these tests. A group of five test and four control young adult albino rats which weighed 75-90 grams were given a repeated dose of the 1 ms/ks oral DHA with a rest period of 1 week between the two dosage regimens. The results of the study showed that oral dihydroartemisinin treatment produced highly statistically significant increases in the percentage neutrophil count （P 〈 0.01 ）; the percentage lymphocyte count （P 〈 0.01, P 〈 0.03）; the percentage monocyte count; the population of the cells of the intestinal glands and intestinal solitary and aggregated lymph glands; the number of the cells of the slow and open circulation of the spleen of the dihyrdroartemisinin-treated rats in comparism with the controls. These increases were dose, dose repetition and time dependent. The results suggest that oral dihydroartemisinin treatment had immune defence enhancement effects in the treated rats.展开更多
Sustained release and non-parental formulations of peptides and protein drugs are highly desirable because of enhanced therapeutic effects as well as improved patient compliance. This is especially true for small pept...Sustained release and non-parental formulations of peptides and protein drugs are highly desirable because of enhanced therapeutic effects as well as improved patient compliance. This is especially true for small peptides such as thymopentin(TP5). To this end, implantable sandwich poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyhexanoate)(PHBHHx) films were designed to prolong release time and to inhibit burst release phenomenon of TP5 by a simple volatilization method. In vitro release studies revealed that sandwich films had nearly no burst release. In vivo release time of sandwich films was prolonged to 42 days. Pharmacodynamic evaluation demonstrated that TP5 sandwich films significantly increased survival rates in a rat immunosuppressive model and normalized CD4^+/CD8^+ values. These results suggest that TP5 released from sandwich films can attenuate cyclophosphamide's immunosuppressive activity, and possibly achieve results comparable to daily TP5 injection therapy. Thus, sandwich PHBHHx films show excellent potential as a sustained, burst-free release system for small molecular weight, hydrophilic peptide drugs.展开更多
Tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs),derived from circulating monocytes recruited to tumor sites via chemotactic signals such as C-C motif ligand 2(CCL2)and colony-stimulating factor-1(CSF-1),are pivotal components of t...Tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs),derived from circulating monocytes recruited to tumor sites via chemotactic signals such as C-C motif ligand 2(CCL2)and colony-stimulating factor-1(CSF-1),are pivotal components of the tumor microenvironment(TME).Functionally polarized into distinct subtypes,TAMs play dual roles:proinflammatory M1-type TAMs enhance antitumor immunity through the secretion of cytokines such as interleukin-12(IL-12)and tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)and direct tumor cell cytotoxicity,whereas M2-type TAMs promote tumor progression by facilitating angiogenesis,metastasis,and immunosuppression.This polarization is dynamically regulated by different cytokines,various signaling pathways,and metabolic cues within the TME.Spatial distribution analyses revealed that M2-like TAMs predominantly infiltrate hypoxic and stromal regions,where they secrete factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),transforming growth factor beta(TGF-β),and matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs)to remodel the extracellular matrix and suppress immune responses via programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)and arginase-1 upregulation.Crucially,TAMs interact extensively with immune cells;M2-TAMs secrete interleukin-10(IL-10)and TGF-βto inhibit cytotoxic T lymphocytes while expanding regulatory T(Treg)cells and impairing natural killer(NK)cell function via altered antigen presentation.Conversely,M1-TAMs synergize with dendritic cells to enhance T-cell priming.Therapeutically,targeting TAMs offers promising strategies,including colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor(CSF-1R)inhibitors,CCL2 antagonists,and nanoparticle-mediated repolarization of M2-TAMs toward the M1 phenotype.Emerging genetic approaches,such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-CRISPR-associated protein 9(CRISPR-Cas9)editing,aim to disrupt protumorigenic pathways in TAMs.Additionally,TAM-related biomarkers(e.g.,CD206 and CD163)are being evaluated for their prognostic and predictive utility in immunotherapies.Despite progress,challenges persist owing to TAM plasticity and TME heterogeneity across cancers.This review synthesizes TAM biology,immune crosstalk,and therapeutic advancements,providing a foundation for novel oncology strategies aimed at reprogramming TAMs to overcome treatment resistance and improve clinical outcomes.展开更多
文摘Approximately 20%-30%of patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis develop infected pancreatic necrosis(IPN),a highly morbid and potentially lethal complication.Early identification of patients at high risk of IPN may facilitate appropriate preventive measures to improve clinical outcomes.In the past two decades,several markers and predictive tools have been proposed and evaluated for this purpose.Conventional biomarkers like C-reactive protein,procalcitonin,lymphocyte count,interleukin-6,and interleukin-8,and newly developed biomarkers like angiopoietin-2 all showed significant association with IPN.On the other hand,scoring systems like the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II and Pancreatitis Activity Scoring System have also been tested,and the results showed that they may provide better accuracy.For early prevention of IPN,several new therapies were tested,including early enteral nutrition,anti-biotics,probiotics,immune enhancement,etc.,but the results varied.Taken together,several evidence-supported predictive markers and scoring systems are readily available for predicting IPN.However,effective treatments to reduce the incidence of IPN are still lacking apart from early enteral nutrition.In this editorial,we summarize evidence concerning early prediction and prevention of IPN,providing insights into future practice and study design.A more homo-geneous patient population with reliable risk-stratification tools may help find effective treatments to reduce the risk of IPN,thereby achieving individualized treatment.
文摘This paper reviews the main benefits of Aronia melanocarpa Elliot for eye health,focusing on its antioxidant protection,prevention of visual deterioration,reduction of inflammation,improvement of blood circulation,protection of the retina,and immunity enhancement.Based on the existing studies,the application of A.melanocarpa Elliot in the field of eye health is promising and deserves further research and promotion.
基金supported by Emerging Industry Leading Talent Project of Shanxi Province (No.2020587).
文摘Objective:This article aims to elaborate the recent research status of perioperative nutrition optimization,in order to help clinical practice.Methods:This study employed a comprehensive and systematic method to search prominent databases,including PubMed and Web of Science,using carefully selected keywords.Following meticulous screening,the inclusion of high-quality studies was prioritized,and a thorough review of the references was conducted to comprehensively analyze the latest evidence on perioperative nutrition optimization.Results:The main contents include preoperative nutritional risk screening and assessment,nutritional support pathway,immune enhancing nutrition,preoperative and postoperative nutritional management,as well as personalized nutrition optimization strategies for specific populations(such as children,bariatric surgery patients,and cancer patients).Conclusions:In clinical practice,the importance of perioperative nutrition should be emphasized,and personalized nutrition management plans should be developed based on the characteristics and needs of patients.Further research and promotion of perioperative nutrition optimization strategies will help improve the overall prognosis and quality of life of surgical patients.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan(No.2024NSFJQ0005)in part by the Scientific and Technological Innovation Team for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Research in Southwest Minzu University(No.2024CXTD15).
文摘The clinical application of Chuanminshen violaceum polysaccharides(CVP),a natural immunomodulator with intrinsic antioxidant activity,is constrained by rapid systemic clearance,limited tissue specificity,and short-lived bioactivity.To address these limitations,a multifunctional biomimetic nanoplatform incorporating erythrocyte membrane camouflage,mannose-mediated active targeting,and squalene-stabilized Pickering emulsion technology was developed.CVP-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA)nanoparticles(CVPP)were fabricated via solvent evaporation,coated with erythrocyte membranes,and subsequently functionalized with mannose to obtain CVPP@M-M.This dual modification enabled selective recognition by macrophage and dendritic cell(DC)mannose receptors,while the erythrocyte membrane imparted prolonged systemic circulation.Subsequent emulsification for the first time with squalene yielded CVPP@M-M-PPAS,a Pickering emulsion designed for enhanced lymph node delivery.In vitro,CVPP@M-M-PPAS significantly promoted macrophage activation,as evidenced by elevated CD80+/CD86+expression,compared with free CVP.In vivo,intramuscular co-administration with ovalbumin(OVA)antigen induced pronounced DC maturation and T cell polarization in the spleen.This formulation also elicited robust and sustained production of antigen-specific IgG,accompanied by increased upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6(IL-6)and interferon-γ(IFN-γ).In vivo imaging demonstrated prolonged lymph node retention(>336 h)with a near-linear fluorescence decay profile,confirming controlled release kinetics.By integrating stealth properties,receptor-specific targeting,and emulsion-enabled lymphatic trafficking,this nanoplatform effectively circumvents the pharmacokinetic and biodistributional barriers of plant-derived polysaccharides,enabling durable humoral and cellular immune responses.This strategy offers a generalizable framework for translating natural immunomodulators into clinically viable nanotherapeutics.
文摘Ongoing challenges in the swine industry,such as reduced access to antibiotics and virus outbreaks(e.g.,porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,African swine fever virus),have prompted calls for innovative feed additives to support pig production.Medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)and monoglycerides have emerged as a potential option due to key molecular features and versatile functions,including inhibitory activity against viral and bacterial pathogens.In this review,we summarize recent studies examining the potential of MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives to improve pig gut health and to mitigate feed pathogens.The molecular properties and biological functions of MCFAs and monoglycerides are first introduced along with an overview of intervention needs at different stages of pig production.The latest progress in testing MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives in pig diets is then presented,and their effects on a wide range of production issues,such as growth performance,pathogenic infections,and gut health,are covered.The utilization of MCFAs and monoglycerides together with other feed additives such as organic acids and probiotics is also described,along with advances in molecular encapsulation and delivery strategies.Finally,we discuss how MCFAs and monoglycerides demonstrate potential for feed pathogen mitigation to curb disease transmission.Looking forward,we envision that MCFAs and monoglycerides may become an important class of feed additives in pig production for gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21935008 and 21774084)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)
文摘Transforming immature DCs into mature state to activate cellular immunity is a critical step in initiating immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy.Lipopolysaccharides(LPS)can promote DCs maturation by binding receptor on DCs surface,but their clinical application is limited due to biological toxicity.Although many LPS analogues have been developed,complex synthesis and purification hinder their practical application.Here,we propose a novel and simple strategy to synthesize LPS analogues with adjustable structural units.Using monomer units similar to the key functional groups of LPS,we synthesize LPS analogues with different group ratios by RAFT polymerization.The obtained analogues have little negative effect on cell viability.Compared with LPS,the analogues show greater promoting effect on DCs maturation.And the analogues can be applied to different scenarios since the degrees of promoting DCs maturation by LPS analogues with different group ratios are different.This strategy provides a new direction for synthesizing LPS analogues,and it has the potential to produce LPS analogues on a large scale with tunable promoting DCs maturation effect.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Development Fund of Tianjin Agricultural University(2013N09)"Veterinary Biological Technology"Innovation Team Project of Colleges and Universities in Tianjin(TD12-5019)+1 种基金Innovative Team Training Program Fund of Colleges and Universities in Tianjin(TNTD2015015)Development Program Leading Education Reform and Innovation of College Teachers at Tianjin Agricultural University(20171003)
文摘[ Objective] The paper was to study the immune enhancement of ATRA on Newcastle Disease （ND） vaccine. [ Method ] The 1-day-old AA broilers were treated with ATRA at the doses of I and 5 p.mol/kg, respectively. At 7 and 28 days of age, broilers in drug control group, low dose group and high dose group were immunized with ND vaccine by intranasal and eye immunization approach. At 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 clays of age, seven chickens were randomly se- lected from each group and weighed. The thymus, spleen, bursa of fabrieius and serum were collected for calculating immune organ index of thymus, spleen and bursa of fabricius. The ND specific antibody titers in serum were determined with HI test. [Result] ATRA promoted the growth of thymus, spleen and bursa of fabricius, and improved the immune organ index and ND specific antibody titers of chicks. [ Conclusion] ATRA enhanced the humoral immune response of chicks, and ATRT at the dose of 5 μmol/kg presented more prominent immune enhancement effect on ND vaccine.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province(2011C22093)
文摘[ Objective] To investigate the combined immunization of porcine circovirus 2 （PCV2） inactivated vaccine with PoIL-2,4. [ Methods] A total of 60 crossbred piglets were randomly divided into three groups, including the test group （ inoculation of 0.5 dose PCV2 inactivated vaccine with 0. 1 mL PoIL-2,4 at 14 and 28 day-old）, the positive control group （inoculation of 0.5 dose PCV2 inactivated vaccine） and the blank control group. [ Results ] The immune organ index, the lymphocyte transformation rates under different ages and the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes in peripheral blood increased significantly in test group, compared with control group. Moreover, the antibody and neutralizing antibody were also significantly higher in test group than that in control group. The clinical symptoms and pathological changes were not found, and the PC72 was not detected in serum and tissue after challenge test in test group, which indicated that the combined immunization of PCV2 inactivated vaccine with PoIL-2,4 significantly improved the lymphocyte transformation rate, effectively prevented the replication of PCV2 in organism, and enhanced the growth performance of piglets.
文摘BACKGROUND Many Ayurvedic preparations are claimed to have immune-boosting properties,as suggested in various published randomized clinical trials(RCTs)AIM To compile evidence on the nature and mechanism of immune system enhancement by Ayurvedic preparations in healthy and sick individuals.METHODS After prospectively registering study protocol with PROSPERO,we searched PubMed,DOAJ,Google Scholar,three dedicated Ayurveda research portals,two specialty Ayurveda journals,and reference lists for relevant records published until February 6,2021 using appropriate search strategies.Baseline features and data pertaining to the nature and mechanism of immune system function were extracted from all eligible records.Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane RoB-2 tool.RESULTS Of 12554 articles screened,19 studies reporting 20 RCTs(17 parallel group design,three crossover design)with 1661 unique patients were included;11/19 studies had Indian first authors.Healthy population was included in nine studies,of which one study included pregnant women and two included pediatric population;remaining studies included patients with different health conditions,including one study with coronavirus disease 2019 patients.A total of 21 Ayurvedic interventions were studied,out of which five were composite mixtures.The predominant route of administration was oral;dose and frequency of administration of the intervention varied across the studies.The results reported with five RCTs exploring five Ayurvedic interventions were incomplete,ambiguous,or confusing.Of the remaining 16 interventions,indirect evidence of immune enhancement was reported with four interventions,while lack of the same was reported with two interventions.Enhancement of T helper cells and natural killer cells was reported with three and four interventions,respectively,while the pooled results did not clearly point toward enhancement of other components of the immune system,including cytotoxic T cells,B lymphocytes,immunoglobulins,cytokines,complement components,leucocyte counts,and other components.Nine of the 20 RCTs had a high risk of bias,and the remaining 11 RCTs had some concerns according to RoB-2.CONCLUSION Various Ayurvedic preparations appear to enhance the immune system,particularly via enhancements in natural killer cells and T helper cells.
文摘Some drugs like clozapine, interferons and cyclosporine affect the number and function of white blood cells. This study examined the effect of oral dihydroartemisinin on the white blood cells; the lymph and intestinal glands of the intestinal wall and the open circulation of the spleen of Wistar albino rats. Five dosages of oral DHA （dihydroartemisinin）, 1, 2, 60 and 80 ms/ks were administered for 5 days or 7 days to 10 sets of 5 test rats weighing 104-106 grams. Equivalent doses of distilled water were given to 4 rats of similar weight and age to serve as controls in each of these tests. A group of five test and four control young adult albino rats which weighed 75-90 grams were given a repeated dose of the 1 ms/ks oral DHA with a rest period of 1 week between the two dosage regimens. The results of the study showed that oral dihydroartemisinin treatment produced highly statistically significant increases in the percentage neutrophil count （P 〈 0.01 ）; the percentage lymphocyte count （P 〈 0.01, P 〈 0.03）; the percentage monocyte count; the population of the cells of the intestinal glands and intestinal solitary and aggregated lymph glands; the number of the cells of the slow and open circulation of the spleen of the dihyrdroartemisinin-treated rats in comparism with the controls. These increases were dose, dose repetition and time dependent. The results suggest that oral dihydroartemisinin treatment had immune defence enhancement effects in the treated rats.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81673362)
文摘Sustained release and non-parental formulations of peptides and protein drugs are highly desirable because of enhanced therapeutic effects as well as improved patient compliance. This is especially true for small peptides such as thymopentin(TP5). To this end, implantable sandwich poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyhexanoate)(PHBHHx) films were designed to prolong release time and to inhibit burst release phenomenon of TP5 by a simple volatilization method. In vitro release studies revealed that sandwich films had nearly no burst release. In vivo release time of sandwich films was prolonged to 42 days. Pharmacodynamic evaluation demonstrated that TP5 sandwich films significantly increased survival rates in a rat immunosuppressive model and normalized CD4^+/CD8^+ values. These results suggest that TP5 released from sandwich films can attenuate cyclophosphamide's immunosuppressive activity, and possibly achieve results comparable to daily TP5 injection therapy. Thus, sandwich PHBHHx films show excellent potential as a sustained, burst-free release system for small molecular weight, hydrophilic peptide drugs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11932017 to X.X.K.,82072624 to K.F.D.)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation General Program under No.2024M762922 to J.S.X.+7 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Health Department General Project under No.2025KY872 to J.S.X.2024 Zhejiang Provincial Postdoctoral Research Project Special Funding under No.2024-00004 to J.S.X.Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2024ZD0520100 to K.F.D.,No.2023ZD0512500 to J.S.X.)Research Program of Zhejiang University Binjiang Institute Research Center for Life Science and Human Health under No.ZY202501SMKY002-4 to J.S.X.Huadong Medicine Joint Funds of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.LHDMY22C060002 to X.X.K.the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.226-2022-00009,No.226-2024-00062,No.226-2024-00176)to K.F.D.the Program for Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for CANCER under No.2022E50008 to K.F.D.Key R&D Program of Zhejiang under 2024C03170 to K.F.D.
文摘Tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs),derived from circulating monocytes recruited to tumor sites via chemotactic signals such as C-C motif ligand 2(CCL2)and colony-stimulating factor-1(CSF-1),are pivotal components of the tumor microenvironment(TME).Functionally polarized into distinct subtypes,TAMs play dual roles:proinflammatory M1-type TAMs enhance antitumor immunity through the secretion of cytokines such as interleukin-12(IL-12)and tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)and direct tumor cell cytotoxicity,whereas M2-type TAMs promote tumor progression by facilitating angiogenesis,metastasis,and immunosuppression.This polarization is dynamically regulated by different cytokines,various signaling pathways,and metabolic cues within the TME.Spatial distribution analyses revealed that M2-like TAMs predominantly infiltrate hypoxic and stromal regions,where they secrete factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),transforming growth factor beta(TGF-β),and matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs)to remodel the extracellular matrix and suppress immune responses via programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)and arginase-1 upregulation.Crucially,TAMs interact extensively with immune cells;M2-TAMs secrete interleukin-10(IL-10)and TGF-βto inhibit cytotoxic T lymphocytes while expanding regulatory T(Treg)cells and impairing natural killer(NK)cell function via altered antigen presentation.Conversely,M1-TAMs synergize with dendritic cells to enhance T-cell priming.Therapeutically,targeting TAMs offers promising strategies,including colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor(CSF-1R)inhibitors,CCL2 antagonists,and nanoparticle-mediated repolarization of M2-TAMs toward the M1 phenotype.Emerging genetic approaches,such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-CRISPR-associated protein 9(CRISPR-Cas9)editing,aim to disrupt protumorigenic pathways in TAMs.Additionally,TAM-related biomarkers(e.g.,CD206 and CD163)are being evaluated for their prognostic and predictive utility in immunotherapies.Despite progress,challenges persist owing to TAM plasticity and TME heterogeneity across cancers.This review synthesizes TAM biology,immune crosstalk,and therapeutic advancements,providing a foundation for novel oncology strategies aimed at reprogramming TAMs to overcome treatment resistance and improve clinical outcomes.
