The Chinese government promises to reach the carbon emission peak by 2030 and achieve the carbon neutrality by 2060.Renewable energy development is important for achieving this target.Local governments’behaviors and ...The Chinese government promises to reach the carbon emission peak by 2030 and achieve the carbon neutrality by 2060.Renewable energy development is important for achieving this target.Local governments’behaviors and attitudes might be influenced by neighbors.Therefore,this study uses simultaneous autoregressive models(SAR)to examine the peer effects on renewable energy development across China’s provinces and explain the imbalanced renewable energy developments across regions in China.The results exemplified:①The peer effects exist in China and the endogenous interaction is the main cause.②The interaction between geographically adjacent provinces have greatest peer effects.③Both competition mechanism and learning mechanism induce the peer effects and the imbalanced development.This research introduces energy-related peer effects at the provincial level to reflect the preferences of governments and reveal the underlying mechanisms involved.It also provides suggestions to policy makers:①Select developed provinces as the frontrunner to promote the renewable energy development in neighboring areas.②Regional renewable energy development policies need to be considered.③Central government should consider adding“green growth indicators”into evaluation system to avoid the asymmetrical incentives policies between economic growth and environmental protection.展开更多
Energy development has a significant impact on urbanization. This study employs the entropy method to evaluate the level of urbanization in Central Asia and further analyzes the possible dynamic transition mechanisms ...Energy development has a significant impact on urbanization. This study employs the entropy method to evaluate the level of urbanization in Central Asia and further analyzes the possible dynamic transition mechanisms of the impact of energy development (characterized by energy development scale, energy trade, energy consumption, and energy endowment) on urbanization using the Panel Smooth Transition Regression model (PSTR). The results demonstrate that energy development in this region is characterized by “three highs and one low”, namely, high production volume, high export volume, high endowment, and low self-consumption, and plays a crucial role in the progress of urbanization. A nonlinear relationship is found to exist between energy development and comprehensive urbanization in the transition economies of Central Asia. Generally speaking, as energy development continues to expand, its impact on urbanization in this region has shifted from constraint to promotion, with the latter gradually tending to flatten out. Energy development characterized by energy development scale, energy consumption, and energy trade can prove the point, whose threshold is 1.47 million tons oil equivalent (Mtoe), 0.29 tons oil equivalent (toe) per capita, and 20.95 Mtoe, respectively. However, not all energy development models exhibit this behavior. Energy development characterized by energy endowment is such a case where the positive effect of it on comprehensive urbanization will be restrained when it exceeds 3.18. These findings can aid decision makers in seeking a better energy development model to promote the sustainable development of urbanization in Central Asia, avoiding energy resources waste and disorderly development.展开更多
Land cover change from renewable energy development in southern California is receiving increasing attention due to potential impacts on protected area conservation, endangered species, and greenhouse gas emissions. T...Land cover change from renewable energy development in southern California is receiving increasing attention due to potential impacts on protected area conservation, endangered species, and greenhouse gas emissions. This study was designed to quantify and map, for the first time, variations desert vegetation canopy density and related growth rates using 30 consecutive years of Landsat satellite image data across the Lower Colorado Desert. The time-series for mean normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values sampled from each of the three major land cover types (shrubland, barren sand dune, and developed urban) showed no significant positive or negative trend in vegetation canopy density. Three periods of significant decrease in NDVI were detected during the drought periods of 1989-1990, 2002-2003, and 2013-2015, indicating that annual precipitation has been the main controller of shrubland canopy growth and green cover. Shrubland canopy cover has been relatively stable in renewable energy development zones since the mid-2000s. NDVI change in the period after nearly all southern California solar energy developments were initiated (post-2010) could be attributed largely to topographic water flow pathways through canyons and desert washes, both in and around all solar energy development zones.展开更多
As the world's authoritative organization on energy information, the International Energy Agency (IEA), which was founded in 1974, releases Key World Energy Statistics every year from 1997 (hereinafter referred to...As the world's authoritative organization on energy information, the International Energy Agency (IEA), which was founded in 1974, releases Key World Energy Statistics every year from 1997 (hereinafter referred to as the "Key Data"). The "Key Data" released in 2007 announced the 2005 statistics, and also provided the 1973 statistics for comparison. From the published data, we can clearly find the development path and trend of the world energy and power industry. Also, China's strong development momentum, high- speed growth of energy consumption and the enormous challenges in the sustainable energy supply are especially noticeable. This paper reviewed the "Key Data" to perceive China's Energy Development. The analysis and interpretation of these data are purely from the author's point of view.展开更多
There are abundant energy reserves such as oil,natural gas,hydrate,and wind energy in the ocean.Countries around the globe are competing to advance their marine energy development technologies.The exploitation of mari...There are abundant energy reserves such as oil,natural gas,hydrate,and wind energy in the ocean.Countries around the globe are competing to advance their marine energy development technologies.The exploitation of marine resources relies on cutting-edge industrial equipment.After decades of R&D endeavors,China has obtained most of the key technologies for the design,production,testing,and field application of marine energy development equipment(Xie and Zeng,2021).展开更多
Wind energy development receives broad support but is often opposed at the local level due to nuisance concerns and uncertainties about how it affects the landowners living due to the turbines and the broader communit...Wind energy development receives broad support but is often opposed at the local level due to nuisance concerns and uncertainties about how it affects the landowners living due to the turbines and the broader community.Lo-cal opposition to wind energy development can be a powerful force slowing or even ending its implementation in a given region.Oklahoma,USA is currently ranked as 4^(th)in the United States in current wind energy production and has seen significant pushback from some local communities as a renewable energy resource.Previous studies have examined wind energy development’s impact on rural education income,and property values of different communities in Oklahoma.However,funding information on how wind energy development affects the individu-als living alongside the turbines are limited.Using fifteen interviews with landowners,site-managers,community representatives,and pro-wind non-profit organization representatives,this study finds that individuals who live in proximity to wind energy development,particularly those involved in the agricultural industry,have created novel and unique uses for wind farm infrastructure.It also finds that local perceptions of wind energy production are mostly positive and provides increased knowledge of how wind energy development affects the individuals and communities that are hosting the turbines and related infrastructure.展开更多
In recent years,China has made significant achievements in optimizing its energy structure and tapping into renewable energy.Wind power,in particular,has been doubled in its development year by year between 2005-2009....In recent years,China has made significant achievements in optimizing its energy structure and tapping into renewable energy.Wind power,in particular,has been doubled in its development year by year between 2005-2009.However,wind power develops too fast,which is not harmonious with the power system,the industry structure and the policy mechanism.Therefore,it is necessary to find the fundamental causes for the issue.Based on the inherent features and practical issues of wind power development in China,the role of wind power in energy development is put forward through probing logically into three perspectives,i.e.energy utilization,energy development and the ultimate objectives of wind power development.The current wind power development should be grounded on the improvement of wind power industrialization system,the smart grid and the research on new energy storage technology so as to lay firm foundations for large-scale development of wind power in the future.展开更多
This paper analyses the present situation of new and renewable energy development in China’s rural and remote areas and gives the development objectives and tasks which could be fulfilled in the future. At last, it i...This paper analyses the present situation of new and renewable energy development in China’s rural and remote areas and gives the development objectives and tasks which could be fulfilled in the future. At last, it is summed up that exploiting new and renewable energy is the national key strategy for rural economic development.展开更多
Mr.Liu Zhenya,general manager of the State Grid and Mr.Fu Zhifang,executive vice governor of Hebei Province together with their colleagues jointly inspected the development of new energy project in Zhangbei County,Zha...Mr.Liu Zhenya,general manager of the State Grid and Mr.Fu Zhifang,executive vice governor of Hebei Province together with their colleagues jointly inspected the development of new energy project in Zhangbei County,Zhangjiakou City,Hebei Province.展开更多
In 1949, the Chinese energy industry had an annual output of 20 million tons of standard coal equivalent, which was relatively small. The energy industry has developed at a rapid rate since the 1950s. Some statistics ...In 1949, the Chinese energy industry had an annual output of 20 million tons of standard coal equivalent, which was relatively small. The energy industry has developed at a rapid rate since the 1950s. Some statistics show that the annual production of coal in 1990 increased 34 times and the annual production of electricity in 1990 increased 140 times compared to 1949. The annual output of energy reached one billion standard coal equivalent in 1990 and 1.24 billion in 1995. Although China has become a big country for energy production, the energy supply does not yet meet the needs of its economic development. This situation first展开更多
As climate crisis intensifies,increasing attention has been drawn to the low-carbon transition of energy and the development of new energy sources.However,recently,new energy development worldwide has faced growing ob...As climate crisis intensifies,increasing attention has been drawn to the low-carbon transition of energy and the development of new energy sources.However,recently,new energy development worldwide has faced growing obstacles,casting a shadow over its prospects.China’s achievements in new energy development are leading globally and have significantly contributed to global climate governance.Despite challenges,the future prospects of new energy development in China will significantly influence the global landscape of energy development and climate governance.展开更多
The paper introduces the relationship between energy and economic development first, then, through analyzing the characters of energy consumption all over the world and the basic facts about China＇s energy resources,...The paper introduces the relationship between energy and economic development first, then, through analyzing the characters of energy consumption all over the world and the basic facts about China＇s energy resources, draws the conclusion that the energy and resources of China are hardly able to meet the national demands, and puts forward the policy orientation for China＇s energy development accordingly. At last, it points out the prospect of China＇s energy industry.展开更多
Since the“Twelfth Five-Year Plan”,global tidal energy,tidal current energy,wave energy,ocean thermal energy conversion(OTEC),and salinity gradient power technologies have experienced a new surge in development.China...Since the“Twelfth Five-Year Plan”,global tidal energy,tidal current energy,wave energy,ocean thermal energy conversion(OTEC),and salinity gradient power technologies have experienced a new surge in development.China has also been promoting marine energy development through technology research and development,demonstration projects,and industrial planning.Against the backdrop of developing the marine economy and building a strong maritime nation,the development of ocean energy is of great significance for actively and prudently advancing carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,boosting high-quality economic and social development,and gaining an edge in the new round of technological revolution.展开更多
Abundant potential of renewable energy(RE)in Indonesia is predicted to replace conventional energy which continues to experience depletion year by year.However,until now,the use of RE has only reached 2%of the existin...Abundant potential of renewable energy(RE)in Indonesia is predicted to replace conventional energy which continues to experience depletion year by year.However,until now,the use of RE has only reached 2%of the existing potential of 441.7 GW.The main overview of this work is to investigate the availability of RE that can be utilized for electricity generation in Indonesia.National energy demand and targets in the long run during the 2017-2050 period are also discussed.Besides,government policies in supporting RE development are considered in this work.The results show that the potential of RE in Indonesia can be utilized and might replace conventional energy for decades.The use of RE for electricity generation can be achieved by employing a government policy that supports the investor as the executor of RE development.The selling price of electricity generated from RE is cheaper than electricity generated from fossils;this makes economy is more affordable for people.Finally,the target set by the government for utilizing RE as the main energy in Indonesia can be done by implementing several policies for the RE development.Thus,greenhouse gas emissions and the use of petroleum fuels can be reduced.展开更多
The growing global demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly energy has stimulated the rapid adoption of renewable offshore energy.However,infrastructure needed for green energy production ironically impacts...The growing global demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly energy has stimulated the rapid adoption of renewable offshore energy.However,infrastructure needed for green energy production ironically impacts upon marine species and biodiversity.Consequently,this positional review paper seeks to comprehensively synthesise the prevailing body of knowledge on the impact of offshore energy development on a broad range of marine species.An interpretivist philosophical stance and inductive reasoning was adopted using scientometric analysis to conduct a rich synthesis of extant literature.From an operational perspective,the Scopus database was utilised to search for key terms on the phenomena under investigation and using the VoS Viewer software for the identification of trends using scientometric maps.The analysis reveals that research in this area of science has increased significantly over the last decade but private sector involvement is conspicuous by its absence.Primary concerns among the research community include the impact of energy development on the abundance of species,pollution and biodiversity behaviour and migration.At present,researchers have extensively focused on the impact of offshore wind farms on fish and marine mammals.However,the literature reveals no significant long-term impact upon energy development on most marine species albeit,short-term interference has raised concerns(from sound,disruption of navigation and foraging patterns,and damage of habitat).To minimise short term disruption,researchers have recommended the use of acoustic deterrence during construction,enforcement of protected areas and continued research.展开更多
In geological history, one major life explosion and five mass extinction events occurred. These major biological and environmental events affected the evolution of the Earth ecosystem and controlled the formation of o...In geological history, one major life explosion and five mass extinction events occurred. These major biological and environmental events affected the evolution of the Earth ecosystem and controlled the formation of organic-rich strata. The life explosion occurred in Cambrian and the five mass extinction events happened at the end of Ordovician, Late Devonian, end of Permian, end of Triassic, and end of Cretaceous, respectively. They are corresponded to the formation of multiple suites of organic-rich strata globally, which are crucial to the formation, evolution and distribution of the fossil energy on Earth. China’s energy is characterized by "unlimited new energy, rich in coal but insufficient in oil and gas ", and it is determined to rely on new energy sources to achieve " energy independence " and carbon neutrality. From the perspective of the Earth system evolution, we investigate the multiple relationships between energy and Earth, energy and environment, as well as energy and human beings, and carry out comprehensive research on energy. Energy science refers to the science of studying the various energy sources formation and distribution, evaluation and selection, production and utilization, orderly replacement, development prospects, etc. in temporal and spatial scales based on the evolution of the Earth system. The connotation of energy science includes three core contents:(1) The relationship between the Earth and energy, including the formation of energy in the Earth system and the feedback of energy consumption to the Earth’s climate and environment;(2) The relationship between the Earth environment and the human beings, including the Earth environment breeding human beings and human activities transforming the earth environment;(3) The relationship between the energy and the human beings, including the development of energy technology by human beings and the progress of human society driven by energy utilization. The energy science focuses on the formation and development of fossil energy, development and orderly replacement of new energy, exploration and utilization of energy in deep earth and deep space, and energy development strategy and planning. The proposal of energy science is of great significance for improving the discipline system, promoting energy development, clarifying the development direction of energy transition, driving the carbon neutral geology research and constructing a habitable Earth.展开更多
This paper presents the guidelines and basic ideas for working out the development plan of new and renewable energy based upon China’s conditions, the foundation of industrialization development, targets of developme...This paper presents the guidelines and basic ideas for working out the development plan of new and renewable energy based upon China’s conditions, the foundation of industrialization development, targets of development for year 2000-2015 and the main tasks of industrialization system construction.展开更多
In line with achieving the outlook of Sustainable Energy Development(SED),Iran intends to increase the share of clean power to at least 8%of the country’s capacity by the end of 2026.This research aims to investigate...In line with achieving the outlook of Sustainable Energy Development(SED),Iran intends to increase the share of clean power to at least 8%of the country’s capacity by the end of 2026.This research aims to investigate the role and share of Bushehr Nuclear Power Plants(BNPP-1,2,3)in achieving the SED perspective of Iran,which has never been examined so far.In this connection,the comparative analyses of various power plants(PPs)of Iran including nuclear,fossil fuel,biomass,wind,solar thermal,photovoltaic,geothermal,and hydro PPs are carried out and discussed.The main indicators of SED such as Levelized Cost of Electricity(LCOE)metric,grid-level system cost,investment cost,external cost,average CO_(2) equivalent emission,ecosystem impact,required land area,required water,preservation of natural resources,human health,created jobs,international cooperation,social acceptance and Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR),and energy-water hub are thoroughly investigated.The statistical data used in the present study are extracted based on the authors’experiences gained during the construction,operation and maintenance(O&M)of BNPP-1,the energy-environment balance sheets of Iran,as well as the design documents of BNPPs.Moreover,the gathered data are evaluated using MatLab programing language and analyzed in terms of comparative diagrams.The evaluations of BNPP-1 performance within the framework of SED indicate that BNPP-1 has little effect on ecosystems and is among the lowest greenhouse gases emitters compared to other Iran’s PPs so that it annually prevent the release of 0.7 million tonnes of carbon,SO_(x),and NO_(x) compared to a gas-fired PP.Also,the cost analysis shows that the external cost of BNPP-1 is nearly zero and the grid-level cost is approximately 3 USD/(MW·h)which is much lower than that for renewable powers.As per the LCOE metric and the cost of fuel supply,BNPP-1 is cost-competitive with other Iran’s PPs.The nuclear fuel cost of BNPP-1 is nearly 49 million USD per year which is at least 666 million USD per year less than Iran’s fossil fuel power plants(FFPPs).As per the nuclear and radiation safety of BNPP-1,the results illustrate that the average dose received by the residents living around the BNPP-1 is 2×10^(−4) mSv/year that is 10000 times smaller than the average natural background radiation.Within the past ten years of BNPP-1 operation,no increase in cancers or death of skilled workers and residents living around the BNPP-1 has been reported.In addition to the production of clean power and freshwater,BNPP-1 has been developing excellent international relations and has been creating high-paying jobs,in particular for the local societies.Consequently,BNPP-1 could minimize the socio-economic and environmental concerns compared to the other Iran’s PPs,and therefore,BNPPs may play a vital and key role towards achieving the SED outlook of Iran through producing clean,reasonably-priced,environmentally friendly,reliable,and sustainable power and freshwater.Accordingly,Iran is to substitute nuclear power with more portions of the FFPPs in line with the sustainable development goals.展开更多
From the changes of total primary energy consumption and primary energy consumption structure,installed capacity and power generation of secondary energy(electricity),etc.,the development characteristics of China'...From the changes of total primary energy consumption and primary energy consumption structure,installed capacity and power generation of secondary energy(electricity),etc.,the development characteristics of China's energy structure in the"13^(th) Five-Year Plan"period was comprehensively studied.Combined with the complexity of the international situation,the diversification of the domestic energy system,the intelligence of the energy industry,etc.,the situation and challenges faced by China's energy development were deeply discussed in the four aspects of energy security,energy low-carbon transformation,energy system efficiency,and energy technology level.From the angle of ecological environment protection,the development of energy in the"14^(th) Five-Year Plan"period in China was analyzed,and some policies and measures were put forward.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.71834003,72204111]the Major Program of National Social Science Foundation of China[Grant No.21&ZD110,22ZDA113].
文摘The Chinese government promises to reach the carbon emission peak by 2030 and achieve the carbon neutrality by 2060.Renewable energy development is important for achieving this target.Local governments’behaviors and attitudes might be influenced by neighbors.Therefore,this study uses simultaneous autoregressive models(SAR)to examine the peer effects on renewable energy development across China’s provinces and explain the imbalanced renewable energy developments across regions in China.The results exemplified:①The peer effects exist in China and the endogenous interaction is the main cause.②The interaction between geographically adjacent provinces have greatest peer effects.③Both competition mechanism and learning mechanism induce the peer effects and the imbalanced development.This research introduces energy-related peer effects at the provincial level to reflect the preferences of governments and reveal the underlying mechanisms involved.It also provides suggestions to policy makers:①Select developed provinces as the frontrunner to promote the renewable energy development in neighboring areas.②Regional renewable energy development policies need to be considered.③Central government should consider adding“green growth indicators”into evaluation system to avoid the asymmetrical incentives policies between economic growth and environmental protection.
基金The Strategic Priority Research of the CAS,No.XDA20040400National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41871118,No.4202200。
文摘Energy development has a significant impact on urbanization. This study employs the entropy method to evaluate the level of urbanization in Central Asia and further analyzes the possible dynamic transition mechanisms of the impact of energy development (characterized by energy development scale, energy trade, energy consumption, and energy endowment) on urbanization using the Panel Smooth Transition Regression model (PSTR). The results demonstrate that energy development in this region is characterized by “three highs and one low”, namely, high production volume, high export volume, high endowment, and low self-consumption, and plays a crucial role in the progress of urbanization. A nonlinear relationship is found to exist between energy development and comprehensive urbanization in the transition economies of Central Asia. Generally speaking, as energy development continues to expand, its impact on urbanization in this region has shifted from constraint to promotion, with the latter gradually tending to flatten out. Energy development characterized by energy development scale, energy consumption, and energy trade can prove the point, whose threshold is 1.47 million tons oil equivalent (Mtoe), 0.29 tons oil equivalent (toe) per capita, and 20.95 Mtoe, respectively. However, not all energy development models exhibit this behavior. Energy development characterized by energy endowment is such a case where the positive effect of it on comprehensive urbanization will be restrained when it exceeds 3.18. These findings can aid decision makers in seeking a better energy development model to promote the sustainable development of urbanization in Central Asia, avoiding energy resources waste and disorderly development.
文摘Land cover change from renewable energy development in southern California is receiving increasing attention due to potential impacts on protected area conservation, endangered species, and greenhouse gas emissions. This study was designed to quantify and map, for the first time, variations desert vegetation canopy density and related growth rates using 30 consecutive years of Landsat satellite image data across the Lower Colorado Desert. The time-series for mean normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values sampled from each of the three major land cover types (shrubland, barren sand dune, and developed urban) showed no significant positive or negative trend in vegetation canopy density. Three periods of significant decrease in NDVI were detected during the drought periods of 1989-1990, 2002-2003, and 2013-2015, indicating that annual precipitation has been the main controller of shrubland canopy growth and green cover. Shrubland canopy cover has been relatively stable in renewable energy development zones since the mid-2000s. NDVI change in the period after nearly all southern California solar energy developments were initiated (post-2010) could be attributed largely to topographic water flow pathways through canyons and desert washes, both in and around all solar energy development zones.
文摘As the world's authoritative organization on energy information, the International Energy Agency (IEA), which was founded in 1974, releases Key World Energy Statistics every year from 1997 (hereinafter referred to as the "Key Data"). The "Key Data" released in 2007 announced the 2005 statistics, and also provided the 1973 statistics for comparison. From the published data, we can clearly find the development path and trend of the world energy and power industry. Also, China's strong development momentum, high- speed growth of energy consumption and the enormous challenges in the sustainable energy supply are especially noticeable. This paper reviewed the "Key Data" to perceive China's Energy Development. The analysis and interpretation of these data are purely from the author's point of view.
文摘There are abundant energy reserves such as oil,natural gas,hydrate,and wind energy in the ocean.Countries around the globe are competing to advance their marine energy development technologies.The exploitation of marine resources relies on cutting-edge industrial equipment.After decades of R&D endeavors,China has obtained most of the key technologies for the design,production,testing,and field application of marine energy development equipment(Xie and Zeng,2021).
文摘Wind energy development receives broad support but is often opposed at the local level due to nuisance concerns and uncertainties about how it affects the landowners living due to the turbines and the broader community.Lo-cal opposition to wind energy development can be a powerful force slowing or even ending its implementation in a given region.Oklahoma,USA is currently ranked as 4^(th)in the United States in current wind energy production and has seen significant pushback from some local communities as a renewable energy resource.Previous studies have examined wind energy development’s impact on rural education income,and property values of different communities in Oklahoma.However,funding information on how wind energy development affects the individu-als living alongside the turbines are limited.Using fifteen interviews with landowners,site-managers,community representatives,and pro-wind non-profit organization representatives,this study finds that individuals who live in proximity to wind energy development,particularly those involved in the agricultural industry,have created novel and unique uses for wind farm infrastructure.It also finds that local perceptions of wind energy production are mostly positive and provides increased knowledge of how wind energy development affects the individuals and communities that are hosting the turbines and related infrastructure.
文摘In recent years,China has made significant achievements in optimizing its energy structure and tapping into renewable energy.Wind power,in particular,has been doubled in its development year by year between 2005-2009.However,wind power develops too fast,which is not harmonious with the power system,the industry structure and the policy mechanism.Therefore,it is necessary to find the fundamental causes for the issue.Based on the inherent features and practical issues of wind power development in China,the role of wind power in energy development is put forward through probing logically into three perspectives,i.e.energy utilization,energy development and the ultimate objectives of wind power development.The current wind power development should be grounded on the improvement of wind power industrialization system,the smart grid and the research on new energy storage technology so as to lay firm foundations for large-scale development of wind power in the future.
文摘This paper analyses the present situation of new and renewable energy development in China’s rural and remote areas and gives the development objectives and tasks which could be fulfilled in the future. At last, it is summed up that exploiting new and renewable energy is the national key strategy for rural economic development.
文摘Mr.Liu Zhenya,general manager of the State Grid and Mr.Fu Zhifang,executive vice governor of Hebei Province together with their colleagues jointly inspected the development of new energy project in Zhangbei County,Zhangjiakou City,Hebei Province.
文摘In 1949, the Chinese energy industry had an annual output of 20 million tons of standard coal equivalent, which was relatively small. The energy industry has developed at a rapid rate since the 1950s. Some statistics show that the annual production of coal in 1990 increased 34 times and the annual production of electricity in 1990 increased 140 times compared to 1949. The annual output of energy reached one billion standard coal equivalent in 1990 and 1.24 billion in 1995. Although China has become a big country for energy production, the energy supply does not yet meet the needs of its economic development. This situation first
文摘As climate crisis intensifies,increasing attention has been drawn to the low-carbon transition of energy and the development of new energy sources.However,recently,new energy development worldwide has faced growing obstacles,casting a shadow over its prospects.China’s achievements in new energy development are leading globally and have significantly contributed to global climate governance.Despite challenges,the future prospects of new energy development in China will significantly influence the global landscape of energy development and climate governance.
文摘The paper introduces the relationship between energy and economic development first, then, through analyzing the characters of energy consumption all over the world and the basic facts about China＇s energy resources, draws the conclusion that the energy and resources of China are hardly able to meet the national demands, and puts forward the policy orientation for China＇s energy development accordingly. At last, it points out the prospect of China＇s energy industry.
文摘Since the“Twelfth Five-Year Plan”,global tidal energy,tidal current energy,wave energy,ocean thermal energy conversion(OTEC),and salinity gradient power technologies have experienced a new surge in development.China has also been promoting marine energy development through technology research and development,demonstration projects,and industrial planning.Against the backdrop of developing the marine economy and building a strong maritime nation,the development of ocean energy is of great significance for actively and prudently advancing carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,boosting high-quality economic and social development,and gaining an edge in the new round of technological revolution.
文摘Abundant potential of renewable energy(RE)in Indonesia is predicted to replace conventional energy which continues to experience depletion year by year.However,until now,the use of RE has only reached 2%of the existing potential of 441.7 GW.The main overview of this work is to investigate the availability of RE that can be utilized for electricity generation in Indonesia.National energy demand and targets in the long run during the 2017-2050 period are also discussed.Besides,government policies in supporting RE development are considered in this work.The results show that the potential of RE in Indonesia can be utilized and might replace conventional energy for decades.The use of RE for electricity generation can be achieved by employing a government policy that supports the investor as the executor of RE development.The selling price of electricity generated from RE is cheaper than electricity generated from fossils;this makes economy is more affordable for people.Finally,the target set by the government for utilizing RE as the main energy in Indonesia can be done by implementing several policies for the RE development.Thus,greenhouse gas emissions and the use of petroleum fuels can be reduced.
文摘The growing global demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly energy has stimulated the rapid adoption of renewable offshore energy.However,infrastructure needed for green energy production ironically impacts upon marine species and biodiversity.Consequently,this positional review paper seeks to comprehensively synthesise the prevailing body of knowledge on the impact of offshore energy development on a broad range of marine species.An interpretivist philosophical stance and inductive reasoning was adopted using scientometric analysis to conduct a rich synthesis of extant literature.From an operational perspective,the Scopus database was utilised to search for key terms on the phenomena under investigation and using the VoS Viewer software for the identification of trends using scientometric maps.The analysis reveals that research in this area of science has increased significantly over the last decade but private sector involvement is conspicuous by its absence.Primary concerns among the research community include the impact of energy development on the abundance of species,pollution and biodiversity behaviour and migration.At present,researchers have extensively focused on the impact of offshore wind farms on fish and marine mammals.However,the literature reveals no significant long-term impact upon energy development on most marine species albeit,short-term interference has raised concerns(from sound,disruption of navigation and foraging patterns,and damage of habitat).To minimise short term disruption,researchers have recommended the use of acoustic deterrence during construction,enforcement of protected areas and continued research.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41902151)。
文摘In geological history, one major life explosion and five mass extinction events occurred. These major biological and environmental events affected the evolution of the Earth ecosystem and controlled the formation of organic-rich strata. The life explosion occurred in Cambrian and the five mass extinction events happened at the end of Ordovician, Late Devonian, end of Permian, end of Triassic, and end of Cretaceous, respectively. They are corresponded to the formation of multiple suites of organic-rich strata globally, which are crucial to the formation, evolution and distribution of the fossil energy on Earth. China’s energy is characterized by "unlimited new energy, rich in coal but insufficient in oil and gas ", and it is determined to rely on new energy sources to achieve " energy independence " and carbon neutrality. From the perspective of the Earth system evolution, we investigate the multiple relationships between energy and Earth, energy and environment, as well as energy and human beings, and carry out comprehensive research on energy. Energy science refers to the science of studying the various energy sources formation and distribution, evaluation and selection, production and utilization, orderly replacement, development prospects, etc. in temporal and spatial scales based on the evolution of the Earth system. The connotation of energy science includes three core contents:(1) The relationship between the Earth and energy, including the formation of energy in the Earth system and the feedback of energy consumption to the Earth’s climate and environment;(2) The relationship between the Earth environment and the human beings, including the Earth environment breeding human beings and human activities transforming the earth environment;(3) The relationship between the energy and the human beings, including the development of energy technology by human beings and the progress of human society driven by energy utilization. The energy science focuses on the formation and development of fossil energy, development and orderly replacement of new energy, exploration and utilization of energy in deep earth and deep space, and energy development strategy and planning. The proposal of energy science is of great significance for improving the discipline system, promoting energy development, clarifying the development direction of energy transition, driving the carbon neutral geology research and constructing a habitable Earth.
文摘This paper presents the guidelines and basic ideas for working out the development plan of new and renewable energy based upon China’s conditions, the foundation of industrialization development, targets of development for year 2000-2015 and the main tasks of industrialization system construction.
文摘In line with achieving the outlook of Sustainable Energy Development(SED),Iran intends to increase the share of clean power to at least 8%of the country’s capacity by the end of 2026.This research aims to investigate the role and share of Bushehr Nuclear Power Plants(BNPP-1,2,3)in achieving the SED perspective of Iran,which has never been examined so far.In this connection,the comparative analyses of various power plants(PPs)of Iran including nuclear,fossil fuel,biomass,wind,solar thermal,photovoltaic,geothermal,and hydro PPs are carried out and discussed.The main indicators of SED such as Levelized Cost of Electricity(LCOE)metric,grid-level system cost,investment cost,external cost,average CO_(2) equivalent emission,ecosystem impact,required land area,required water,preservation of natural resources,human health,created jobs,international cooperation,social acceptance and Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR),and energy-water hub are thoroughly investigated.The statistical data used in the present study are extracted based on the authors’experiences gained during the construction,operation and maintenance(O&M)of BNPP-1,the energy-environment balance sheets of Iran,as well as the design documents of BNPPs.Moreover,the gathered data are evaluated using MatLab programing language and analyzed in terms of comparative diagrams.The evaluations of BNPP-1 performance within the framework of SED indicate that BNPP-1 has little effect on ecosystems and is among the lowest greenhouse gases emitters compared to other Iran’s PPs so that it annually prevent the release of 0.7 million tonnes of carbon,SO_(x),and NO_(x) compared to a gas-fired PP.Also,the cost analysis shows that the external cost of BNPP-1 is nearly zero and the grid-level cost is approximately 3 USD/(MW·h)which is much lower than that for renewable powers.As per the LCOE metric and the cost of fuel supply,BNPP-1 is cost-competitive with other Iran’s PPs.The nuclear fuel cost of BNPP-1 is nearly 49 million USD per year which is at least 666 million USD per year less than Iran’s fossil fuel power plants(FFPPs).As per the nuclear and radiation safety of BNPP-1,the results illustrate that the average dose received by the residents living around the BNPP-1 is 2×10^(−4) mSv/year that is 10000 times smaller than the average natural background radiation.Within the past ten years of BNPP-1 operation,no increase in cancers or death of skilled workers and residents living around the BNPP-1 has been reported.In addition to the production of clean power and freshwater,BNPP-1 has been developing excellent international relations and has been creating high-paying jobs,in particular for the local societies.Consequently,BNPP-1 could minimize the socio-economic and environmental concerns compared to the other Iran’s PPs,and therefore,BNPPs may play a vital and key role towards achieving the SED outlook of Iran through producing clean,reasonably-priced,environmentally friendly,reliable,and sustainable power and freshwater.Accordingly,Iran is to substitute nuclear power with more portions of the FFPPs in line with the sustainable development goals.
文摘From the changes of total primary energy consumption and primary energy consumption structure,installed capacity and power generation of secondary energy(electricity),etc.,the development characteristics of China's energy structure in the"13^(th) Five-Year Plan"period was comprehensively studied.Combined with the complexity of the international situation,the diversification of the domestic energy system,the intelligence of the energy industry,etc.,the situation and challenges faced by China's energy development were deeply discussed in the four aspects of energy security,energy low-carbon transformation,energy system efficiency,and energy technology level.From the angle of ecological environment protection,the development of energy in the"14^(th) Five-Year Plan"period in China was analyzed,and some policies and measures were put forward.
