Quantum communication networks,such as quantum key distribution(QKD)networks,typically employ the measurement-resend mechanism between two users using quantum communication devices based on different quantum encoding ...Quantum communication networks,such as quantum key distribution(QKD)networks,typically employ the measurement-resend mechanism between two users using quantum communication devices based on different quantum encoding types.To achieve direct communication between the devices with different quantum encoding types,in this paper,we propose encoding conversion schemes between the polarization bases(rectilinear,diagonal and circular bases)and the time-bin phase bases(two phase bases and time-bin basis)and design the quantum encoding converters.The theoretical analysis of the encoding conversion schemes is given in detail,and the basis correspondence of encoding conversion and the property of bit flip are revealed.The conversion relationship between polarization bases and time-bin phase bases can be easily selected by controlling a phase shifter.Since no optical switches are used in our scheme,the converter can be operated with high speed.The converters can also be modularized,which may be utilized to realize miniaturization in the future.展开更多
With the rapid expansion of social media,analyzing emotions and their causes in texts has gained significant importance.Emotion-cause pair extraction enables the identification of causal relationships between emotions...With the rapid expansion of social media,analyzing emotions and their causes in texts has gained significant importance.Emotion-cause pair extraction enables the identification of causal relationships between emotions and their triggers within a text,facilitating a deeper understanding of expressed sentiments and their underlying reasons.This comprehension is crucial for making informed strategic decisions in various business and societal contexts.However,recent research approaches employing multi-task learning frameworks for modeling often face challenges such as the inability to simultaneouslymodel extracted features and their interactions,or inconsistencies in label prediction between emotion-cause pair extraction and independent assistant tasks like emotion and cause extraction.To address these issues,this study proposes an emotion-cause pair extraction methodology that incorporates joint feature encoding and task alignment mechanisms.The model consists of two primary components:First,joint feature encoding simultaneously generates features for emotion-cause pairs and clauses,enhancing feature interactions between emotion clauses,cause clauses,and emotion-cause pairs.Second,the task alignment technique is applied to reduce the labeling distance between emotion-cause pair extraction and the two assistant tasks,capturing deep semantic information interactions among tasks.The proposed method is evaluated on a Chinese benchmark corpus using 10-fold cross-validation,assessing key performance metrics such as precision,recall,and F1 score.Experimental results demonstrate that the model achieves an F1 score of 76.05%,surpassing the state-of-the-art by 1.03%.The proposed model exhibits significant improvements in emotion-cause pair extraction(ECPE)and cause extraction(CE)compared to existing methods,validating its effectiveness.This research introduces a novel approach based on joint feature encoding and task alignment mechanisms,contributing to advancements in emotion-cause pair extraction.However,the study’s limitation lies in the data sources,potentially restricting the generalizability of the findings.展开更多
High-Speed Trains (HSTs) have emerged as a mainstream mode of transportation in China, owing to their exceptional safety and efficiency. Ensuring the reliable operation of HSTs is of paramount economic and societal im...High-Speed Trains (HSTs) have emerged as a mainstream mode of transportation in China, owing to their exceptional safety and efficiency. Ensuring the reliable operation of HSTs is of paramount economic and societal importance. As critical rotating mechanical components of the transmission system, bearings make their fault diagnosis a topic of extensive attention. This paper provides a systematic review of image encoding-based bearing fault diagnosis methods tailored to the condition monitoring of HSTs. First, it categorizes the image encoding techniques applied in the field of bearing fault diagnosis. Then, a review of state-of-the-art studies has been presented, encompassing both monomodal image conversion and multimodal image fusion approaches. Finally, it highlights current challenges and proposes future research directions to advance intelligent fault diagnosis in HSTs, aiming to provide a valuable reference for researchers and engineers in the field of intelligent operation and maintenance.展开更多
Blockchain,as a distributed ledger,inherently possesses tamper-resistant capabilities,creating a natural channel for covert communication.However,the immutable nature of data storage might introduce challenges to comm...Blockchain,as a distributed ledger,inherently possesses tamper-resistant capabilities,creating a natural channel for covert communication.However,the immutable nature of data storage might introduce challenges to communication security.This study introduces a blockchain-based covert communication model utilizing dynamic Base-K encoding.The proposed encoding scheme utilizes the input address sequence to determine K to encode the secret message and determines the order of transactions based on K,thus ensuring effective concealment of the message.The dynamic encoding parameters enhance flexibility and address issues related to identical transaction amounts for the same secret message.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method maintains smooth communication and low susceptibility to tampering,achieving commendable concealment and embedding rates.展开更多
The Gaussian phase distribution approximation enables analysis of restricted diffusion encoded by general gradient waveforms but fails to account for the diffraction-like features that may occur for simple pore geomet...The Gaussian phase distribution approximation enables analysis of restricted diffusion encoded by general gradient waveforms but fails to account for the diffraction-like features that may occur for simple pore geometries.We investigate the range of validity of the approximation by random walk simulations of restricted diffusion in a cylinder using isotropic diffusion encoding sequences as well as conventional single gradient pulse pairs and oscillating gradient waveforms.The results show that clear deviations from the approximation may be observed at relative signal attenuations below 0.1 for onedimensional sequences with few oscillation periods.Increasing the encoding dimensionality and/or number of oscillations while extending the total duration of the waveform diminishes the non-Gaussian effects while preserving the low apparent diffusivities characteristic of restriction.展开更多
Deep learning(DL)methods like multilayer perceptrons(MLPs)and convolutional neural networks(CNNs)have been applied to predict the complex traits in animal and plant breeding.However,improving the genomic prediction ac...Deep learning(DL)methods like multilayer perceptrons(MLPs)and convolutional neural networks(CNNs)have been applied to predict the complex traits in animal and plant breeding.However,improving the genomic prediction accuracy still presents signifcant challenges.In this study,we applied CNNs to predict swine traits using previously published data.Specifcally,we extensively evaluated the CNN model's performance by employing various sets of single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)and concluded that the CNN model achieved optimal performance when utilizing SNP sets comprising 1,000 SNPs.Furthermore,we adopted a novel approach using the one-hot encoding method that transforms the 16 different genotypes into sets of eight binary variables.This innovative encoding method signifcantly enhanced the CNN's prediction accuracy for swine traits,outperforming the traditional one-hot encoding techniques.Our fndings suggest that the expanded one-hot encoding method can improve the accuracy of DL methods in the genomic prediction of swine agricultural economic traits.This discovery has significant implications for swine breeding programs,where genomic prediction is pivotal in improving breeding strategies.Furthermore,future research endeavors can explore additional enhancements to DL methods by incorporating advanced data pre-processing techniques.展开更多
Highly programmable shape morphing of 4D-printed micro/nanostructures is urgently desired for applications in robotics and intelligent systems.However,due to the lack of autonomous holistic strategies throughout the t...Highly programmable shape morphing of 4D-printed micro/nanostructures is urgently desired for applications in robotics and intelligent systems.However,due to the lack of autonomous holistic strategies throughout the target shape input,optimal material distribution generation,and fabrication program output,4D nanoprinting that permits arbitrary shape morphing remains a challenging task for manual design.In this study,we report an autonomous inverse encoding strategy to decipher the genetic code for material property distributions that can guide the encoded modeling toward arbitrarily pre-programmed 4D shape morphing.By tuning the laser power of each voxel at the nanoscale,the genetic code can be spatially programmed and controllable shape morphing can be realized through the inverse encoding process.Using this strategy,the 4D-printed structures can be designed and accurately shift to the target morphing of arbitrarily hand-drawn lines under stimulation.Furthermore,as a proof-of-concept,a flexible fiber micromanipulator that can approach the target region through pre-programmed shape morphing is autonomously inversely encoded according to the localized spatial environment.This strategy may contribute to the modeling and arbitrary shape morphing of micro/nanostructures fabricated via 4D nanoprinting,leading to cutting-edge applications in microfluidics,micro-robotics,minimally invasive robotic surgery,and tissue engineering.展开更多
Sensitivity encoding(SENSE)is a parallel magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)reconstruction model by utilizing the sensitivity information of receiver coils to achieve image reconstruction.The existing SENSE-based reconstr...Sensitivity encoding(SENSE)is a parallel magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)reconstruction model by utilizing the sensitivity information of receiver coils to achieve image reconstruction.The existing SENSE-based reconstruction algorithms usually used nonadaptive sparsifying transforms,resulting in a limited reconstruction accuracy.Therefore,we proposed a new model for accurate parallel MRI reconstruction by combining the L0 norm regularization term based on the efficient sum of outer products dictionary learning(SOUPDIL)with the SENSE model,called SOUPDIL-SENSE.The SOUPDIL-SENSE model is mainly solved by utilizing the variable splitting and alternating direction method of multipliers techniques.The experimental results on four human datasets show that the proposed algorithm effectively promotes the image sparsity,eliminates the noise and artifacts of the reconstructed images,and improves the reconstruction accuracy.展开更多
Retinal blood vessel segmentation is crucial for diagnosing ocular and cardiovascular diseases.Although the introduction of U-Net in 2015 by Olaf Ronneberger significantly advanced this field,yet issues like limited t...Retinal blood vessel segmentation is crucial for diagnosing ocular and cardiovascular diseases.Although the introduction of U-Net in 2015 by Olaf Ronneberger significantly advanced this field,yet issues like limited training data,imbalance data distribution,and inadequate feature extraction persist,hindering both the segmentation performance and optimal model generalization.Addressing these critical issues,the DEFFA-Unet is proposed featuring an additional encoder to process domain-invariant pre-processed inputs,thereby improving both richer feature encoding and enhanced model generalization.A feature filtering fusion module is developed to ensure the precise feature filtering and robust hybrid feature fusion.In response to the task-specific need for higher precision where false positives are very costly,traditional skip connections are replaced with the attention-guided feature reconstructing fusion module.Additionally,innovative data augmentation and balancing methods are proposed to counter data scarcity and distribution imbalance,further boosting the robustness and generalization of the model.With a comprehensive suite of evaluation metrics,extensive validations on four benchmark datasets(DRIVE,CHASEDB1,STARE,and HRF)and an SLO dataset(IOSTAR),demonstrate the proposed method’s superiority over both baseline and state-of-the-art models.Particularly the proposed method significantly outperforms the compared methods in cross-validation model generalization.展开更多
Traditional large-scale multi-objective optimization algorithms(LSMOEAs)encounter difficulties when dealing with sparse large-scale multi-objective optimization problems(SLM-OPs)where most decision variables are zero....Traditional large-scale multi-objective optimization algorithms(LSMOEAs)encounter difficulties when dealing with sparse large-scale multi-objective optimization problems(SLM-OPs)where most decision variables are zero.As a result,many algorithms use a two-layer encoding approach to optimize binary variable Mask and real variable Dec separately.Nevertheless,existing optimizers often focus on locating non-zero variable posi-tions to optimize the binary variables Mask.However,approxi-mating the sparse distribution of real Pareto optimal solutions does not necessarily mean that the objective function is optimized.In data mining,it is common to mine frequent itemsets appear-ing together in a dataset to reveal the correlation between data.Inspired by this,we propose a novel two-layer encoding learning swarm optimizer based on frequent itemsets(TELSO)to address these SLMOPs.TELSO mined the frequent terms of multiple particles with better target values to find mask combinations that can obtain better objective values for fast convergence.Experi-mental results on five real-world problems and eight benchmark sets demonstrate that TELSO outperforms existing state-of-the-art sparse large-scale multi-objective evolutionary algorithms(SLMOEAs)in terms of performance and convergence speed.展开更多
Optical reservoir computing(ORC)offers advantages,such as high computational speed,low power consumption,and high training speed,so it has become a competitive candidate for time series analysis in recent years.The cu...Optical reservoir computing(ORC)offers advantages,such as high computational speed,low power consumption,and high training speed,so it has become a competitive candidate for time series analysis in recent years.The current ORC employs single-dimensional encoding for computation,which limits input resolution and introduces extraneous information due to interactions between optical dimensions during propagation,thus constraining performance.Here,we propose complex-value encoding-based optoelectronic reservoir computing(CE-ORC),in which the amplitude and phase of the input optical field are both modulated to improve the input resolution and prevent the influence of extraneous information on computation.In addition,scale factors in the amplitude encoding can fine-tune the optical reservoir dynamics for better performance.We built a CE-ORC processing unit with an iteration rate of up to∼1.2 kHz using high-speed communication interfaces and field programmable gate arrays(FPGAs)and demonstrated the excellent performance of CE-ORC in two time series prediction tasks.In comparison with the conventional ORC for the Mackey–Glass task,CE-ORC showed a decrease in normalized mean square error by∼75%.Furthermore,we applied this method in a weather time series analysis and effectively predicted the temperature and humidity within a range of 24 h.展开更多
This study proposes a novel particle encoding mechanism that seamlessly incorporates the quantum properties of particles,with a specific emphasis on constituent quarks.The primary objective of this mechanism is to fac...This study proposes a novel particle encoding mechanism that seamlessly incorporates the quantum properties of particles,with a specific emphasis on constituent quarks.The primary objective of this mechanism is to facilitate the digital registration and identification of a wide range of particle information.Its design ensures easy integration with different event generators and digital simulations commonly used in high-energy experiments.Moreover,this innovative framework can be easily expanded to encode complex multi-quark states comprising up to nine valence quarks and accommodating an angular momentum of up to 99/2.This versatility and scalability make it a valuable tool.展开更多
Leveraging the extraordinary phenomena of quantum superposition and quantum correlation,quantum computing offers unprecedented potential for addressing challenges beyond the reach of classical computers.This paper tac...Leveraging the extraordinary phenomena of quantum superposition and quantum correlation,quantum computing offers unprecedented potential for addressing challenges beyond the reach of classical computers.This paper tackles two pivotal challenges in the realm of quantum computing:firstly,the development of an effective encoding protocol for translating classical data into quantum states,a critical step for any quantum computation.Different encoding strategies can significantly influence quantum computer performance.Secondly,we address the need to counteract the inevitable noise that can hinder quantum acceleration.Our primary contribution is the introduction of a novel variational data encoding method,grounded in quantum regression algorithm models.By adapting the learning concept from machine learning,we render data encoding a learnable process.This allowed us to study the role of quantum correlation in data encoding.Through numerical simulations of various regression tasks,we demonstrate the efficacy of our variational data encoding,particularly post-learning from instructional data.Moreover,we delve into the role of quantum correlation in enhancing task performance,especially in noisy environments.Our findings underscore the critical role of quantum correlation in not only bolstering performance but also in mitigating noise interference,thus advancing the frontier of quantum computing.展开更多
Increasing research has focused on semantic communication,the goal of which is to convey accurately the meaning instead of transmitting symbols from the sender to the receiver.In this paper,we design a novel encoding ...Increasing research has focused on semantic communication,the goal of which is to convey accurately the meaning instead of transmitting symbols from the sender to the receiver.In this paper,we design a novel encoding and decoding semantic communication framework,which adopts the semantic information and the contextual correlations between items to optimize the performance of a communication system over various channels.On the sender side,the average semantic loss caused by the wrong detection is defined,and a semantic source encoding strategy is developed to minimize the average semantic loss.To further improve communication reliability,a decoding strategy that utilizes the semantic and the context information to recover messages is proposed in the receiver.Extensive simulation results validate the superior performance of our strategies over state-of-the-art semantic coding and decoding policies on different communication channels.展开更多
Sepsis poses a serious threat to health of children in pediatric intensive care unit.The mortality from pediatric sepsis can be effectively reduced through in-time diagnosis and therapeutic intervention.The bacillicul...Sepsis poses a serious threat to health of children in pediatric intensive care unit.The mortality from pediatric sepsis can be effectively reduced through in-time diagnosis and therapeutic intervention.The bacilliculture detection method is too time-consuming to receive timely treatment.In this research,we propose a new framework:a deep encoding network with cross features(CF-DEN)that enables accurate early detection of sepsis.Cross features are automatically constructed via the gradient boosting decision tree and distilled into the deep encoding network(DEN)we designed.The DEN is aimed at learning sufficiently effective representation from clinical test data.Each layer of the DEN fltrates the features involved in computation at current layer via attention mechanism and outputs the current prediction which is additive layer by layer to obtain the embedding feature at last layer.The framework takes the advantage of tree-based method and neural network method to extract effective representation from small clinical dataset and obtain accurate prediction in order to prompt patient to get timely treatment.We evaluate the performance of the framework on the dataset collected from Shanghai Children's Medical Center.Compared with common machine learning methods,our method achieves the increase on F1-score by 16.06%on the test set.展开更多
The visual features of continuous pseudocolor encoding is discussed and the optimiz- ing design algorithm of continuous pseudocolor scale is derived.The algorithm is restricting the varying range and direction of ligh...The visual features of continuous pseudocolor encoding is discussed and the optimiz- ing design algorithm of continuous pseudocolor scale is derived.The algorithm is restricting the varying range and direction of lightness,hue and saturation according to correlation and naturalness,automatically calculating the chromaticity coordinates of nodes in uniform color space to get the longest length of scale path,then interpolating points between nodes in equal color differences to obtain continuous pseudocolor scale with visual uniformity.When it was applied to the pseudocolor encoding of thermal image displays,the results showed that the correlation and the naturalness of original images and cognitive characteristics of target pattern were reserved well;the dynamic range of visual perception and the amount of visual information increased obviously;the contrast sensitivity of target identification improved;and the blindness of scale design were avoided.展开更多
On-chip global buses in deep sub-micron designs consume significant amounts of energy and have large propagation delays. Thus, minimizing energy dissipation and propagation delay is an important design objective. In t...On-chip global buses in deep sub-micron designs consume significant amounts of energy and have large propagation delays. Thus, minimizing energy dissipation and propagation delay is an important design objective. In this paper, we propose a new spatial and temporal encoding approach for generic on-chip global buses with repeaters that enables higher performance while reducing peak energy and average energy. The proposed encoding approach exploits the benefits of a temporal encoding circuit and spatial bus-invert coding techniques to simultaneously eliminate opposite transitions on adjacent wires and reduce the number of self-transitions and coupling-transitions. In the design process of applying encoding techniques for reduced bus delay and energy, we present a repeater insertion design methodology to determine the repeater size and inter-repeater bus length, which minimizes the total bus energy dissipation while satisfying target delay and slew-rate constraints. This methodology is employed to obtain optimal energy versus delay trade-offs under slew-rate constraints for various encoding techniques.展开更多
In view of the problems that the encoding complexity of quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check(QC-LDPC) codes is high and the minimum distance is not large enough which leads to the degradation of the error-correction ...In view of the problems that the encoding complexity of quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check(QC-LDPC) codes is high and the minimum distance is not large enough which leads to the degradation of the error-correction performance, the new irregular type-Ⅱ QC-LDPC codes based on perfect cyclic difference sets(CDSs) are constructed. The parity check matrices of these type-Ⅱ QC-LDPC codes consist of the zero matrices with weight of 0, the circulant permutation matrices(CPMs) with weight of 1 and the circulant matrices with weight of 2(W2CMs). The introduction of W2CMs in parity check matrices makes it possible to achieve the larger minimum distance which can improve the error-correction performance of the codes. The Tanner graphs of these codes have no girth-4, thus they have the excellent decoding convergence characteristics. In addition, because the parity check matrices have the quasi-dual diagonal structure, the fast encoding algorithm can reduce the encoding complexity effectively. Simulation results show that the new type-Ⅱ QC-LDPC codes can achieve a more excellent error-correction performance and have no error floor phenomenon over the additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN) channel with sum-product algorithm(SPA) iterative decoding.展开更多
In this paper, a 3-D video encoding scheme suitable for digital TV/HDTV (high definition television) is studied through computer simulation. The encoding scheme is designed to provide a good match to human vision. Bas...In this paper, a 3-D video encoding scheme suitable for digital TV/HDTV (high definition television) is studied through computer simulation. The encoding scheme is designed to provide a good match to human vision. Basically, this involves transmission of low frequency luminance information at full frame rate for good motion rendition and transmission of high frequency luminance signal at reduced frame rate for good detail in static images.展开更多
Aiming at parallel distributed constant false alarm rate （CFAR） detection employing K/N fusion rule,an optimization algorithm based on the genetic algorithm with interval encoding is proposed. N-1 local probabilitie...Aiming at parallel distributed constant false alarm rate （CFAR） detection employing K/N fusion rule,an optimization algorithm based on the genetic algorithm with interval encoding is proposed. N-1 local probabilities of false alarm are selected as optimization variables. And the encoding intervals for local false alarm probabilities are sequentially designed by the person-by-person optimization technique according to the constraints. By turning constrained optimization to unconstrained optimization,the problem of increasing iteration times due to the punishment technique frequently adopted in the genetic algorithm is thus overcome. Then this optimization scheme is applied to spacebased synthetic aperture radar （SAR） multi-angle collaborative detection,in which the nominal factor for each local detector is determined. The scheme is verified with simulations of cases including two,three and four independent SAR systems. Besides,detection performances with varying K and N are compared and analyzed.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62001440).
文摘Quantum communication networks,such as quantum key distribution(QKD)networks,typically employ the measurement-resend mechanism between two users using quantum communication devices based on different quantum encoding types.To achieve direct communication between the devices with different quantum encoding types,in this paper,we propose encoding conversion schemes between the polarization bases(rectilinear,diagonal and circular bases)and the time-bin phase bases(two phase bases and time-bin basis)and design the quantum encoding converters.The theoretical analysis of the encoding conversion schemes is given in detail,and the basis correspondence of encoding conversion and the property of bit flip are revealed.The conversion relationship between polarization bases and time-bin phase bases can be easily selected by controlling a phase shifter.Since no optical switches are used in our scheme,the converter can be operated with high speed.The converters can also be modularized,which may be utilized to realize miniaturization in the future.
文摘With the rapid expansion of social media,analyzing emotions and their causes in texts has gained significant importance.Emotion-cause pair extraction enables the identification of causal relationships between emotions and their triggers within a text,facilitating a deeper understanding of expressed sentiments and their underlying reasons.This comprehension is crucial for making informed strategic decisions in various business and societal contexts.However,recent research approaches employing multi-task learning frameworks for modeling often face challenges such as the inability to simultaneouslymodel extracted features and their interactions,or inconsistencies in label prediction between emotion-cause pair extraction and independent assistant tasks like emotion and cause extraction.To address these issues,this study proposes an emotion-cause pair extraction methodology that incorporates joint feature encoding and task alignment mechanisms.The model consists of two primary components:First,joint feature encoding simultaneously generates features for emotion-cause pairs and clauses,enhancing feature interactions between emotion clauses,cause clauses,and emotion-cause pairs.Second,the task alignment technique is applied to reduce the labeling distance between emotion-cause pair extraction and the two assistant tasks,capturing deep semantic information interactions among tasks.The proposed method is evaluated on a Chinese benchmark corpus using 10-fold cross-validation,assessing key performance metrics such as precision,recall,and F1 score.Experimental results demonstrate that the model achieves an F1 score of 76.05%,surpassing the state-of-the-art by 1.03%.The proposed model exhibits significant improvements in emotion-cause pair extraction(ECPE)and cause extraction(CE)compared to existing methods,validating its effectiveness.This research introduces a novel approach based on joint feature encoding and task alignment mechanisms,contributing to advancements in emotion-cause pair extraction.However,the study’s limitation lies in the data sources,potentially restricting the generalizability of the findings.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2024JBZX027)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52375078).
文摘High-Speed Trains (HSTs) have emerged as a mainstream mode of transportation in China, owing to their exceptional safety and efficiency. Ensuring the reliable operation of HSTs is of paramount economic and societal importance. As critical rotating mechanical components of the transmission system, bearings make their fault diagnosis a topic of extensive attention. This paper provides a systematic review of image encoding-based bearing fault diagnosis methods tailored to the condition monitoring of HSTs. First, it categorizes the image encoding techniques applied in the field of bearing fault diagnosis. Then, a review of state-of-the-art studies has been presented, encompassing both monomodal image conversion and multimodal image fusion approaches. Finally, it highlights current challenges and proposes future research directions to advance intelligent fault diagnosis in HSTs, aiming to provide a valuable reference for researchers and engineers in the field of intelligent operation and maintenance.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China No.U24B201114,6247070859,62302114 and No.62172353Innovation Fund Program of the Engineering Research Center for Integration and Application of Digital Learning Technology of Ministry of Education No.1331007 and No.1311022Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province No.2024A1515010177.
文摘Blockchain,as a distributed ledger,inherently possesses tamper-resistant capabilities,creating a natural channel for covert communication.However,the immutable nature of data storage might introduce challenges to communication security.This study introduces a blockchain-based covert communication model utilizing dynamic Base-K encoding.The proposed encoding scheme utilizes the input address sequence to determine K to encode the secret message and determines the order of transactions based on K,thus ensuring effective concealment of the message.The dynamic encoding parameters enhance flexibility and address issues related to identical transaction amounts for the same secret message.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method maintains smooth communication and low susceptibility to tampering,achieving commendable concealment and embedding rates.
基金financially supported by the Swedish Research Council(2022-04422_VR)。
文摘The Gaussian phase distribution approximation enables analysis of restricted diffusion encoded by general gradient waveforms but fails to account for the diffraction-like features that may occur for simple pore geometries.We investigate the range of validity of the approximation by random walk simulations of restricted diffusion in a cylinder using isotropic diffusion encoding sequences as well as conventional single gradient pulse pairs and oscillating gradient waveforms.The results show that clear deviations from the approximation may be observed at relative signal attenuations below 0.1 for onedimensional sequences with few oscillation periods.Increasing the encoding dimensionality and/or number of oscillations while extending the total duration of the waveform diminishes the non-Gaussian effects while preserving the low apparent diffusivities characteristic of restriction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32102513)the National Key Scientific Research Project(2023YFF1001100)+1 种基金the Shenzhen Innovation and Entrepreneurship PlanMajor Special Project of Science and Technology,China(KJZD20230923115003006)the Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ZDRW202006)。
文摘Deep learning(DL)methods like multilayer perceptrons(MLPs)and convolutional neural networks(CNNs)have been applied to predict the complex traits in animal and plant breeding.However,improving the genomic prediction accuracy still presents signifcant challenges.In this study,we applied CNNs to predict swine traits using previously published data.Specifcally,we extensively evaluated the CNN model's performance by employing various sets of single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)and concluded that the CNN model achieved optimal performance when utilizing SNP sets comprising 1,000 SNPs.Furthermore,we adopted a novel approach using the one-hot encoding method that transforms the 16 different genotypes into sets of eight binary variables.This innovative encoding method signifcantly enhanced the CNN's prediction accuracy for swine traits,outperforming the traditional one-hot encoding techniques.Our fndings suggest that the expanded one-hot encoding method can improve the accuracy of DL methods in the genomic prediction of swine agricultural economic traits.This discovery has significant implications for swine breeding programs,where genomic prediction is pivotal in improving breeding strategies.Furthermore,future research endeavors can explore additional enhancements to DL methods by incorporating advanced data pre-processing techniques.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project(Grant No.2023YFB4705300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant Nos.62205200 and 62375168)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(Grant No.22ZR1431600)。
文摘Highly programmable shape morphing of 4D-printed micro/nanostructures is urgently desired for applications in robotics and intelligent systems.However,due to the lack of autonomous holistic strategies throughout the target shape input,optimal material distribution generation,and fabrication program output,4D nanoprinting that permits arbitrary shape morphing remains a challenging task for manual design.In this study,we report an autonomous inverse encoding strategy to decipher the genetic code for material property distributions that can guide the encoded modeling toward arbitrarily pre-programmed 4D shape morphing.By tuning the laser power of each voxel at the nanoscale,the genetic code can be spatially programmed and controllable shape morphing can be realized through the inverse encoding process.Using this strategy,the 4D-printed structures can be designed and accurately shift to the target morphing of arbitrarily hand-drawn lines under stimulation.Furthermore,as a proof-of-concept,a flexible fiber micromanipulator that can approach the target region through pre-programmed shape morphing is autonomously inversely encoded according to the localized spatial environment.This strategy may contribute to the modeling and arbitrary shape morphing of micro/nanostructures fabricated via 4D nanoprinting,leading to cutting-edge applications in microfluidics,micro-robotics,minimally invasive robotic surgery,and tissue engineering.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61861023)the Yunnan Fundamental Research Project(No.202301AT070452)。
文摘Sensitivity encoding(SENSE)is a parallel magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)reconstruction model by utilizing the sensitivity information of receiver coils to achieve image reconstruction.The existing SENSE-based reconstruction algorithms usually used nonadaptive sparsifying transforms,resulting in a limited reconstruction accuracy.Therefore,we proposed a new model for accurate parallel MRI reconstruction by combining the L0 norm regularization term based on the efficient sum of outer products dictionary learning(SOUPDIL)with the SENSE model,called SOUPDIL-SENSE.The SOUPDIL-SENSE model is mainly solved by utilizing the variable splitting and alternating direction method of multipliers techniques.The experimental results on four human datasets show that the proposed algorithm effectively promotes the image sparsity,eliminates the noise and artifacts of the reconstructed images,and improves the reconstruction accuracy.
文摘Retinal blood vessel segmentation is crucial for diagnosing ocular and cardiovascular diseases.Although the introduction of U-Net in 2015 by Olaf Ronneberger significantly advanced this field,yet issues like limited training data,imbalance data distribution,and inadequate feature extraction persist,hindering both the segmentation performance and optimal model generalization.Addressing these critical issues,the DEFFA-Unet is proposed featuring an additional encoder to process domain-invariant pre-processed inputs,thereby improving both richer feature encoding and enhanced model generalization.A feature filtering fusion module is developed to ensure the precise feature filtering and robust hybrid feature fusion.In response to the task-specific need for higher precision where false positives are very costly,traditional skip connections are replaced with the attention-guided feature reconstructing fusion module.Additionally,innovative data augmentation and balancing methods are proposed to counter data scarcity and distribution imbalance,further boosting the robustness and generalization of the model.With a comprehensive suite of evaluation metrics,extensive validations on four benchmark datasets(DRIVE,CHASEDB1,STARE,and HRF)and an SLO dataset(IOSTAR),demonstrate the proposed method’s superiority over both baseline and state-of-the-art models.Particularly the proposed method significantly outperforms the compared methods in cross-validation model generalization.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Project of Xiang Jiang Lab(22XJ02003)the University Fundamental Research Fund(23-ZZCX-JDZ-28)+5 种基金the National Science Fund for Outstanding Young Scholars(62122093)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72071205)the Hunan Graduate Research Innovation Project(ZC23112101-10)the Hunan Natural Science Foundation Regional Joint Project(2023JJ50490)the Science and Technology Project for Young and Middle-aged Talents of Hunan(2023TJ-Z03)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Humnan Province(2023RC1002)。
文摘Traditional large-scale multi-objective optimization algorithms(LSMOEAs)encounter difficulties when dealing with sparse large-scale multi-objective optimization problems(SLM-OPs)where most decision variables are zero.As a result,many algorithms use a two-layer encoding approach to optimize binary variable Mask and real variable Dec separately.Nevertheless,existing optimizers often focus on locating non-zero variable posi-tions to optimize the binary variables Mask.However,approxi-mating the sparse distribution of real Pareto optimal solutions does not necessarily mean that the objective function is optimized.In data mining,it is common to mine frequent itemsets appear-ing together in a dataset to reveal the correlation between data.Inspired by this,we propose a novel two-layer encoding learning swarm optimizer based on frequent itemsets(TELSO)to address these SLMOPs.TELSO mined the frequent terms of multiple particles with better target values to find mask combinations that can obtain better objective values for fast convergence.Experi-mental results on five real-world problems and eight benchmark sets demonstrate that TELSO outperforms existing state-of-the-art sparse large-scale multi-objective evolutionary algorithms(SLMOEAs)in terms of performance and convergence speed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62375171,62305208,62205189,62105203,and 62405182)the Shanghai Pujiang Program(Grant No.22PJ1407500)+4 种基金the Oceanic Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(SJTU)(Grant No.SL2022ZD205)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC2806600)the Science Foundation of Donghai Laboratory(Grant Nos.DH-2022KF01001 and DH-2022KF01005)the Startup Fund for Young Faculty at SJTU(Grant No.24X010500120)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(Grant No.20DZ2220400).
文摘Optical reservoir computing(ORC)offers advantages,such as high computational speed,low power consumption,and high training speed,so it has become a competitive candidate for time series analysis in recent years.The current ORC employs single-dimensional encoding for computation,which limits input resolution and introduces extraneous information due to interactions between optical dimensions during propagation,thus constraining performance.Here,we propose complex-value encoding-based optoelectronic reservoir computing(CE-ORC),in which the amplitude and phase of the input optical field are both modulated to improve the input resolution and prevent the influence of extraneous information on computation.In addition,scale factors in the amplitude encoding can fine-tune the optical reservoir dynamics for better performance.We built a CE-ORC processing unit with an iteration rate of up to∼1.2 kHz using high-speed communication interfaces and field programmable gate arrays(FPGAs)and demonstrated the excellent performance of CE-ORC in two time series prediction tasks.In comparison with the conventional ORC for the Mackey–Glass task,CE-ORC showed a decrease in normalized mean square error by∼75%.Furthermore,we applied this method in a weather time series analysis and effectively predicted the temperature and humidity within a range of 24 h.
基金the Department of Education of Hunan Province,China(No.21A0541)the U.S.Department of Energy(No.DE-FG03-93ER40773)H.Z.acknowledges the financial support from Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics in Central China Normal University(No.QLPL2024P01)。
文摘This study proposes a novel particle encoding mechanism that seamlessly incorporates the quantum properties of particles,with a specific emphasis on constituent quarks.The primary objective of this mechanism is to facilitate the digital registration and identification of a wide range of particle information.Its design ensures easy integration with different event generators and digital simulations commonly used in high-energy experiments.Moreover,this innovative framework can be easily expanded to encode complex multi-quark states comprising up to nine valence quarks and accommodating an angular momentum of up to 99/2.This versatility and scalability make it a valuable tool.
基金the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(Grant Nos.12105090 and 12175057).
文摘Leveraging the extraordinary phenomena of quantum superposition and quantum correlation,quantum computing offers unprecedented potential for addressing challenges beyond the reach of classical computers.This paper tackles two pivotal challenges in the realm of quantum computing:firstly,the development of an effective encoding protocol for translating classical data into quantum states,a critical step for any quantum computation.Different encoding strategies can significantly influence quantum computer performance.Secondly,we address the need to counteract the inevitable noise that can hinder quantum acceleration.Our primary contribution is the introduction of a novel variational data encoding method,grounded in quantum regression algorithm models.By adapting the learning concept from machine learning,we render data encoding a learnable process.This allowed us to study the role of quantum correlation in data encoding.Through numerical simulations of various regression tasks,we demonstrate the efficacy of our variational data encoding,particularly post-learning from instructional data.Moreover,we delve into the role of quantum correlation in enhancing task performance,especially in noisy environments.Our findings underscore the critical role of quantum correlation in not only bolstering performance but also in mitigating noise interference,thus advancing the frontier of quantum computing.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61931020,U19B2024,62171449,62001483in part by the science and technology innovation Program of Hunan Province under Grant No.2021JJ40690。
文摘Increasing research has focused on semantic communication,the goal of which is to convey accurately the meaning instead of transmitting symbols from the sender to the receiver.In this paper,we design a novel encoding and decoding semantic communication framework,which adopts the semantic information and the contextual correlations between items to optimize the performance of a communication system over various channels.On the sender side,the average semantic loss caused by the wrong detection is defined,and a semantic source encoding strategy is developed to minimize the average semantic loss.To further improve communication reliability,a decoding strategy that utilizes the semantic and the context information to recover messages is proposed in the receiver.Extensive simulation results validate the superior performance of our strategies over state-of-the-art semantic coding and decoding policies on different communication channels.
文摘Sepsis poses a serious threat to health of children in pediatric intensive care unit.The mortality from pediatric sepsis can be effectively reduced through in-time diagnosis and therapeutic intervention.The bacilliculture detection method is too time-consuming to receive timely treatment.In this research,we propose a new framework:a deep encoding network with cross features(CF-DEN)that enables accurate early detection of sepsis.Cross features are automatically constructed via the gradient boosting decision tree and distilled into the deep encoding network(DEN)we designed.The DEN is aimed at learning sufficiently effective representation from clinical test data.Each layer of the DEN fltrates the features involved in computation at current layer via attention mechanism and outputs the current prediction which is additive layer by layer to obtain the embedding feature at last layer.The framework takes the advantage of tree-based method and neural network method to extract effective representation from small clinical dataset and obtain accurate prediction in order to prompt patient to get timely treatment.We evaluate the performance of the framework on the dataset collected from Shanghai Children's Medical Center.Compared with common machine learning methods,our method achieves the increase on F1-score by 16.06%on the test set.
文摘The visual features of continuous pseudocolor encoding is discussed and the optimiz- ing design algorithm of continuous pseudocolor scale is derived.The algorithm is restricting the varying range and direction of lightness,hue and saturation according to correlation and naturalness,automatically calculating the chromaticity coordinates of nodes in uniform color space to get the longest length of scale path,then interpolating points between nodes in equal color differences to obtain continuous pseudocolor scale with visual uniformity.When it was applied to the pseudocolor encoding of thermal image displays,the results showed that the correlation and the naturalness of original images and cognitive characteristics of target pattern were reserved well;the dynamic range of visual perception and the amount of visual information increased obviously;the contrast sensitivity of target identification improved;and the blindness of scale design were avoided.
文摘On-chip global buses in deep sub-micron designs consume significant amounts of energy and have large propagation delays. Thus, minimizing energy dissipation and propagation delay is an important design objective. In this paper, we propose a new spatial and temporal encoding approach for generic on-chip global buses with repeaters that enables higher performance while reducing peak energy and average energy. The proposed encoding approach exploits the benefits of a temporal encoding circuit and spatial bus-invert coding techniques to simultaneously eliminate opposite transitions on adjacent wires and reduce the number of self-transitions and coupling-transitions. In the design process of applying encoding techniques for reduced bus delay and energy, we present a repeater insertion design methodology to determine the repeater size and inter-repeater bus length, which minimizes the total bus energy dissipation while satisfying target delay and slew-rate constraints. This methodology is employed to obtain optimal energy versus delay trade-offs under slew-rate constraints for various encoding techniques.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61472464)the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province in China(No.16C0686)the Key Discipline Construction Project Funding for Hunan University of Science and Engineering(Electrical systems)
文摘In view of the problems that the encoding complexity of quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check(QC-LDPC) codes is high and the minimum distance is not large enough which leads to the degradation of the error-correction performance, the new irregular type-Ⅱ QC-LDPC codes based on perfect cyclic difference sets(CDSs) are constructed. The parity check matrices of these type-Ⅱ QC-LDPC codes consist of the zero matrices with weight of 0, the circulant permutation matrices(CPMs) with weight of 1 and the circulant matrices with weight of 2(W2CMs). The introduction of W2CMs in parity check matrices makes it possible to achieve the larger minimum distance which can improve the error-correction performance of the codes. The Tanner graphs of these codes have no girth-4, thus they have the excellent decoding convergence characteristics. In addition, because the parity check matrices have the quasi-dual diagonal structure, the fast encoding algorithm can reduce the encoding complexity effectively. Simulation results show that the new type-Ⅱ QC-LDPC codes can achieve a more excellent error-correction performance and have no error floor phenomenon over the additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN) channel with sum-product algorithm(SPA) iterative decoding.
文摘In this paper, a 3-D video encoding scheme suitable for digital TV/HDTV (high definition television) is studied through computer simulation. The encoding scheme is designed to provide a good match to human vision. Basically, this involves transmission of low frequency luminance information at full frame rate for good motion rendition and transmission of high frequency luminance signal at reduced frame rate for good detail in static images.
基金New Century Program for Excellent Talents of Minis-try of Education of China (NECT-06-0166)The Eleventh Five-year Scientific and Technological Development Plan of National Defense Pre-study Foundation (A2120060006)
文摘Aiming at parallel distributed constant false alarm rate （CFAR） detection employing K/N fusion rule,an optimization algorithm based on the genetic algorithm with interval encoding is proposed. N-1 local probabilities of false alarm are selected as optimization variables. And the encoding intervals for local false alarm probabilities are sequentially designed by the person-by-person optimization technique according to the constraints. By turning constrained optimization to unconstrained optimization,the problem of increasing iteration times due to the punishment technique frequently adopted in the genetic algorithm is thus overcome. Then this optimization scheme is applied to spacebased synthetic aperture radar （SAR） multi-angle collaborative detection,in which the nominal factor for each local detector is determined. The scheme is verified with simulations of cases including two,three and four independent SAR systems. Besides,detection performances with varying K and N are compared and analyzed.
