Researches have shown that Raphia hookeri gum could be used as a binder in pharmaceutical formulations and gums in general have been used as emulsifiers in liquid paraffin emulsion but nothing has been heard of Raphia...Researches have shown that Raphia hookeri gum could be used as a binder in pharmaceutical formulations and gums in general have been used as emulsifiers in liquid paraffin emulsion but nothing has been heard of Raphia hookeri in liquid paraffin emulsion as an emulsifier.This work was aimed at evaluating the emulsifying properties of Raphia gum in liquid paraffin emulsion.Two separate preparations containing different concentrations(1,2,3,5 and 10%w/v)of Raphia gum and acacia gum respectively were prepared.Five liquid paraffin emulsions(200 mL each)were also prepared using 60 mL liquid paraffin as the oil phase and 6 g of the various combinations of Raphia gum and Tween 80 as emulsifier blend at ratio 1:5,1:2,1:1,2:1 and 5:1.The preparations were assessed using density,viscosity and stability after 5 days of storage as evaluation parameters.By increasing the concentration of Raphia and Acacia gum,the density of emulsion formed increased.The ranking of the density was 10%>5%>3%>2%>1%.The viscosity of emulsion increased as the concentration of the gum increased.The viscosity which plays a role in the stability of emulsion increased as the concentration of gum increased.The ranking of viscosity was 10%>5%>3%>2%>1%.The stability of the emulsion was measured by the level of creaming and cracking.Emulsion containing 2%w/v of Raphia gum with a creaming index of 23%was more stable compared to the emulsion containing 3%w/v acacia gum with creaming index of 29.9%.The viscosity and stability of emulsion containing emulsifier blends of Raphia and Tween 80 increased with increase in the concentration of Raphia gum.Emulsion containing 3%w/v Raphia gum with no creaming was more stable than emulsion containing 1%w/v emulsifier blend.Raphia gum is suitable for use at a concentration of 2%w/v as an emulsifier in 50 mL of liquid paraffin emulsion competing alternatively to standard acacia gum for emulsification as against Afzelia africana in our previous research which was suitable for use at a concentration of 3%w/v as an emulsifier in 30%v/v liquid paraffin emulsion.展开更多
This study characterized and compared the physical and emulsifying properties of pea protein(PP)and its modified proteins(ultrasound treated-PP(PPU),flaxseed gum(FG)treated PP(PPFG)and ultrasound treated-PPFG(PPFGU))....This study characterized and compared the physical and emulsifying properties of pea protein(PP)and its modified proteins(ultrasound treated-PP(PPU),flaxseed gum(FG)treated PP(PPFG)and ultrasound treated-PPFG(PPFGU)).The results showed FG triggered the formation of loosely attached complex with PP via physical modification under gentle magnetic stirring at pH 7.0,while ultrasound played an important role in reducing protein size,increasing surface hydrophobicity and molecular fluidity onto oil-water interface.So ultrasound further enhanced the interaction of PP with FG,and produced the PPFGU complex with smaller droplet size,higherζ-potential and lower turbidity.Further,combination of FG and ultrasound improved the physical properties of PP with higher viscosity,stiffer gels(defined as higher elastic modulus),stronger hydrophobic properties,better thermal stability,and fast protein absorption rate.Therefore,the PPFGU coarse emulsion performed highest emulsifying activity index(EAI)and emulsion stability index(ESI)that the stabilized nanoemulsion obtained smallest droplet size,higherζ-potential,and longest storage stability.The combination of FG and ultrasonic treatment will be an effective approach to improving the emulsifying property and thermal stability of PP,which can be considered as a potential plant-based emulsifier applied in the food industry.展开更多
Gluten has poor emulsifying and foaming ability due to its amino acid composition. In this study, Maillard reaction was used to improve the emulsifying and foaming properties of gluten. The processing conditions for t...Gluten has poor emulsifying and foaming ability due to its amino acid composition. In this study, Maillard reaction was used to improve the emulsifying and foaming properties of gluten. The processing conditions for the preparation of gluten-fructose conjugates were optimized by using Box-Behnken model to achieve optimum foaming and emulsifying activity, respectively.The results showed that glycated gluten exhibited enhanced emulsifying activity compared to native control. The processing conditions for the preparation of gluten-fructose conjugates with optimum emulsifying activity were as follows: the temperature was 48℃, reaction time was 72 h, and maltose/gluten(W/W) ratio was 125%. Under such condition, the average emulsifying activity was 66.54%, being improved by about 2.5 times compared with that of native control. The Foaming properties of gluten also increased significantly by glycation modification. The optimum conditions of response were as below: the temperature was 48℃, reaction time was 66 h, and maltose/gluten ratio(W/W) was 110%. Under such condition, the average foaming property was 158.57%, and it was three folds higher than that of the control.展开更多
The effects of heat treatment(heating temperature and pH) on the structures and emulsifying properties of caseins were systematically studied by spectroscopy.Heat treatment from 60to 100℃resulted in an increase in th...The effects of heat treatment(heating temperature and pH) on the structures and emulsifying properties of caseins were systematically studied by spectroscopy.Heat treatment from 60to 100℃resulted in an increase in their fluorescence intensity,hydrodynamic diameter,turbidity and emulsifying activity index,but decreased the size polydispersity of caseins.In the pH range of 5.5to 7.0,the fluorescence intensity,hydrodynamic diameter,turbidity and emulsifying properties decreased with increased heating pH,but the size polydispersity of caseins increased with increased pH.The relationship between the surface fluorescence intensity and emulsifying activity was also investigated,revealing a correlation coefficient of 0.90.These results suggested that heat treatment could be used to modify the structures and emulsifying properties of caseins by appropriately selecting heating conditions.展开更多
The wet air oxidation(WAO) and catalytic WAO(CWAO) of the high strength emulsifying wastewater containing nonionic surfactants have been investigated in terms of COD and TOC removal. The WAO and homogeneous CWAO proce...The wet air oxidation(WAO) and catalytic WAO(CWAO) of the high strength emulsifying wastewater containing nonionic surfactants have been investigated in terms of COD and TOC removal. The WAO and homogeneous CWAO processes were carried out at the temperature from 433 K to 513 K, with initial oxygen pressure 1 2 MPa. It was found that homogeneous catalyst copper(Cu(NO_3)_2) had an fairly good catalytic activity for the WAO process, and the oxidation was catalyzed when the temperature was higher than 473 K. Moreover, several heterogeneous catalysts were proved to be effective for the WAO process. At the temperature 473 K, after 2 h reaction, WAO process could achieve about 75% COD removal and 66% TOC removal, while catalysts Cu/Al_2O_3 and Mn-Ce/Al_2O_3 elevated the COD removal up to 86%—89% and that of TOC up to 82%. However, complete elimination of COD and TOC was proved to be difficult even the best non-noble catalyst was used. Therefore, the effluent from WAO or CWAO process need to be further disposed. The bioassay proved that the effluent from WAO process was amenable to the biochemical method.展开更多
Gum odina and various parts of the plant Odina wodier are traditionally used in Indian folk me- dicine. Here an effort was made to investigate the efficacy of gum odina as new pharmaceutical excipients, in particular,...Gum odina and various parts of the plant Odina wodier are traditionally used in Indian folk me- dicine. Here an effort was made to investigate the efficacy of gum odina as new pharmaceutical excipients, in particular, as an emulsifying agent. Primary emulsion was prepared using wet gum method taking oil: water: gum (4:2:1) with gum acacia powder as an emulsifying agent. This was used as a standard control formulation. In case of experimental emulsions the primary emulsion was prepared by same wet gum technique taking oil: water: gum (4:2:0.5) (gum content was just a half of gum acacia) by using gum odina powder as an emulsifier. The gum odina as emulsifying agent provided a stable emulsion at a very low concentration as compared to the amount required for other con- ventional natural emulsifying agents. Stability studies of the emulsion were made as per the ICH guideline to study thermal stability, photo- sensitivity, pH related stability and stability in presence of oxygen. The emulsion type was identified by staining techniques (dye test by using Sudan III) as o/w type preparation without creaming or cracking even after long storage for 24 months at 25°C. It was found that the emulsion containing gum odina produced more stable emulsion at a much lower amount as compared to the emulsion stabilized by gum acacia.展开更多
Through determining and evaluating interfacial tension and emulsifying properties of dodecyl polyglucoside (APG-12), the results show that APG-12’s performance is better than C12 linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) a...Through determining and evaluating interfacial tension and emulsifying properties of dodecyl polyglucoside (APG-12), the results show that APG-12’s performance is better than C12 linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether (OP-10). In order to emulsify properties of APG-12, it is more stable when concentration is over 1.5 g/L. We studied the temperature and oil-water ratio has an effect on emulsifying property.展开更多
This study aimed to extract an emulsifying agent from the cellulose-based filtration aid of cold-pressed rapeseed oil.This material is currently a low-value stream but contains phospholipids retained during filtration...This study aimed to extract an emulsifying agent from the cellulose-based filtration aid of cold-pressed rapeseed oil.This material is currently a low-value stream but contains phospholipids retained during filtration and proteins from residual seed peel and pulp particles.A range of two-step extraction methods were assessed,with oil removal using diethyl ether(DE)or petroleum ether followed by chloroform-methanol(CM)extraction(2:1,3:2 or 5:4 ratios)or the reversed order.Emulsions prepared with the DE/CM3:2 extract displayed the highest emulsifying activity and stability indexes(35.52 m^(2)/g and 2045.18 min)and similar small mean oil droplet sizes(3μm)to those of whey protein concentrate emulsions.A range of extracted compounds contributed to the DE/CM3:2 functionality,including napins,cruciferins and phospholipids.This study demonstrated for the first time the potential to upcycle this co-product by recovering emulsifying agents.Future studies will focus on optimising the extraction process and yield.展开更多
Amphiphilic lipid formulations,such as self-emulsifying drug delivery systems,offer advantages for enhancing drug release control and expanding their applicability across various administration routes.By integrating m...Amphiphilic lipid formulations,such as self-emulsifying drug delivery systems,offer advantages for enhancing drug release control and expanding their applicability across various administration routes.By integrating microfabrication techniques with these lipid-based systems,additional functionalities such as controlled drug release can be introduced.This can broaden lipid’s potential for advanced biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.However,lipids face major fabrication challenges due to their thermolability,solvent incompatibility,and poor mechanical properties.Here,we present a novel microfabrication route for self-emulsifying lipid drug delivery systems based on thermal imprinting of a stiffness-tunable mold,which stays inflexible during the thermal imprinting step and softens upon swelling for the demolding step.The stiffness tuning process is reversible to some extent through a simple drying process,allowing reuse of the mold.The presented method resolves the issues of mechanical stress and lipid dissolution during the demolding process,enabling the scalable and cost-efficient fabrication of lipid microstructures down to 20μm resolution and a 5:1 aspect ratio.As a proof-of-concept,we fabricated honeycomb-shaped selfemulsifying drug delivery lipid microstructures on a mucoadhesive film.Lipid microstructure increases the mechanical robustness and accelerates lipid dissolution for sublingual administration of poorly water-soluble drugs.In vivo testing in mouse models confirmed efficient mucosal penetration and submucosal drug accumulation,showing potential as sublingual drug delivery devices.展开更多
The effects of water-soluble citrus fiber(SCF)and water-insoluble citrus fiber(ICF)on emulsifying properties and molecular structure of the mutton myofibrillar protein(MP)were studied.The emulsifying activity index an...The effects of water-soluble citrus fiber(SCF)and water-insoluble citrus fiber(ICF)on emulsifying properties and molecular structure of the mutton myofibrillar protein(MP)were studied.The emulsifying activity index and emulsifying stability index of MP emulsion,treated with 5%SCF significantly improved to 36.80%and 65.27%,respectively.The droplet size of the emulsion significantly reduced,forming smaller and more uniformly dispersed droplets.SCF promoted the unfolding of MP,and showed a significant increased(p<0.05)in total sulfhydryl content and fluorescence intensity,but a significant decreased(p<0.05)in surface hydrophobicity.Besides,SCF treatment showed a significant reduction(p<0.05)inα-helix content and a significant enhancement(p<0.05)inβ-turn content of the MP secondary structure.The EAI,ESI,and solubility of MP significantly decreased after the addition of ICF,but there was no significant change in the secondary structure.These data demonstrated that,the addition of the appropriate amount of SCF could improve the emulsifying properties and molecular structure of MP.展开更多
Formulating oil-based drilling fluids(OBDFs)with an ultra-low oil-to-water ratio(OWR≤60:40)presents a formidable stability challenge due to the maximized interfacial area and intensified stress on the interfacial fil...Formulating oil-based drilling fluids(OBDFs)with an ultra-low oil-to-water ratio(OWR≤60:40)presents a formidable stability challenge due to the maximized interfacial area and intensified stress on the interfacial film under high-temperature,high-density conditions.To address this,we engineered a synergistic stabilization system through molecular and colloidal design.A novel hyperbranched polyamide emulsifier(epoxidized soybean oil polyamide)(ESOP),synthesized from epoxidized soybean oil,exhibits superior thermal stability and interfacial activity due to its hyperbranched architecture.Combined with calcium petroleum sulfonate(CPS)and hydrophobic nanosilica(HNs),it enables a high-performance OBDF with an ultra-low OWR of 60:40.The results show that the optimized formula achieves an excellent demulsification voltage of 1290 V,an ultra-low HTHP fluid loss of 1.5 mL,a yield point of 12.9 Pa,and a superior sag factor(SF)of 0.504,outperforming both base and commercial systems.Mechanistic studies reveal a multiscale stabilization strategy involving a dense composite interfacial film,Pickering stabilization,a 3D network,and a unique thermally triggered self-reinforcement effect.This work not only provides a cost-effective OBDF formulation but,more importantly,establishes a molecular topology engineering paradigm for stabilizing complex industrial fluids under extreme conditions.展开更多
In recent years,the amount of waste generated during milling has increased dramatically,and improper disposal poses a significant environmental challenge.To mitigate environmental pollution and enhance the road perfor...In recent years,the amount of waste generated during milling has increased dramatically,and improper disposal poses a significant environmental challenge.To mitigate environmental pollution and enhance the road performance of emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixtures(ECRM),this study employed recycled asphalt pavement(RAP)and reclaimed inorganic binder stabilized aggregate(RAI)as dual recycled materials for ECRM preparation.The blending ratios of reclaimed base and surface layer mixtures significantly influence ECRM's performance,with adjusted proportions substantially improving compressive strength and dynamic modulus.Firstly,three distinct proportioning options were developed for the recycled materials.Mix designs incorporating varying RAP/RAI ratios were used to determine the optimal mix parameters:moisture content,cement dosage,and emulsified asphalt content.Subsequently,comprehensive performance evaluations were conducted through high-temperature wheel tracking tests,freeze-thaw splitting tests,uniaxial compression tests,and dynamic modulus measurements to analyze the pavement characteristics of the three ECRM formulations.Experimental results demonstrate:Compared with ECRM with a blending ratio of RAP:RAI:new aggregate=30:50:20(Option 1),the dynamic stability,freeze-thaw splitting strength ratio,compressive strength,and compressive resilient modulus of ECRM under Option 3(RAP:RAI:new aggregate=50:30:20)decreased by 31.8%,5.2%,16.4%,and 13.1%,respectively.This indicates that increasing RAP content while reducing RAI proportion enhances the tensile strength of ECRM,yet adversely affects its high-temperature stability,moisture resistance,and compressive performance.This work not only addresses the challenge of jointly utilizing asphalt pavement waste and base waste,but also provides a cost-effective and sustainable method for the stable application of milling material resources in road engineering.展开更多
Waterborne acrylic coatings are widely utilized due to their cost-effectiveness,high transparency,strong resistance to weather and chemicals,impressive mechanical properties,and excellent adhesion to various substrate...Waterborne acrylic coatings are widely utilized due to their cost-effectiveness,high transparency,strong resistance to weather and chemicals,impressive mechanical properties,and excellent adhesion to various substrates.In these coatings,a reactive emulsifier containing phosphate groups can be integrated into the molecular chain during polymerization,which enhances the coating's compactness and corrosion resistance.This work focuses on the synthesis of styrene-butyl acrylate(St-BA)latex and methyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate(MMA-BA)latex using the reactive phosphate emulsifier ANPEO_(10)-P_(1) through seed emulsion polymerization,achieving a conversion rate of approximately 99%and a solid content close to 50%.The resulting coatings from St-BA and MMA-BA latexes demonstrated long-term corrosion protection for carbon steel and aluminum alloy due to in-situ phosphatization,effectively preventing flash rust.Notably,the MMA-BA coating exhibited remarkable durability,enduring immersion for up to 1224 h(51 d)on Q 235 carbon steel before reaching the failure threshold(|Z|0.01 Hz£106Ω·cm^(2))on Q 235 carbon steel.On 5052 aluminum alloy,the St-BA coating maintained|Z|0.01 Hz>10^(8)Ω·cm^(2) for 480 h(20 d).Furthermore,the corrosion resistance of St-BA and MMA BA coatings on Q 235 steel sheet and 5052 aluminum alloy surpassed that of commercially available MMA-BA and St BA coatings after immersion in a 3.5 wt%NaCl aqueous solution.This work also delves into the anticorrosion mechanism of MMA-BA and St-BA coatings.展开更多
The trends of consuming or using eco-friendly,biodegradable products due to the change in the lifestyle of the people have led to the exploration of new sources from plants or animals.Seed mucilage(SeM)is an underexpl...The trends of consuming or using eco-friendly,biodegradable products due to the change in the lifestyle of the people have led to the exploration of new sources from plants or animals.Seed mucilage(SeM)is an underexplored component of plants that can be brought into play to deal with such problems.Mucilage,a viscous polysaccharide that can be obtained when seeds like chia,flax,garden cress,and tomato get hydrated and form a slimy,gel-like substance around the seed coat,can be utilized due to its unique characteristics.It has been used in developing many products such as bio-based films,plant-based dressing wounds with antibacterial effects,a medium for oral drug delivery,edible coatings,etc.Primarily composed of soluble fiber,it exhibits effects on human health,including blood glucose management,cholesterol,weight reduction,antioxidant(AOx),and antimicrobial activity.It offers a range of functional properties,including emulsification,stabilization,foam formation,fat replacement,encapsulating agent,flocculation,coagulation,and medium for drug release.These attributes make SeM a suitable component for applications in various sectors like food and pharmacy.Further study in this field may open more opportunities to address environmental problems and contribute to sustainability.This review explores aspects of SeM,emphasizing its functional properties and highlighting its current as well as potential applications across various sectors.展开更多
The Makran Sea is a complex marine environment.The purpose of this research is screening of emulsifier-producing bacteria in this marine environment and optimization of emulsifier production by the best-producing stra...The Makran Sea is a complex marine environment.The purpose of this research is screening of emulsifier-producing bacteria in this marine environment and optimization of emulsifier production by the best-producing strain.Marine samples(seawater and sediments)were collected from four different zones in the Makran Sea.The emulsification activity index(E_(24))and Bacterial Ad-hesion To Hydrocarbons(BATH)were used to select the best emulsifier-producing strains.The prevalent strains were identified by PCR.The optimization of the emulsifier production medium by the best strain was done by two-level factorial design.Seventeen emulsifier-producing strains were isolated from sediments and seawater in the Makran Sea.The strains M6,BS-2,and J6 were select-ed between all isolates because they have 83%,91%,and 85%emulsification activity(E_(24))respectively.The results of sequencing confirmed that these three strains(M6,BS-2,and J6)belong to Cobetia marina,Shewanella alga,and Thalassospira permensis re-spectively.Maximum emulsifier production occurred at crude oil concentration(4%,v/v),peptone(2.5 g/L),yeast extract(1.5 g/L),molasses(2%),and at a temperature of 25℃.The results of this research confirmed that the Makran Sea has the potential to reach ro-bust marine bacteria with different biotechnological applications.展开更多
Responsive nanocontainers have dual functions in targeted delivery of corrosion inhibitors and emulsion development of shale oil in oil and gas fields,exhibiting potential for simultaneously achieving metal protection...Responsive nanocontainers have dual functions in targeted delivery of corrosion inhibitors and emulsion development of shale oil in oil and gas fields,exhibiting potential for simultaneously achieving metal protection and efficient oil and gas development from a material perspective.Here,we propose the preparation of a pH-responsive nanocontainer,HMSNs-g-PDEAEMA(poly[2-(N,N-diethyl amino)ethyl-methacrylate](PDEAEMA)grafted onto hollow mesoporous spherical silica(HMSNs)),to integrate the delivery of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole(MBT)for targeted corrosion inhibition and the emulsification of oil as Pickering emulsifiers.Under acidic conditions(reduced pH value caused by localized corrosion or high concentration acidic gases),PDEAEMA chains are protonated and extended by electrostatic repulsion,exposing pores on HMSNs surface and allowing the controlled release of loaded MBT molecules.Once transforming into a neutral or alkaline environment,the responsive release of the MBT process is inhibited.After the fluid passes through the wellbore and enters the shale layer,the HMSNs-g-PDEAEMA nanocontainers act as Pickering emulsifiers to achieve emulsification.The emulsified oil can be extracted onto the ground more efficiently,and a following pH-responsive demulsification process can be achieved.Overall,through a pH-responsive nanocontainer material,the dual function of corrosion inhibition and emulsification in oil and gas development is possible to be simultaneously achieved.展开更多
W/O/W multi-structure emulsions were prepared by two-step method,to investigate the effect of different W/O emulsifier,anionic emulsifier as well as the first phase volume ratio on the formation and stability of multi...W/O/W multi-structure emulsions were prepared by two-step method,to investigate the effect of different W/O emulsifier,anionic emulsifier as well as the first phase volume ratio on the formation and stability of multi-structure emulsions.The result indicated that ES-5300 is efficient in forming the homogeneous and stable W/O/W multi-structure emulsions which related to the emulsifier structure and low HLB value.Compared with other anionic emulsifier,sodium isostearoyl lactylate can product more stable multi-structure emulsions.However,the higher temperature stability was affected by the increasing of it.In addition,appropriate first phase volume ratio is critical to the stability of multi-structure emulsions.The multi-structure emulsions with better encapsulation efficiency and great performance in higher temperature was achieved when the first phase volume ratio equal to 1.展开更多
Based on the green method of microwave extraction,this work mainly investigated the effect of different microwave extraction temperatures(55℃-75℃)on the gelling,foaming and emulsifying properties of microwaveextract...Based on the green method of microwave extraction,this work mainly investigated the effect of different microwave extraction temperatures(55℃-75℃)on the gelling,foaming and emulsifying properties of microwaveextracted Bigeye Tuna fish skin gelatin.Results showed the gelatin yield increased significantly(12.47%-16.62%,p<0.05)as the microwave extraction temperature rose,while the viscosity,thermal stability and TPA of gelatin gel decreased due to the weakening of gel network induced by the destruction of molecular structure.The destroyed structure exposed more hydrophobic groups,augmented wettability(57.90°-81.97°)and subsequently decreased surface tension,fostered the adsorption of gelatin at water-air or oil-water interfaces,facilitated the accumulation of foams or droplets.Then,it strengthened the interactions among gelatin at various foam or droplet interfaces,resulting in the formation of a dense three-dimensional network,thus improved the foaming and emulsifying characteristics.Moreover,the increased gelatin concentration further enhanced the interfacial interaction and network strength,and improved the stability of foams and emulsions.Hence,this work can provide a basis for the expanded application of microwave-extracted fish skin gelatin.展开更多
[Objective] The properties of butachlor microemulsion were studied for developing a new formulation of new pesticides.[Method]AT method was used to determine the pseudo-ternary phase diagram to confirm the formulation...[Objective] The properties of butachlor microemulsion were studied for developing a new formulation of new pesticides.[Method]AT method was used to determine the pseudo-ternary phase diagram to confirm the formulation of butachlor microemulsion.Through the measurement of electrical conductivity,the W/O and O/W types in microemulsion region of butachlor/emulsifier/water system were confirmed and the change of phase behavior during preparation process was discussed.[Result]The dilution stability,low temperature stability,heat stability,ageing stability,density and viscosity etc.of butachlor microemulsion met the requirement of the experiments,which demonstrated the qualified quality of butachlor.The density decreased linearly with the increase of temperature and the change of viscosity with temperature conformed to Andrade equation.[Conclusion]The research was helpful to the application of butachlor microemulsion in pesticide formulation.展开更多
In this study,various nonionic surfactants(NS) with different ethylene oxide(EO) numbers and tail lengths and its binary blends with anionic surfactants(AS) were used as emulsifiers for naphthenic oil to form the micr...In this study,various nonionic surfactants(NS) with different ethylene oxide(EO) numbers and tail lengths and its binary blends with anionic surfactants(AS) were used as emulsifiers for naphthenic oil to form the microemulsion metalworking fluids(MWFs),and the effects of them on the stability of the emulsion system were investigated by formulation triangle method.The results indicated that binary complex surfactants of NS and AS as emulsifiers exhibited better emulsifying effect than that of single NS.NS with different EO numbers and tail lengths presented various emulsifying effects.NS(EO=10)exhibited the greatest number of stable formulations,especially the TX-10,but no linear relationship existed between the number of stable formulations and the tail length of NS.In addition,aromatic primary alcohol ethoxy late(APAE) series surfactants containing benzene groups similar to the cycloalkanes in the naphthenic oil so that presented the best emulsifying affect and the greatest number of stable formulations.The co-surfactant of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) binary blends with NS exerted the best synergistic effect,and the stable formulations numbers were ranged from 5 to 7,next sodium stearate(SS) comes last followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS-1) and sodium dodecyl sulfonate(SDS-2).展开更多
文摘Researches have shown that Raphia hookeri gum could be used as a binder in pharmaceutical formulations and gums in general have been used as emulsifiers in liquid paraffin emulsion but nothing has been heard of Raphia hookeri in liquid paraffin emulsion as an emulsifier.This work was aimed at evaluating the emulsifying properties of Raphia gum in liquid paraffin emulsion.Two separate preparations containing different concentrations(1,2,3,5 and 10%w/v)of Raphia gum and acacia gum respectively were prepared.Five liquid paraffin emulsions(200 mL each)were also prepared using 60 mL liquid paraffin as the oil phase and 6 g of the various combinations of Raphia gum and Tween 80 as emulsifier blend at ratio 1:5,1:2,1:1,2:1 and 5:1.The preparations were assessed using density,viscosity and stability after 5 days of storage as evaluation parameters.By increasing the concentration of Raphia and Acacia gum,the density of emulsion formed increased.The ranking of the density was 10%>5%>3%>2%>1%.The viscosity of emulsion increased as the concentration of the gum increased.The viscosity which plays a role in the stability of emulsion increased as the concentration of gum increased.The ranking of viscosity was 10%>5%>3%>2%>1%.The stability of the emulsion was measured by the level of creaming and cracking.Emulsion containing 2%w/v of Raphia gum with a creaming index of 23%was more stable compared to the emulsion containing 3%w/v acacia gum with creaming index of 29.9%.The viscosity and stability of emulsion containing emulsifier blends of Raphia and Tween 80 increased with increase in the concentration of Raphia gum.Emulsion containing 3%w/v Raphia gum with no creaming was more stable than emulsion containing 1%w/v emulsifier blend.Raphia gum is suitable for use at a concentration of 2%w/v as an emulsifier in 50 mL of liquid paraffin emulsion competing alternatively to standard acacia gum for emulsification as against Afzelia africana in our previous research which was suitable for use at a concentration of 3%w/v as an emulsifier in 30%v/v liquid paraffin emulsion.
基金financially supported by grants from the Key Scientific Research Projects of Hubei Province(2020BCA086)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0400200)+3 种基金Wuhan Application Fundamental Frontier Project of China(2020020601012270)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771938)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARAthe Wuhan Achievement Transformation Project(2019030703011505)。
文摘This study characterized and compared the physical and emulsifying properties of pea protein(PP)and its modified proteins(ultrasound treated-PP(PPU),flaxseed gum(FG)treated PP(PPFG)and ultrasound treated-PPFG(PPFGU)).The results showed FG triggered the formation of loosely attached complex with PP via physical modification under gentle magnetic stirring at pH 7.0,while ultrasound played an important role in reducing protein size,increasing surface hydrophobicity and molecular fluidity onto oil-water interface.So ultrasound further enhanced the interaction of PP with FG,and produced the PPFGU complex with smaller droplet size,higherζ-potential and lower turbidity.Further,combination of FG and ultrasound improved the physical properties of PP with higher viscosity,stiffer gels(defined as higher elastic modulus),stronger hydrophobic properties,better thermal stability,and fast protein absorption rate.Therefore,the PPFGU coarse emulsion performed highest emulsifying activity index(EAI)and emulsion stability index(ESI)that the stabilized nanoemulsion obtained smallest droplet size,higherζ-potential,and longest storage stability.The combination of FG and ultrasonic treatment will be an effective approach to improving the emulsifying property and thermal stability of PP,which can be considered as a potential plant-based emulsifier applied in the food industry.
基金Supported by Natural Science Project of Department of Science&Technology of Henan Province(172102110009,162102210194)The open fund of Provincal Key Laboratory for Transformation and Utilization of Cereal Resource of Henan University of Technology(PL2017010)
文摘Gluten has poor emulsifying and foaming ability due to its amino acid composition. In this study, Maillard reaction was used to improve the emulsifying and foaming properties of gluten. The processing conditions for the preparation of gluten-fructose conjugates were optimized by using Box-Behnken model to achieve optimum foaming and emulsifying activity, respectively.The results showed that glycated gluten exhibited enhanced emulsifying activity compared to native control. The processing conditions for the preparation of gluten-fructose conjugates with optimum emulsifying activity were as follows: the temperature was 48℃, reaction time was 72 h, and maltose/gluten(W/W) ratio was 125%. Under such condition, the average emulsifying activity was 66.54%, being improved by about 2.5 times compared with that of native control. The Foaming properties of gluten also increased significantly by glycation modification. The optimum conditions of response were as below: the temperature was 48℃, reaction time was 66 h, and maltose/gluten ratio(W/W) was 110%. Under such condition, the average foaming property was 158.57%, and it was three folds higher than that of the control.
基金International Science&Technology Cooperation Program of China(2011DFA32550)Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2012BAD12B08)
文摘The effects of heat treatment(heating temperature and pH) on the structures and emulsifying properties of caseins were systematically studied by spectroscopy.Heat treatment from 60to 100℃resulted in an increase in their fluorescence intensity,hydrodynamic diameter,turbidity and emulsifying activity index,but decreased the size polydispersity of caseins.In the pH range of 5.5to 7.0,the fluorescence intensity,hydrodynamic diameter,turbidity and emulsifying properties decreased with increased heating pH,but the size polydispersity of caseins increased with increased pH.The relationship between the surface fluorescence intensity and emulsifying activity was also investigated,revealing a correlation coefficient of 0.90.These results suggested that heat treatment could be used to modify the structures and emulsifying properties of caseins by appropriately selecting heating conditions.
文摘The wet air oxidation(WAO) and catalytic WAO(CWAO) of the high strength emulsifying wastewater containing nonionic surfactants have been investigated in terms of COD and TOC removal. The WAO and homogeneous CWAO processes were carried out at the temperature from 433 K to 513 K, with initial oxygen pressure 1 2 MPa. It was found that homogeneous catalyst copper(Cu(NO_3)_2) had an fairly good catalytic activity for the WAO process, and the oxidation was catalyzed when the temperature was higher than 473 K. Moreover, several heterogeneous catalysts were proved to be effective for the WAO process. At the temperature 473 K, after 2 h reaction, WAO process could achieve about 75% COD removal and 66% TOC removal, while catalysts Cu/Al_2O_3 and Mn-Ce/Al_2O_3 elevated the COD removal up to 86%—89% and that of TOC up to 82%. However, complete elimination of COD and TOC was proved to be difficult even the best non-noble catalyst was used. Therefore, the effluent from WAO or CWAO process need to be further disposed. The bioassay proved that the effluent from WAO process was amenable to the biochemical method.
文摘Gum odina and various parts of the plant Odina wodier are traditionally used in Indian folk me- dicine. Here an effort was made to investigate the efficacy of gum odina as new pharmaceutical excipients, in particular, as an emulsifying agent. Primary emulsion was prepared using wet gum method taking oil: water: gum (4:2:1) with gum acacia powder as an emulsifying agent. This was used as a standard control formulation. In case of experimental emulsions the primary emulsion was prepared by same wet gum technique taking oil: water: gum (4:2:0.5) (gum content was just a half of gum acacia) by using gum odina powder as an emulsifier. The gum odina as emulsifying agent provided a stable emulsion at a very low concentration as compared to the amount required for other con- ventional natural emulsifying agents. Stability studies of the emulsion were made as per the ICH guideline to study thermal stability, photo- sensitivity, pH related stability and stability in presence of oxygen. The emulsion type was identified by staining techniques (dye test by using Sudan III) as o/w type preparation without creaming or cracking even after long storage for 24 months at 25°C. It was found that the emulsion containing gum odina produced more stable emulsion at a much lower amount as compared to the emulsion stabilized by gum acacia.
文摘Through determining and evaluating interfacial tension and emulsifying properties of dodecyl polyglucoside (APG-12), the results show that APG-12’s performance is better than C12 linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether (OP-10). In order to emulsify properties of APG-12, it is more stable when concentration is over 1.5 g/L. We studied the temperature and oil-water ratio has an effect on emulsifying property.
文摘This study aimed to extract an emulsifying agent from the cellulose-based filtration aid of cold-pressed rapeseed oil.This material is currently a low-value stream but contains phospholipids retained during filtration and proteins from residual seed peel and pulp particles.A range of two-step extraction methods were assessed,with oil removal using diethyl ether(DE)or petroleum ether followed by chloroform-methanol(CM)extraction(2:1,3:2 or 5:4 ratios)or the reversed order.Emulsions prepared with the DE/CM3:2 extract displayed the highest emulsifying activity and stability indexes(35.52 m^(2)/g and 2045.18 min)and similar small mean oil droplet sizes(3μm)to those of whey protein concentrate emulsions.A range of extracted compounds contributed to the DE/CM3:2 functionality,including napins,cruciferins and phospholipids.This study demonstrated for the first time the potential to upcycle this co-product by recovering emulsifying agents.Future studies will focus on optimising the extraction process and yield.
基金funding from the European Research Council(ERC)under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program(Project“MEMS 4.0”,ERC-2016-ADG,grant agreement No.742685)。
文摘Amphiphilic lipid formulations,such as self-emulsifying drug delivery systems,offer advantages for enhancing drug release control and expanding their applicability across various administration routes.By integrating microfabrication techniques with these lipid-based systems,additional functionalities such as controlled drug release can be introduced.This can broaden lipid’s potential for advanced biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.However,lipids face major fabrication challenges due to their thermolability,solvent incompatibility,and poor mechanical properties.Here,we present a novel microfabrication route for self-emulsifying lipid drug delivery systems based on thermal imprinting of a stiffness-tunable mold,which stays inflexible during the thermal imprinting step and softens upon swelling for the demolding step.The stiffness tuning process is reversible to some extent through a simple drying process,allowing reuse of the mold.The presented method resolves the issues of mechanical stress and lipid dissolution during the demolding process,enabling the scalable and cost-efficient fabrication of lipid microstructures down to 20μm resolution and a 5:1 aspect ratio.As a proof-of-concept,we fabricated honeycomb-shaped selfemulsifying drug delivery lipid microstructures on a mucoadhesive film.Lipid microstructure increases the mechanical robustness and accelerates lipid dissolution for sublingual administration of poorly water-soluble drugs.In vivo testing in mouse models confirmed efficient mucosal penetration and submucosal drug accumulation,showing potential as sublingual drug delivery devices.
基金supported by the Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Planning Project(No.2021I1005).
文摘The effects of water-soluble citrus fiber(SCF)and water-insoluble citrus fiber(ICF)on emulsifying properties and molecular structure of the mutton myofibrillar protein(MP)were studied.The emulsifying activity index and emulsifying stability index of MP emulsion,treated with 5%SCF significantly improved to 36.80%and 65.27%,respectively.The droplet size of the emulsion significantly reduced,forming smaller and more uniformly dispersed droplets.SCF promoted the unfolding of MP,and showed a significant increased(p<0.05)in total sulfhydryl content and fluorescence intensity,but a significant decreased(p<0.05)in surface hydrophobicity.Besides,SCF treatment showed a significant reduction(p<0.05)inα-helix content and a significant enhancement(p<0.05)inβ-turn content of the MP secondary structure.The EAI,ESI,and solubility of MP significantly decreased after the addition of ICF,but there was no significant change in the secondary structure.These data demonstrated that,the addition of the appropriate amount of SCF could improve the emulsifying properties and molecular structure of MP.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program Project of Hubei Province(2023BCB070).
文摘Formulating oil-based drilling fluids(OBDFs)with an ultra-low oil-to-water ratio(OWR≤60:40)presents a formidable stability challenge due to the maximized interfacial area and intensified stress on the interfacial film under high-temperature,high-density conditions.To address this,we engineered a synergistic stabilization system through molecular and colloidal design.A novel hyperbranched polyamide emulsifier(epoxidized soybean oil polyamide)(ESOP),synthesized from epoxidized soybean oil,exhibits superior thermal stability and interfacial activity due to its hyperbranched architecture.Combined with calcium petroleum sulfonate(CPS)and hydrophobic nanosilica(HNs),it enables a high-performance OBDF with an ultra-low OWR of 60:40.The results show that the optimized formula achieves an excellent demulsification voltage of 1290 V,an ultra-low HTHP fluid loss of 1.5 mL,a yield point of 12.9 Pa,and a superior sag factor(SF)of 0.504,outperforming both base and commercial systems.Mechanistic studies reveal a multiscale stabilization strategy involving a dense composite interfacial film,Pickering stabilization,a 3D network,and a unique thermally triggered self-reinforcement effect.This work not only provides a cost-effective OBDF formulation but,more importantly,establishes a molecular topology engineering paradigm for stabilizing complex industrial fluids under extreme conditions.
基金sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52308466)SASAC Science and Technology Innovation Project(JF-23-01-0063)Shaanxi Provincial Transportation Research Project(25-84 K,25-85 K).
文摘In recent years,the amount of waste generated during milling has increased dramatically,and improper disposal poses a significant environmental challenge.To mitigate environmental pollution and enhance the road performance of emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixtures(ECRM),this study employed recycled asphalt pavement(RAP)and reclaimed inorganic binder stabilized aggregate(RAI)as dual recycled materials for ECRM preparation.The blending ratios of reclaimed base and surface layer mixtures significantly influence ECRM's performance,with adjusted proportions substantially improving compressive strength and dynamic modulus.Firstly,three distinct proportioning options were developed for the recycled materials.Mix designs incorporating varying RAP/RAI ratios were used to determine the optimal mix parameters:moisture content,cement dosage,and emulsified asphalt content.Subsequently,comprehensive performance evaluations were conducted through high-temperature wheel tracking tests,freeze-thaw splitting tests,uniaxial compression tests,and dynamic modulus measurements to analyze the pavement characteristics of the three ECRM formulations.Experimental results demonstrate:Compared with ECRM with a blending ratio of RAP:RAI:new aggregate=30:50:20(Option 1),the dynamic stability,freeze-thaw splitting strength ratio,compressive strength,and compressive resilient modulus of ECRM under Option 3(RAP:RAI:new aggregate=50:30:20)decreased by 31.8%,5.2%,16.4%,and 13.1%,respectively.This indicates that increasing RAP content while reducing RAI proportion enhances the tensile strength of ECRM,yet adversely affects its high-temperature stability,moisture resistance,and compressive performance.This work not only addresses the challenge of jointly utilizing asphalt pavement waste and base waste,but also provides a cost-effective and sustainable method for the stable application of milling material resources in road engineering.
基金Project(52373065)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2220004002898)supported by the Zhuhai Industry University Research Cooperation and Basic and Applied Research Projects,China。
文摘Waterborne acrylic coatings are widely utilized due to their cost-effectiveness,high transparency,strong resistance to weather and chemicals,impressive mechanical properties,and excellent adhesion to various substrates.In these coatings,a reactive emulsifier containing phosphate groups can be integrated into the molecular chain during polymerization,which enhances the coating's compactness and corrosion resistance.This work focuses on the synthesis of styrene-butyl acrylate(St-BA)latex and methyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate(MMA-BA)latex using the reactive phosphate emulsifier ANPEO_(10)-P_(1) through seed emulsion polymerization,achieving a conversion rate of approximately 99%and a solid content close to 50%.The resulting coatings from St-BA and MMA-BA latexes demonstrated long-term corrosion protection for carbon steel and aluminum alloy due to in-situ phosphatization,effectively preventing flash rust.Notably,the MMA-BA coating exhibited remarkable durability,enduring immersion for up to 1224 h(51 d)on Q 235 carbon steel before reaching the failure threshold(|Z|0.01 Hz£106Ω·cm^(2))on Q 235 carbon steel.On 5052 aluminum alloy,the St-BA coating maintained|Z|0.01 Hz>10^(8)Ω·cm^(2) for 480 h(20 d).Furthermore,the corrosion resistance of St-BA and MMA BA coatings on Q 235 steel sheet and 5052 aluminum alloy surpassed that of commercially available MMA-BA and St BA coatings after immersion in a 3.5 wt%NaCl aqueous solution.This work also delves into the anticorrosion mechanism of MMA-BA and St-BA coatings.
文摘The trends of consuming or using eco-friendly,biodegradable products due to the change in the lifestyle of the people have led to the exploration of new sources from plants or animals.Seed mucilage(SeM)is an underexplored component of plants that can be brought into play to deal with such problems.Mucilage,a viscous polysaccharide that can be obtained when seeds like chia,flax,garden cress,and tomato get hydrated and form a slimy,gel-like substance around the seed coat,can be utilized due to its unique characteristics.It has been used in developing many products such as bio-based films,plant-based dressing wounds with antibacterial effects,a medium for oral drug delivery,edible coatings,etc.Primarily composed of soluble fiber,it exhibits effects on human health,including blood glucose management,cholesterol,weight reduction,antioxidant(AOx),and antimicrobial activity.It offers a range of functional properties,including emulsification,stabilization,foam formation,fat replacement,encapsulating agent,flocculation,coagulation,and medium for drug release.These attributes make SeM a suitable component for applications in various sectors like food and pharmacy.Further study in this field may open more opportunities to address environmental problems and contribute to sustainability.This review explores aspects of SeM,emphasizing its functional properties and highlighting its current as well as potential applications across various sectors.
基金supported by Shahid Bahonar Universi-ty of Kerman.
文摘The Makran Sea is a complex marine environment.The purpose of this research is screening of emulsifier-producing bacteria in this marine environment and optimization of emulsifier production by the best-producing strain.Marine samples(seawater and sediments)were collected from four different zones in the Makran Sea.The emulsification activity index(E_(24))and Bacterial Ad-hesion To Hydrocarbons(BATH)were used to select the best emulsifier-producing strains.The prevalent strains were identified by PCR.The optimization of the emulsifier production medium by the best strain was done by two-level factorial design.Seventeen emulsifier-producing strains were isolated from sediments and seawater in the Makran Sea.The strains M6,BS-2,and J6 were select-ed between all isolates because they have 83%,91%,and 85%emulsification activity(E_(24))respectively.The results of sequencing confirmed that these three strains(M6,BS-2,and J6)belong to Cobetia marina,Shewanella alga,and Thalassospira permensis re-spectively.Maximum emulsifier production occurred at crude oil concentration(4%,v/v),peptone(2.5 g/L),yeast extract(1.5 g/L),molasses(2%),and at a temperature of 25℃.The results of this research confirmed that the Makran Sea has the potential to reach ro-bust marine bacteria with different biotechnological applications.
基金financially supported by the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China(Nos.52204066 and 52474020)the Shandong Province Youth Entrepreneurship Technology Sup-port Program for Higher Education Institutions(No.2023KJ060)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.23CX06018A).
文摘Responsive nanocontainers have dual functions in targeted delivery of corrosion inhibitors and emulsion development of shale oil in oil and gas fields,exhibiting potential for simultaneously achieving metal protection and efficient oil and gas development from a material perspective.Here,we propose the preparation of a pH-responsive nanocontainer,HMSNs-g-PDEAEMA(poly[2-(N,N-diethyl amino)ethyl-methacrylate](PDEAEMA)grafted onto hollow mesoporous spherical silica(HMSNs)),to integrate the delivery of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole(MBT)for targeted corrosion inhibition and the emulsification of oil as Pickering emulsifiers.Under acidic conditions(reduced pH value caused by localized corrosion or high concentration acidic gases),PDEAEMA chains are protonated and extended by electrostatic repulsion,exposing pores on HMSNs surface and allowing the controlled release of loaded MBT molecules.Once transforming into a neutral or alkaline environment,the responsive release of the MBT process is inhibited.After the fluid passes through the wellbore and enters the shale layer,the HMSNs-g-PDEAEMA nanocontainers act as Pickering emulsifiers to achieve emulsification.The emulsified oil can be extracted onto the ground more efficiently,and a following pH-responsive demulsification process can be achieved.Overall,through a pH-responsive nanocontainer material,the dual function of corrosion inhibition and emulsification in oil and gas development is possible to be simultaneously achieved.
文摘W/O/W multi-structure emulsions were prepared by two-step method,to investigate the effect of different W/O emulsifier,anionic emulsifier as well as the first phase volume ratio on the formation and stability of multi-structure emulsions.The result indicated that ES-5300 is efficient in forming the homogeneous and stable W/O/W multi-structure emulsions which related to the emulsifier structure and low HLB value.Compared with other anionic emulsifier,sodium isostearoyl lactylate can product more stable multi-structure emulsions.However,the higher temperature stability was affected by the increasing of it.In addition,appropriate first phase volume ratio is critical to the stability of multi-structure emulsions.The multi-structure emulsions with better encapsulation efficiency and great performance in higher temperature was achieved when the first phase volume ratio equal to 1.
基金funds from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32372353)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFD2100205)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.SWU-XJPY202310).
文摘Based on the green method of microwave extraction,this work mainly investigated the effect of different microwave extraction temperatures(55℃-75℃)on the gelling,foaming and emulsifying properties of microwaveextracted Bigeye Tuna fish skin gelatin.Results showed the gelatin yield increased significantly(12.47%-16.62%,p<0.05)as the microwave extraction temperature rose,while the viscosity,thermal stability and TPA of gelatin gel decreased due to the weakening of gel network induced by the destruction of molecular structure.The destroyed structure exposed more hydrophobic groups,augmented wettability(57.90°-81.97°)and subsequently decreased surface tension,fostered the adsorption of gelatin at water-air or oil-water interfaces,facilitated the accumulation of foams or droplets.Then,it strengthened the interactions among gelatin at various foam or droplet interfaces,resulting in the formation of a dense three-dimensional network,thus improved the foaming and emulsifying characteristics.Moreover,the increased gelatin concentration further enhanced the interfacial interaction and network strength,and improved the stability of foams and emulsions.Hence,this work can provide a basis for the expanded application of microwave-extracted fish skin gelatin.
基金Supported by Henan Innovation Project for University Prominent Research Talents(2004KYCX010)~~
文摘[Objective] The properties of butachlor microemulsion were studied for developing a new formulation of new pesticides.[Method]AT method was used to determine the pseudo-ternary phase diagram to confirm the formulation of butachlor microemulsion.Through the measurement of electrical conductivity,the W/O and O/W types in microemulsion region of butachlor/emulsifier/water system were confirmed and the change of phase behavior during preparation process was discussed.[Result]The dilution stability,low temperature stability,heat stability,ageing stability,density and viscosity etc.of butachlor microemulsion met the requirement of the experiments,which demonstrated the qualified quality of butachlor.The density decreased linearly with the increase of temperature and the change of viscosity with temperature conformed to Andrade equation.[Conclusion]The research was helpful to the application of butachlor microemulsion in pesticide formulation.
基金supported from the Shanghai Association for Science and Technology Achievements Transformation Alliance Program(No.LM201851)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21878188,21606151 and 21707092)+2 种基金Shanghai Excellent Technology Leaders Program(No.17XD1424900)"Chenguang Program"from Shanghai Education Development FoundationShanghai Municipal Education Commission(No.18CGB12)。
文摘In this study,various nonionic surfactants(NS) with different ethylene oxide(EO) numbers and tail lengths and its binary blends with anionic surfactants(AS) were used as emulsifiers for naphthenic oil to form the microemulsion metalworking fluids(MWFs),and the effects of them on the stability of the emulsion system were investigated by formulation triangle method.The results indicated that binary complex surfactants of NS and AS as emulsifiers exhibited better emulsifying effect than that of single NS.NS with different EO numbers and tail lengths presented various emulsifying effects.NS(EO=10)exhibited the greatest number of stable formulations,especially the TX-10,but no linear relationship existed between the number of stable formulations and the tail length of NS.In addition,aromatic primary alcohol ethoxy late(APAE) series surfactants containing benzene groups similar to the cycloalkanes in the naphthenic oil so that presented the best emulsifying affect and the greatest number of stable formulations.The co-surfactant of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) binary blends with NS exerted the best synergistic effect,and the stable formulations numbers were ranged from 5 to 7,next sodium stearate(SS) comes last followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS-1) and sodium dodecyl sulfonate(SDS-2).
