A theoretical study of the influence of a quasi-electrostatic support on the amplification level of the slow space charge wave(SCW) in the amplification section of a superheterodyne free electron laser(FEL) was carrie...A theoretical study of the influence of a quasi-electrostatic support on the amplification level of the slow space charge wave(SCW) in the amplification section of a superheterodyne free electron laser(FEL) was carried out. One of the ways to significantly increase the saturation level of the slow SCW is maintaining the conditions of a three-wave parametric resonance between the slow, fast SCWs and the resulting pump electric field. This can be done by introducing the quasielectrostatic support in the superheterodyne FEL amplification section. Also, it was found that the generated pump electric field significantly influences the maintenance of parametric resonance conditions. As a result, this increases the saturation level of the slow SCW by 70%. Finally, the quasi-electrostatic support significantly reduces the maximum value of the electrostatic undulator pump field strength, which is necessary to achieve the maximum saturation level of the slow SCW.展开更多
To study the influence of silicon(Si)on 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane(CL-20),NC/CL-20 composite explosives and Si/NC/CL-20 composite explosives were prepared by the electrostatic spraying ...To study the influence of silicon(Si)on 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane(CL-20),NC/CL-20 composite explosives and Si/NC/CL-20 composite explosives were prepared by the electrostatic spraying method.The morphology,structure and thermal decomposition properties of the samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray energy spectroscopy(EDS),infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and simultaneous thermal analyzer(TG-DSC).Additionally,the combustion process of the samples was tested using a high-speed camera.The results show that the addition of nano-Si contributes to the formation of composite explosives with regular morphology and smaller particle size.The Si/NC/CL-20 composite explosive has better and more uniform sphericity,with an average particle size of 73.4 nm,compared to the NC/CL-20 composite explosive.The Si/NC/CL-20 composite explosive which produced by the electrostatic spraying method,achieves physically uniform distribution of the components including NC,CL-20,Si.The addition of Si promotes the thermal decomposition of CL-20.In comparison to the NC/CL-20 composite explosive,the activation energy of the Si/NC/CL-20 composite explosive decreases by 16.78 kJ/mol,and the self-accelerated decomposition temperature and the critical temperature of thermal explosion decreases by 3.12 K and 2.61 K,respectively.Furthermore,Si/NC/CL-20 composite explosive has shorter ignition delay time and faster combustion rate compared to the NC/CL-20 composite explosive,which shows that Si can improve the combustion performance of CL-20.展开更多
The liquid Zr_(100-x)V_(x)(x=8.6,16.5,30)alloys were undercooled to the maximum undercooling of 364 K(0.18 T_(L)),405 K(0.21 T_(L)),and 375 K(0.21 T_(L)),respectively,by using electrostatic levitation technique.The Zr...The liquid Zr_(100-x)V_(x)(x=8.6,16.5,30)alloys were undercooled to the maximum undercooling of 364 K(0.18 T_(L)),405 K(0.21 T_(L)),and 375 K(0.21 T_(L)),respectively,by using electrostatic levitation technique.The Zr_(91.4)V_(8.6) and Zr_(83.5)V_(16.5) alloys present only one recalescence during liquid/solid phase transition,while the Zr_(70)V_(30) alloy presents a transformation from two recalescence to one recalescence phenomenon with a critical undercooling of approximately 300 K.According to the LKT/BCT model,the calculated results of the primary β-Zr dendrite growth velocity in undercooled liquid Zr_(91.4)V_(8.6) and Zr_(83.5)V_(16.5) alloys agree well with the experiments.The velocity inflection points at 119 K of Zr_(91.4)V_(8.6) alloy and 201 K of Zr_(83.5)V_(16.5) alloy could be explained by the competition between solutal undercooling control and thermal undercooling control modes.For Zr_(70)V_(30) alloy solidified in the P1 with twice recalescence,a critical second undercooling of 253 K and corresponding undercooling of 65 and 244 K are obtained.When the un-dercooling is in the range of 65-244 K,the second undercooling would be greater than 253 K,and the residual liquid phase would solidify into anomalous eutectic microstructure for Zr_(70)V_(30) alloy.The Vickers hardness of Zr_(100-x)V_(x)(x=8.6,16.5,30)alloys all show a quadratic relationship with undercooling.Under electrostatic levitation condition,the mechanical property of Zr-V alloys could be significantly regulated through solidifying the alloys at different undercoolings.展开更多
To explore the electrostatic discharge behavior of charged powders in industrial silos,discharge experiments are conducted based on a full-size industrial silo discharge platform.Electrostatic discharge mode,frequency...To explore the electrostatic discharge behavior of charged powders in industrial silos,discharge experiments are conducted based on a full-size industrial silo discharge platform.Electrostatic discharge mode,frequency,and energy are investigated for powders of different polarities.Although the powders have low charge-to-mass ratios(+0.087μC/kg for the positively charged powders and−0.26μC/kg for the negatively charged ones),electrostatic discharges occur approximately every 10 s,with the maximum discharge energy being 800 mJ.Powder polarity considerably influences discharge energy.The positive powders exhibit higher discharge energy than the negative ones,although discharge frequency remains similar for both.Effects of powder charge,humidity,and mass flow on discharge frequency and discharge energy are quantitatively analyzed,providing important insights for the improvement of safety in industrial powder handling.展开更多
The search for photoactive materials that are able to efficiently produce solar fuels is a growing research field to tackle the current energy crisis.Herein,we have prepared two ionic non-noble metallo-supramolecular ...The search for photoactive materials that are able to efficiently produce solar fuels is a growing research field to tackle the current energy crisis.Herein,we have prepared two ionic non-noble metallo-supramolecular polymers Se-MTpy(M=Co or Ni),and constructed their composites with single-walled carbon nanotubes(CNTs)via electrostatic attraction andπ-πinteractions for efficient and stable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.In the photocatalytic system,the cationic Se-MTpy as host and anionic CNTs as vip are assembled into a binary composite,which exhibits superior photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation(>420 nm).The optimized CNT@Se-CoTpy composite,containing 1.2 wt%metal loading,achieves 7 times higher hydrogen evolution rate(2.47 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1))than bare Se-CoTpy(0.35 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1)).This is attributed to the constructive formation of junctions between polymer and CNTs,facilitating interfacial charge transfer and transport for efficient proton reduction.The composite system also shows high photostability after continuous irradiation for~30 h.The combination of experimental and theoretical analysis demonstrates the higher activity for reducing H_(2)O to H_(2)of Se-CoTpy than Se-NiTpy.The feasible interfacial architecture proposed in this study represents an effective approach to achieve high photocatalytic performance.展开更多
Calculating the inter-layer ion diffusion barrier, a crucial metric for evaluating the rate performance of 2D electrode materials, is time-consuming using the transition state search approach. A novel electrostatic po...Calculating the inter-layer ion diffusion barrier, a crucial metric for evaluating the rate performance of 2D electrode materials, is time-consuming using the transition state search approach. A novel electrostatic potential distribution image (EPDI) transfer learning method has been proposed to efficiently and accurately predict the lithium diffusion barriers on metal element-doped transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) surfaces. Through the analysis of the mean electrostatic potential (MEP) around binding sites, a positive correlation between binding energy and MEP in VIB-TMDs was identified. Subsequently, transfer learning techniques were used to develop a DenseNet121-TL model for establishing a more accurate mapping between the binding energy and electrostatic potential distribution. Trained on training sets containing 33% and 50% transition state search calculation results, which save 66% and 50% of the calculation time, respectively, the model achieves accurate predictions of the saddle point binding energy with mean absolute errors (MAEs) of 0.0444 and 0.0287 eV on the testing set. Based on the prediction of saddle point binding energies, we obtained a diffusion minimum energy profile with an MAE of 0.0235 eV. Furthermore, by analyzing the diffusion data, we observed that the diffusion barrier was lowered by 10% on V-doped TiS2 compared to the stoichiometric surface. Our findings are expected to provide new insights for the high-throughput calculation of ion diffusion on 2D materials.展开更多
Solvation structures fundamentally control the ion-transport dynamics and mechanical properties of polymer electrolytes.However,there is a lack of strategies to rationally regulate the solvation structures and fundame...Solvation structures fundamentally control the ion-transport dynamics and mechanical properties of polymer electrolytes.However,there is a lack of strategies to rationally regulate the solvation structures and fundamental understanding on how they control the electrochemical performances.Herein,by harnessing the electrostatic adsorption of one-dimensional nanofiller(i.e.,surface-charged halloysite nanotubes,d-HNTs),we successfully fabricate a high-performance polymer nanocomposite electrolyte enabled by strong surface adsorption,referred as adsorption-state polymer electrolyte(ASPE).This ASPE shows fast ion transport(0.71±0.05 mS cm^(-1)at room temperature),high mechanical strength and toughness(10.3±0.05 MPa;15.73 MJ m^(-3)),improved lithium-ion transference number,and long cycle life with lithium metal anode,in comparison with the sample without the d-HNT adsorption effect.To fundamentally understand these high performances,an anion-rich asymmetric solvent structure model is further proposed and evidenced by both experiments and simulation studies.Results show that the electrostatic adsorption among the d-HNT,ionic liquid electrolyte,and polymer chain generates a nano filler-supported fast ion-conduction pathway with asymmetric Li+-coordination microenvironment.Meanwhile,the anion-rich asymmetric solvent structure model of ASPE also generates a fast de-solvation and anion-derived stable solid-electrolyte interphase for lithium metal anode.The high performance and understanding of the mechanism for ASPE provide a promising path to develop advanced polymer electrolytes.展开更多
A drag-free satellite is an important platform for space-borne gravitational wave(GW)observation.To achieve the high-precision control of a drag-free satellite in practical engineering,an accurate dynamic model is ess...A drag-free satellite is an important platform for space-borne gravitational wave(GW)observation.To achieve the high-precision control of a drag-free satellite in practical engineering,an accurate dynamic model is essential.This paper presents a nonlinear model of the electrostatic effect between a satellite and a test mass(TM),and designs a model predictive controller based on the drag-free satellite model with the nonlinear electrostatic effect.To determine the analytical form of the electrostatic effect,a comprehensive theoretical analysis is performed for gravitational reference sensors(GRSs).An electrostatic force and a torque are simulated with the displacement as a varying parameter through a commercial software.Then,the results are fitted to derive the nonlinear expressions of the electrostatic effect.The model predictive controllers based on the models with the nonlinear and linear electrostatic effects are designed in the capture mode.Finally,the control results are given to show the advantages of the nonlinear electrostatic effect.展开更多
Aqueous zinc ion batteries have become highly favored energy storage devices owing to low cost and environmental friendliness.Vanadium oxide,as one of the potential cathodes for AZIBs,is plagued by several unfavorable...Aqueous zinc ion batteries have become highly favored energy storage devices owing to low cost and environmental friendliness.Vanadium oxide,as one of the potential cathodes for AZIBs,is plagued by several unfavorable elements including unsatisfactory conductivity and vanadium dissolution in the electrolyte.Herein,an electrostatic self-assembly strategy is proposed to introduce conductive dielectric Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene nanoplates into V_(2)O_(5)·4VO_(2)nanoribbons,where V_(2)O_(5)·4VO_(2)/MXene composites(denoted as VM2)are simply obtained by magnetic stirring combined with ultrasonic method at room temperature.The successful introduction of MXene with high electrical conductivity not only endows faster V_(2)O_(5)·4VO_(2)electron/ion transfer,but also acts as a"baffle"to inhibit vanadium dissolution.Benefiting from the above advantages,paired with a zinc metal anode,VM2 cathode exhibits impressive performance metrics of 328.7 mAh·g^(−1)at 0.1 A·g^(−1),95.8%capacity retention after 1000 cycles,and 142.9 mAh·g^(−1)at a current density of 20 A·g^(−1).This work provides a viable reference for the development of high-performance AZIBs.展开更多
Electrostatic ion-cyclotron wave(EICW)and ion-Bernstein wave(IBW)are two typical normal modes of plasma propagating vertically to a magnetic field.These modes satisfy the extreme conditionsω《k_(||)v_(te)andω》k_(||...Electrostatic ion-cyclotron wave(EICW)and ion-Bernstein wave(IBW)are two typical normal modes of plasma propagating vertically to a magnetic field.These modes satisfy the extreme conditionsω《k_(||)v_(te)andω》k_(||)v_(te),whereω,k_(||),and v_(te)are the wave angular frequency,wave number parallel to the magnetic field,and the electron thermal speed.Between these extremities,there exist IBW-like waves that have not been studied.In this paper,the co-excitation of the EICW and IBW-like wave in an experiment is presented.It is shown that,in an argon(Ar)discharge,the EICW appears in the fundamental and second harmonic frequency bands of the ioncyclotron frequency.In contrast,the IBW-like wave appears in the higher harmonic frequency bands and in the case of a relatively strong magnetic field.In a helium(He)discharge,the IBW-like wave is excited in the fundamental frequency band,but the wave behaviour becomes complicated in the harmonic frequency bands.The measured dispersion relations of the excited EICW are in agreement with the results of the fluid and kinetic models in some range of frequencies,but those of the excited IBW-like wave are only in qualitative agreement with the kinetic model of the IBW.This study is important for identifying the IBW-like mode that may have potential application in plasma heating via Landau damping.展开更多
A mobile Coulomb gas permeating a fixed background crystalline lattice of charged colloidal crystals is subject to an electrostatic-elastic coupling,which we study on the continuum level by introducing a minimal coupl...A mobile Coulomb gas permeating a fixed background crystalline lattice of charged colloidal crystals is subject to an electrostatic-elastic coupling,which we study on the continuum level by introducing a minimal coupling between electrostatic and displacement fields.We derive linearized,Debye–Hückel-like mean-field equations that can be analytically solved,incorporating the minimal coupling between electrostatic and displacement fields leading to an additional effective attractive interaction between mobile charges that depends in general on the strength of the coupling between the electrostatic and displacement fields.By analyzing the Gaussian fluctuations around the mean-field solution we also identify and quantify the region of its stability in terms of the electrostatic-elastic screening length.This detailed continuum theory incorporating the standard lattice elasticity and electrostatics of mobile charges provides a baseline to investigate the electrostatic-elastic coupling for microscopic models in colloid science and materials science.展开更多
The use of‘Electrostatic tweezers'is a promising tool for droplet manipulation,but it faces many limitations in manipulating droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces.Here,we achieve noncontact and multifunctional dr...The use of‘Electrostatic tweezers'is a promising tool for droplet manipulation,but it faces many limitations in manipulating droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces.Here,we achieve noncontact and multifunctional droplet manipulation on Nepenthes-inspired lubricated slippery surfaces via triboelectric electrostatic tweezers(TETs).The TET manipulation of droplets on a slippery surface has many advantages over electrostatic droplet manipulation on a superhydrophobic surface.The electrostatic field induces the redistribution of the charges inside the neutral droplet,which causes the triboelectric charged rod to drive the droplet to move forward under the electrostatic force.Positively or negatively charged droplets can also be driven by TET based on electrostatic attraction and repulsion.TET enables us to manipulate droplets under diverse conditions,including anti-gravity climb,suspended droplets,corrosive liquids,low-surface-tension liquids(e.g.ethanol with a surface tension of 22.3 mN·m^(-1)),different droplet volumes(from 100 nl to 0.5 ml),passing through narrow slits,sliding over damaged areas,on various solid substrates,and even droplets in an enclosed system.Various droplet-related applications,such as motion guidance,motion switching,droplet-based microreactions,surface cleaning,surface defogging,liquid sorting,and cell labeling,can be easily achieved with TETs.展开更多
A variety of electromagnetic wave absorption materials(EMWAs)have been reported,but the integration of powder materials and multifunctional devices should be investigated in-depth to adapt to practical demands.Herein,...A variety of electromagnetic wave absorption materials(EMWAs)have been reported,but the integration of powder materials and multifunctional devices should be investigated in-depth to adapt to practical demands.Herein,carbon-coated cobalt composites were prepared by adsorbing magnetic metal cations into an anionic crystalline framework through an electrostatic encapsulate process.Excellent reflection loss(RL_(min))of-40.49 d B and effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)of 5.36 GHz(RL<-10 d B,10.4-15.76 GHz)was achieved with an optimal radar cross section(RCS)reduction of 34.9 dB·m^(2) for the sample tested.For commercial applications,Co@CN-4 was integrated into sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)aerogel to create an ultra-lightweight composite aerogel that is compressive resistant and heat-holding while also having photothermal conversion capabilities.The hydrophobic modification makes it more widely useful.This study provides a new strategy for EWAMs to integrate versatility and improve their application prospects.展开更多
Metal-organic framework(MOF)-derived carbon composites have been considered as the promising materials for energy storage.However,the construction of MOF-based composites with highly controllable mode via the liquid-l...Metal-organic framework(MOF)-derived carbon composites have been considered as the promising materials for energy storage.However,the construction of MOF-based composites with highly controllable mode via the liquid-liquid synthesis method has a great challenge because of the simultaneous heterogeneous nucleation on substrates and the self-nucleation of individual MOF nanocrystals in the liquid phase.Herein,we report a bidirectional electrostatic generated self-assembly strategy to achieve the precisely controlled coatings of single-layer nanoscale MOFs on a range of substrates,including carbon nanotubes(CNTs),graphene oxide(GO),MXene,layered double hydroxides(LDHs),MOFs,and SiO_(2).The obtained MOF-based nanostructured carbon composite exhibits the hierarchical porosity(V_(meso)/V_(micro)∶2.4),ultrahigh N content of 12.4 at.%and"dual electrical conductive networks."The assembled aqueous zinc-ion hybrid capacitor(ZIC)with the prepared nanocarbon composite as a cathode shows a high specific capacitance of 236 F g^(-1)at 0.5 A g^(-1),great rate performance of 98 F g^(-1)at 100 A g^(-1),and especially,an ultralong cycling stability up to 230000 cycles with the capacitance retention of 90.1%.This work develops a repeatable and general method for the controlled construction of MOF coatings on various functional substrates and further fabricates carbon composites for ZICs with ultrastability.展开更多
Inertial characteristics of non-cooperative targets are crucial for space capture and sub-sequent on-orbit servicing.Previous methods for identifying inertial parameters involve proximity operations,which are associat...Inertial characteristics of non-cooperative targets are crucial for space capture and sub-sequent on-orbit servicing.Previous methods for identifying inertial parameters involve proximity operations,which are associated with the risk of collision with non-cooperative targets.This paper introduces a long-range,contactless method for identifying the inertial parameters of a non-cooperative target during the pre-capture phase.Specifically,electrostatic interaction is used as an external excitation to alter the target's motion.A force estimation algorithm that uses measure-ments from visual and potential sensors is proposed to estimate the electrostatic interaction and eliminate the need for force sensors.Furthermore,a recursive estimation-identification framework is presented to concurrently estimate the coupled motion state,weak electrostatic interaction,and inertial parameters of the target.The simulation results show that the proposed method extends the identification distance to 170 times that of the previous method while maintaining high identifica-tion precision forall parameters.展开更多
The low drug bioavailability of eye drops challenges the therapy of ocular disorders with high efficacy.One of solutions is to extend the corneal retention and enhance the penetration of drug into cornea.Here we synth...The low drug bioavailability of eye drops challenges the therapy of ocular disorders with high efficacy.One of solutions is to extend the corneal retention and enhance the penetration of drug into cornea.Here we synthesize two fluorophore-conjugated peptide based analogs rich in positive charges(i.e.,NBDFFKK)and with a specific ligand(i.e.,NBD-FFRGD),respectively,to visualize their performances in vitro and in vivo.The peptides both can self-assemble into supramolecular hydrogels with the microstructure of nanofibers.The in vitro experiments exhibit that two peptides are both uniformly distributed in cytoplasm,and the intracellular amount of peptide rich in positive charges is significantly larger than that of peptide with a specific ligand.The living corneal fluorescence shows that two peptides enter the corneal stroma within 15 min,and the peptide rich in positive charges is accumulated more extensively throughout the entire cornea,revealing that the supramolecular hydrogel eye drops penetrate the cornea more efficiently via electrostatic interaction than that via ligand-receptor interaction.This work,as a comparative study of supramolecular hydrogel eye drops on penetrating efficiency,indicates a possible direction for the design of eye drops with efficient corneal penetration.展开更多
To investigate the process optimizationof Cu-en/AP composite microspheres preparation via electrostatic spraying,and to reveal the effects of droplet properties and flow rate variations on the experimental results dur...To investigate the process optimizationof Cu-en/AP composite microspheres preparation via electrostatic spraying,and to reveal the effects of droplet properties and flow rate variations on the experimental results during the electrostatic spraying process,the prepared process parameters of Cu-en/AP composite microspheres by electrostatic spray method under the orthogonal experimental design simulated by ANSYS(Fluent).The influence of flow rate,solvent ratio,and solid mass on the experimental results is examined using a controlled variable method.The results indicate that under the conditions of a flow rate of 2.67×10^(-3)kg/s an acetone-to-deionized water ratio of 1.5∶1.0,and a solid mass of 200 mg,the theoretical particle size of the composite microspheres can reach e nanoscale.Droplet trajectories in the electric field remain stable without significant deviation.The simulation results show that particle diameter decreases with increasing flow rate,with the trend leveling off around a flow rate of 1×10^(-3)kg/s.As the solvent ratio increases(with higher acetone content),particle diameter initially decreases,reaching a minimum around a ratio of 1.5∶1.0 before gradually increasing.Increasing the solid mass also reduces the particle diameter,with a linear increase in diameter observed at around 220 mg.Cu-en/AP composite microspheres with nanoscale dimensions were confirmed under these conditions by the final SEM images.展开更多
Ships and other mobile pollution sources emitted massive ultrafine and low-resistivity particles containing black carbon(BC),which were harmful to human health and were difficult to capture by conventional electrostat...Ships and other mobile pollution sources emitted massive ultrafine and low-resistivity particles containing black carbon(BC),which were harmful to human health and were difficult to capture by conventional electrostatic precipitators(ESPs).In this study,nanoscale carbon black was adopted as simulated particles(SP)with similar physicochemical properties for black carbon emitted from ships(SP-BC)to investigate the feasibility of using an ESP with square-grooved collecting plates for the removal of SP-BC at low backpressures.The increased applied voltage significantly improved the total collection of SP-BC whereas may also promote the conversion of relatively larger particle size SP-BC into nano-size below 20nm.The outlet number concentration of SP-BC under 27 kV at 130℃was three times that of the inlet.While the reduction of the flow rate could strengthen the capture of SP-BC below20 nm,and under the combined action of low flow rate and maximum applied voltage,the collection efficiency of 20-100 nm SP-BC could exceed 90%.In addition,the escape and capture characteristics of SP-BC under long-term rapping were revealed.The square-grooved collecting plate could effectively restrain the re-entrainment of collected SP-BC generated by rapping,and the nanoscale SP-BC was trapped in the grooves after rapping.The results could provide insights into the profound removal of massive nanoscale black carbon emissions from mobile sources.展开更多
The electrostatic discharge(ESD)protection circuit widely exists in the input and output ports of CMOS digital circuits,and fast rising time electromagnetic pulse(FREMP)coupled into the device not only interacts with ...The electrostatic discharge(ESD)protection circuit widely exists in the input and output ports of CMOS digital circuits,and fast rising time electromagnetic pulse(FREMP)coupled into the device not only interacts with the CMOS circuit,but also acts on the protection circuit.This paper establishes a model of on-chip CMOS electrostatic discharge protection circuit and selects square pulse as the FREMP signals.Based on multiple physical parameter models,it depicts the distribution of the lattice temperature,current density,and electric field intensity inside the device.At the same time,this paper explores the changes of the internal devices in the circuit under the injection of fast rising time electromagnetic pulse and describes the relationship between the damage amplitude threshold and the pulse width.The results show that the ESD protection circuit has potential damage risk,and the injection of FREMP leads to irreversible heat loss inside the circuit.In addition,pulse signals with different attributes will change the damage threshold of the circuit.These results provide an important reference for further evaluation of the influence of electromagnetic environment on the chip,which is helpful to carry out the reliability enhancement research of ESD protection circuit.展开更多
While spray-drying has been widely utilized to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs,the outcomes often exhibit suboptimal particle size distribution and large particle sizes,limiting their effecti...While spray-drying has been widely utilized to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs,the outcomes often exhibit suboptimal particle size distribution and large particle sizes,limiting their effectiveness.In this study,we introduce electrostatic spraying as an advanced technology tailored for poorly water-soluble drugs,enabling the fabrication of nanoparticles with fine and uniform particle size distribution.Regorafenib(1 g),as a model drug,copovidone(5 g),and sodium dodecyl sulfate(0.1 g)were dissolved in 200 ml ethanol and subjected to conventional-spray-dryer and electrostatic spray dryer.The electrostatic spray-dried nanoparticles(ESDN)showed smaller particle sizes with better uniformity compared to conventional spray-dried nanoparticles(CSDN).ESDN demonstrated significantly enhanced solubility and rapid release in water.In vitro studies revealed that ESDN induced apoptosis in HCT-116 cells to a greater extent,exhibiting superior cytotoxicity compared to CSDN.Furthermore,ESDN substantially improved oral bioavailability and antitumor efficacy compared to CSDN.These findings suggest that ESD shows potential in developing enhanced drug delivery systems for poorly water-soluble drugs,effectively addressing the limitations associated with CSD methods.展开更多
文摘A theoretical study of the influence of a quasi-electrostatic support on the amplification level of the slow space charge wave(SCW) in the amplification section of a superheterodyne free electron laser(FEL) was carried out. One of the ways to significantly increase the saturation level of the slow SCW is maintaining the conditions of a three-wave parametric resonance between the slow, fast SCWs and the resulting pump electric field. This can be done by introducing the quasielectrostatic support in the superheterodyne FEL amplification section. Also, it was found that the generated pump electric field significantly influences the maintenance of parametric resonance conditions. As a result, this increases the saturation level of the slow SCW by 70%. Finally, the quasi-electrostatic support significantly reduces the maximum value of the electrostatic undulator pump field strength, which is necessary to achieve the maximum saturation level of the slow SCW.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22275150)。
文摘To study the influence of silicon(Si)on 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane(CL-20),NC/CL-20 composite explosives and Si/NC/CL-20 composite explosives were prepared by the electrostatic spraying method.The morphology,structure and thermal decomposition properties of the samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray energy spectroscopy(EDS),infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and simultaneous thermal analyzer(TG-DSC).Additionally,the combustion process of the samples was tested using a high-speed camera.The results show that the addition of nano-Si contributes to the formation of composite explosives with regular morphology and smaller particle size.The Si/NC/CL-20 composite explosive has better and more uniform sphericity,with an average particle size of 73.4 nm,compared to the NC/CL-20 composite explosive.The Si/NC/CL-20 composite explosive which produced by the electrostatic spraying method,achieves physically uniform distribution of the components including NC,CL-20,Si.The addition of Si promotes the thermal decomposition of CL-20.In comparison to the NC/CL-20 composite explosive,the activation energy of the Si/NC/CL-20 composite explosive decreases by 16.78 kJ/mol,and the self-accelerated decomposition temperature and the critical temperature of thermal explosion decreases by 3.12 K and 2.61 K,respectively.Furthermore,Si/NC/CL-20 composite explosive has shorter ignition delay time and faster combustion rate compared to the NC/CL-20 composite explosive,which shows that Si can improve the combustion performance of CL-20.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52088101)the Space Utilization System of China Manned Space Engineering(Grant No.KJZ-YY-NCL02)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2021YFA0716301)the Shannxi Key Science and Technology Program(Grant Nos.2023-ZDLGY-36,2024JC-ZDXM-24).
文摘The liquid Zr_(100-x)V_(x)(x=8.6,16.5,30)alloys were undercooled to the maximum undercooling of 364 K(0.18 T_(L)),405 K(0.21 T_(L)),and 375 K(0.21 T_(L)),respectively,by using electrostatic levitation technique.The Zr_(91.4)V_(8.6) and Zr_(83.5)V_(16.5) alloys present only one recalescence during liquid/solid phase transition,while the Zr_(70)V_(30) alloy presents a transformation from two recalescence to one recalescence phenomenon with a critical undercooling of approximately 300 K.According to the LKT/BCT model,the calculated results of the primary β-Zr dendrite growth velocity in undercooled liquid Zr_(91.4)V_(8.6) and Zr_(83.5)V_(16.5) alloys agree well with the experiments.The velocity inflection points at 119 K of Zr_(91.4)V_(8.6) alloy and 201 K of Zr_(83.5)V_(16.5) alloy could be explained by the competition between solutal undercooling control and thermal undercooling control modes.For Zr_(70)V_(30) alloy solidified in the P1 with twice recalescence,a critical second undercooling of 253 K and corresponding undercooling of 65 and 244 K are obtained.When the un-dercooling is in the range of 65-244 K,the second undercooling would be greater than 253 K,and the residual liquid phase would solidify into anomalous eutectic microstructure for Zr_(70)V_(30) alloy.The Vickers hardness of Zr_(100-x)V_(x)(x=8.6,16.5,30)alloys all show a quadratic relationship with undercooling.Under electrostatic levitation condition,the mechanical property of Zr-V alloys could be significantly regulated through solidifying the alloys at different undercoolings.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51976039)。
文摘To explore the electrostatic discharge behavior of charged powders in industrial silos,discharge experiments are conducted based on a full-size industrial silo discharge platform.Electrostatic discharge mode,frequency,and energy are investigated for powders of different polarities.Although the powders have low charge-to-mass ratios(+0.087μC/kg for the positively charged powders and−0.26μC/kg for the negatively charged ones),electrostatic discharges occur approximately every 10 s,with the maximum discharge energy being 800 mJ.Powder polarity considerably influences discharge energy.The positive powders exhibit higher discharge energy than the negative ones,although discharge frequency remains similar for both.Effects of powder charge,humidity,and mass flow on discharge frequency and discharge energy are quantitatively analyzed,providing important insights for the improvement of safety in industrial powder handling.
基金supported by the RGC Senior Research Fellowship Scheme(Grant No.SRFS2021-5S01)the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(Grant No.PolyU 15307321)+2 种基金Research Institute for Smart Energy(CDAQ),Research Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology(CE2H),Research Centre for Carbon-Strategic Catalysis(CE2L)Miss Clarea Au for the Endowed Professorship in Energy(Grant No.847S)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62205277).
文摘The search for photoactive materials that are able to efficiently produce solar fuels is a growing research field to tackle the current energy crisis.Herein,we have prepared two ionic non-noble metallo-supramolecular polymers Se-MTpy(M=Co or Ni),and constructed their composites with single-walled carbon nanotubes(CNTs)via electrostatic attraction andπ-πinteractions for efficient and stable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.In the photocatalytic system,the cationic Se-MTpy as host and anionic CNTs as vip are assembled into a binary composite,which exhibits superior photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation(>420 nm).The optimized CNT@Se-CoTpy composite,containing 1.2 wt%metal loading,achieves 7 times higher hydrogen evolution rate(2.47 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1))than bare Se-CoTpy(0.35 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1)).This is attributed to the constructive formation of junctions between polymer and CNTs,facilitating interfacial charge transfer and transport for efficient proton reduction.The composite system also shows high photostability after continuous irradiation for~30 h.The combination of experimental and theoretical analysis demonstrates the higher activity for reducing H_(2)O to H_(2)of Se-CoTpy than Se-NiTpy.The feasible interfacial architecture proposed in this study represents an effective approach to achieve high photocatalytic performance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51974056 and 51474047)the Foundation of the Supercomputing Center of Dalian University of Technology,and the Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Solidification Control and Digital Preparation Technology(Liaoning Province),China.
文摘Calculating the inter-layer ion diffusion barrier, a crucial metric for evaluating the rate performance of 2D electrode materials, is time-consuming using the transition state search approach. A novel electrostatic potential distribution image (EPDI) transfer learning method has been proposed to efficiently and accurately predict the lithium diffusion barriers on metal element-doped transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) surfaces. Through the analysis of the mean electrostatic potential (MEP) around binding sites, a positive correlation between binding energy and MEP in VIB-TMDs was identified. Subsequently, transfer learning techniques were used to develop a DenseNet121-TL model for establishing a more accurate mapping between the binding energy and electrostatic potential distribution. Trained on training sets containing 33% and 50% transition state search calculation results, which save 66% and 50% of the calculation time, respectively, the model achieves accurate predictions of the saddle point binding energy with mean absolute errors (MAEs) of 0.0444 and 0.0287 eV on the testing set. Based on the prediction of saddle point binding energies, we obtained a diffusion minimum energy profile with an MAE of 0.0235 eV. Furthermore, by analyzing the diffusion data, we observed that the diffusion barrier was lowered by 10% on V-doped TiS2 compared to the stoichiometric surface. Our findings are expected to provide new insights for the high-throughput calculation of ion diffusion on 2D materials.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52203123)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2023NSFSC0991)+2 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering(sklpme 2023-1-05 and sklpme 2024-2-04)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiespartially sponsored by the Double First-Class Construction Funds of Sichuan University。
文摘Solvation structures fundamentally control the ion-transport dynamics and mechanical properties of polymer electrolytes.However,there is a lack of strategies to rationally regulate the solvation structures and fundamental understanding on how they control the electrochemical performances.Herein,by harnessing the electrostatic adsorption of one-dimensional nanofiller(i.e.,surface-charged halloysite nanotubes,d-HNTs),we successfully fabricate a high-performance polymer nanocomposite electrolyte enabled by strong surface adsorption,referred as adsorption-state polymer electrolyte(ASPE).This ASPE shows fast ion transport(0.71±0.05 mS cm^(-1)at room temperature),high mechanical strength and toughness(10.3±0.05 MPa;15.73 MJ m^(-3)),improved lithium-ion transference number,and long cycle life with lithium metal anode,in comparison with the sample without the d-HNT adsorption effect.To fundamentally understand these high performances,an anion-rich asymmetric solvent structure model is further proposed and evidenced by both experiments and simulation studies.Results show that the electrostatic adsorption among the d-HNT,ionic liquid electrolyte,and polymer chain generates a nano filler-supported fast ion-conduction pathway with asymmetric Li+-coordination microenvironment.Meanwhile,the anion-rich asymmetric solvent structure model of ASPE also generates a fast de-solvation and anion-derived stable solid-electrolyte interphase for lithium metal anode.The high performance and understanding of the mechanism for ASPE provide a promising path to develop advanced polymer electrolytes.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC2204800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.W2433004)the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent of China(No.2024ZB114)。
文摘A drag-free satellite is an important platform for space-borne gravitational wave(GW)observation.To achieve the high-precision control of a drag-free satellite in practical engineering,an accurate dynamic model is essential.This paper presents a nonlinear model of the electrostatic effect between a satellite and a test mass(TM),and designs a model predictive controller based on the drag-free satellite model with the nonlinear electrostatic effect.To determine the analytical form of the electrostatic effect,a comprehensive theoretical analysis is performed for gravitational reference sensors(GRSs).An electrostatic force and a torque are simulated with the displacement as a varying parameter through a commercial software.Then,the results are fitted to derive the nonlinear expressions of the electrostatic effect.The model predictive controllers based on the models with the nonlinear and linear electrostatic effects are designed in the capture mode.Finally,the control results are given to show the advantages of the nonlinear electrostatic effect.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.51562006)Guangxi Distinguished Experts Special Fund(No.2019B06)Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education(No.SC2200000985).
文摘Aqueous zinc ion batteries have become highly favored energy storage devices owing to low cost and environmental friendliness.Vanadium oxide,as one of the potential cathodes for AZIBs,is plagued by several unfavorable elements including unsatisfactory conductivity and vanadium dissolution in the electrolyte.Herein,an electrostatic self-assembly strategy is proposed to introduce conductive dielectric Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene nanoplates into V_(2)O_(5)·4VO_(2)nanoribbons,where V_(2)O_(5)·4VO_(2)/MXene composites(denoted as VM2)are simply obtained by magnetic stirring combined with ultrasonic method at room temperature.The successful introduction of MXene with high electrical conductivity not only endows faster V_(2)O_(5)·4VO_(2)electron/ion transfer,but also acts as a"baffle"to inhibit vanadium dissolution.Benefiting from the above advantages,paired with a zinc metal anode,VM2 cathode exhibits impressive performance metrics of 328.7 mAh·g^(−1)at 0.1 A·g^(−1),95.8%capacity retention after 1000 cycles,and 142.9 mAh·g^(−1)at a current density of 20 A·g^(−1).This work provides a viable reference for the development of high-performance AZIBs.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.11975229)。
文摘Electrostatic ion-cyclotron wave(EICW)and ion-Bernstein wave(IBW)are two typical normal modes of plasma propagating vertically to a magnetic field.These modes satisfy the extreme conditionsω《k_(||)v_(te)andω》k_(||)v_(te),whereω,k_(||),and v_(te)are the wave angular frequency,wave number parallel to the magnetic field,and the electron thermal speed.Between these extremities,there exist IBW-like waves that have not been studied.In this paper,the co-excitation of the EICW and IBW-like wave in an experiment is presented.It is shown that,in an argon(Ar)discharge,the EICW appears in the fundamental and second harmonic frequency bands of the ioncyclotron frequency.In contrast,the IBW-like wave appears in the higher harmonic frequency bands and in the case of a relatively strong magnetic field.In a helium(He)discharge,the IBW-like wave is excited in the fundamental frequency band,but the wave behaviour becomes complicated in the harmonic frequency bands.The measured dispersion relations of the excited EICW are in agreement with the results of the fluid and kinetic models in some range of frequencies,but those of the excited IBW-like wave are only in qualitative agreement with the kinetic model of the IBW.This study is important for identifying the IBW-like mode that may have potential application in plasma heating via Landau damping.
基金HW is partially supported by the open research fund of Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory No.2023SLABFN20the General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under Grant No.12374210+2 种基金the startup fund under Grant No.WIUCASQD2022005 from Wenzhou Institute University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(WIU-CAS)Z-CO-Y was supported by the Major Program of the NSFC under Grant No.22193032RP acknowledges the support of UCAS and funding from the Key Program of NSFC under Grant No.12034019.
文摘A mobile Coulomb gas permeating a fixed background crystalline lattice of charged colloidal crystals is subject to an electrostatic-elastic coupling,which we study on the continuum level by introducing a minimal coupling between electrostatic and displacement fields.We derive linearized,Debye–Hückel-like mean-field equations that can be analytically solved,incorporating the minimal coupling between electrostatic and displacement fields leading to an additional effective attractive interaction between mobile charges that depends in general on the strength of the coupling between the electrostatic and displacement fields.By analyzing the Gaussian fluctuations around the mean-field solution we also identify and quantify the region of its stability in terms of the electrostatic-elastic screening length.This detailed continuum theory incorporating the standard lattice elasticity and electrostatics of mobile charges provides a baseline to investigate the electrostatic-elastic coupling for microscopic models in colloid science and materials science.
基金supported by the USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative(Nos.YD2090002013,YD234000009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61927814,62325507,52122511,U20A20290,62005262)。
文摘The use of‘Electrostatic tweezers'is a promising tool for droplet manipulation,but it faces many limitations in manipulating droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces.Here,we achieve noncontact and multifunctional droplet manipulation on Nepenthes-inspired lubricated slippery surfaces via triboelectric electrostatic tweezers(TETs).The TET manipulation of droplets on a slippery surface has many advantages over electrostatic droplet manipulation on a superhydrophobic surface.The electrostatic field induces the redistribution of the charges inside the neutral droplet,which causes the triboelectric charged rod to drive the droplet to move forward under the electrostatic force.Positively or negatively charged droplets can also be driven by TET based on electrostatic attraction and repulsion.TET enables us to manipulate droplets under diverse conditions,including anti-gravity climb,suspended droplets,corrosive liquids,low-surface-tension liquids(e.g.ethanol with a surface tension of 22.3 mN·m^(-1)),different droplet volumes(from 100 nl to 0.5 ml),passing through narrow slits,sliding over damaged areas,on various solid substrates,and even droplets in an enclosed system.Various droplet-related applications,such as motion guidance,motion switching,droplet-based microreactions,surface cleaning,surface defogging,liquid sorting,and cell labeling,can be easily achieved with TETs.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22001156 and 22301239)the Youth Talent Fund of University Association for Science and Technology in Shaanxi,China(No.20210602)+4 种基金International Cooperation Key Project of Science and Technology Department of Shaanxi,China(No.2022KWZ-06)the research project of Science and Technology Department of Shaanxi Province(No.2021JQ-533)the Research Program of the Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education(No.23JK0596)the open Foundation of Xi’an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials(No.CFZKFKT23003)Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education service local special project,industrialization cultivation project(No.23JC007)。
文摘A variety of electromagnetic wave absorption materials(EMWAs)have been reported,but the integration of powder materials and multifunctional devices should be investigated in-depth to adapt to practical demands.Herein,carbon-coated cobalt composites were prepared by adsorbing magnetic metal cations into an anionic crystalline framework through an electrostatic encapsulate process.Excellent reflection loss(RL_(min))of-40.49 d B and effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)of 5.36 GHz(RL<-10 d B,10.4-15.76 GHz)was achieved with an optimal radar cross section(RCS)reduction of 34.9 dB·m^(2) for the sample tested.For commercial applications,Co@CN-4 was integrated into sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)aerogel to create an ultra-lightweight composite aerogel that is compressive resistant and heat-holding while also having photothermal conversion capabilities.The hydrophobic modification makes it more widely useful.This study provides a new strategy for EWAMs to integrate versatility and improve their application prospects.
基金financial support from Project funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172038,22179017)funding from Dalian University of Technology Open Fund for Large Scale Instrument Equipment
文摘Metal-organic framework(MOF)-derived carbon composites have been considered as the promising materials for energy storage.However,the construction of MOF-based composites with highly controllable mode via the liquid-liquid synthesis method has a great challenge because of the simultaneous heterogeneous nucleation on substrates and the self-nucleation of individual MOF nanocrystals in the liquid phase.Herein,we report a bidirectional electrostatic generated self-assembly strategy to achieve the precisely controlled coatings of single-layer nanoscale MOFs on a range of substrates,including carbon nanotubes(CNTs),graphene oxide(GO),MXene,layered double hydroxides(LDHs),MOFs,and SiO_(2).The obtained MOF-based nanostructured carbon composite exhibits the hierarchical porosity(V_(meso)/V_(micro)∶2.4),ultrahigh N content of 12.4 at.%and"dual electrical conductive networks."The assembled aqueous zinc-ion hybrid capacitor(ZIC)with the prepared nanocarbon composite as a cathode shows a high specific capacitance of 236 F g^(-1)at 0.5 A g^(-1),great rate performance of 98 F g^(-1)at 100 A g^(-1),and especially,an ultralong cycling stability up to 230000 cycles with the capacitance retention of 90.1%.This work develops a repeatable and general method for the controlled construction of MOF coatings on various functional substrates and further fabricates carbon composites for ZICs with ultrastability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.6200326).
文摘Inertial characteristics of non-cooperative targets are crucial for space capture and sub-sequent on-orbit servicing.Previous methods for identifying inertial parameters involve proximity operations,which are associated with the risk of collision with non-cooperative targets.This paper introduces a long-range,contactless method for identifying the inertial parameters of a non-cooperative target during the pre-capture phase.Specifically,electrostatic interaction is used as an external excitation to alter the target's motion.A force estimation algorithm that uses measure-ments from visual and potential sensors is proposed to estimate the electrostatic interaction and eliminate the need for force sensors.Furthermore,a recursive estimation-identification framework is presented to concurrently estimate the coupled motion state,weak electrostatic interaction,and inertial parameters of the target.The simulation results show that the proposed method extends the identification distance to 170 times that of the previous method while maintaining high identifica-tion precision forall parameters.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82102215 and 82372129)Wenzhou Medical University Scientific Research Fund(No.KYQD20210602)。
文摘The low drug bioavailability of eye drops challenges the therapy of ocular disorders with high efficacy.One of solutions is to extend the corneal retention and enhance the penetration of drug into cornea.Here we synthesize two fluorophore-conjugated peptide based analogs rich in positive charges(i.e.,NBDFFKK)and with a specific ligand(i.e.,NBD-FFRGD),respectively,to visualize their performances in vitro and in vivo.The peptides both can self-assemble into supramolecular hydrogels with the microstructure of nanofibers.The in vitro experiments exhibit that two peptides are both uniformly distributed in cytoplasm,and the intracellular amount of peptide rich in positive charges is significantly larger than that of peptide with a specific ligand.The living corneal fluorescence shows that two peptides enter the corneal stroma within 15 min,and the peptide rich in positive charges is accumulated more extensively throughout the entire cornea,revealing that the supramolecular hydrogel eye drops penetrate the cornea more efficiently via electrostatic interaction than that via ligand-receptor interaction.This work,as a comparative study of supramolecular hydrogel eye drops on penetrating efficiency,indicates a possible direction for the design of eye drops with efficient corneal penetration.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2275150)。
文摘To investigate the process optimizationof Cu-en/AP composite microspheres preparation via electrostatic spraying,and to reveal the effects of droplet properties and flow rate variations on the experimental results during the electrostatic spraying process,the prepared process parameters of Cu-en/AP composite microspheres by electrostatic spray method under the orthogonal experimental design simulated by ANSYS(Fluent).The influence of flow rate,solvent ratio,and solid mass on the experimental results is examined using a controlled variable method.The results indicate that under the conditions of a flow rate of 2.67×10^(-3)kg/s an acetone-to-deionized water ratio of 1.5∶1.0,and a solid mass of 200 mg,the theoretical particle size of the composite microspheres can reach e nanoscale.Droplet trajectories in the electric field remain stable without significant deviation.The simulation results show that particle diameter decreases with increasing flow rate,with the trend leveling off around a flow rate of 1×10^(-3)kg/s.As the solvent ratio increases(with higher acetone content),particle diameter initially decreases,reaching a minimum around a ratio of 1.5∶1.0 before gradually increasing.Increasing the solid mass also reduces the particle diameter,with a linear increase in diameter observed at around 220 mg.Cu-en/AP composite microspheres with nanoscale dimensions were confirmed under these conditions by the final SEM images.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (No.52076191)Key Research&Development Plan of Shandong Province (No.2020CXGC011401)。
文摘Ships and other mobile pollution sources emitted massive ultrafine and low-resistivity particles containing black carbon(BC),which were harmful to human health and were difficult to capture by conventional electrostatic precipitators(ESPs).In this study,nanoscale carbon black was adopted as simulated particles(SP)with similar physicochemical properties for black carbon emitted from ships(SP-BC)to investigate the feasibility of using an ESP with square-grooved collecting plates for the removal of SP-BC at low backpressures.The increased applied voltage significantly improved the total collection of SP-BC whereas may also promote the conversion of relatively larger particle size SP-BC into nano-size below 20nm.The outlet number concentration of SP-BC under 27 kV at 130℃was three times that of the inlet.While the reduction of the flow rate could strengthen the capture of SP-BC below20 nm,and under the combined action of low flow rate and maximum applied voltage,the collection efficiency of 20-100 nm SP-BC could exceed 90%.In addition,the escape and capture characteristics of SP-BC under long-term rapping were revealed.The square-grooved collecting plate could effectively restrain the re-entrainment of collected SP-BC generated by rapping,and the nanoscale SP-BC was trapped in the grooves after rapping.The results could provide insights into the profound removal of massive nanoscale black carbon emissions from mobile sources.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(61974116)。
文摘The electrostatic discharge(ESD)protection circuit widely exists in the input and output ports of CMOS digital circuits,and fast rising time electromagnetic pulse(FREMP)coupled into the device not only interacts with the CMOS circuit,but also acts on the protection circuit.This paper establishes a model of on-chip CMOS electrostatic discharge protection circuit and selects square pulse as the FREMP signals.Based on multiple physical parameter models,it depicts the distribution of the lattice temperature,current density,and electric field intensity inside the device.At the same time,this paper explores the changes of the internal devices in the circuit under the injection of fast rising time electromagnetic pulse and describes the relationship between the damage amplitude threshold and the pulse width.The results show that the ESD protection circuit has potential damage risk,and the injection of FREMP leads to irreversible heat loss inside the circuit.In addition,pulse signals with different attributes will change the damage threshold of the circuit.These results provide an important reference for further evaluation of the influence of electromagnetic environment on the chip,which is helpful to carry out the reliability enhancement research of ESD protection circuit.
基金This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of South Korea(NRF)grants funded by the South Korean government(MEST)(No.2022R1A2C2004197,RS-2024-00407053 and RS-2023-00208448).
文摘While spray-drying has been widely utilized to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs,the outcomes often exhibit suboptimal particle size distribution and large particle sizes,limiting their effectiveness.In this study,we introduce electrostatic spraying as an advanced technology tailored for poorly water-soluble drugs,enabling the fabrication of nanoparticles with fine and uniform particle size distribution.Regorafenib(1 g),as a model drug,copovidone(5 g),and sodium dodecyl sulfate(0.1 g)were dissolved in 200 ml ethanol and subjected to conventional-spray-dryer and electrostatic spray dryer.The electrostatic spray-dried nanoparticles(ESDN)showed smaller particle sizes with better uniformity compared to conventional spray-dried nanoparticles(CSDN).ESDN demonstrated significantly enhanced solubility and rapid release in water.In vitro studies revealed that ESDN induced apoptosis in HCT-116 cells to a greater extent,exhibiting superior cytotoxicity compared to CSDN.Furthermore,ESDN substantially improved oral bioavailability and antitumor efficacy compared to CSDN.These findings suggest that ESD shows potential in developing enhanced drug delivery systems for poorly water-soluble drugs,effectively addressing the limitations associated with CSD methods.
