Employing the electrospray method to dehydrate wet lipogels creates an environment conducive to managing both the dosage of the encapsulated compound and the overall stability of the lipogels.This study aims to develo...Employing the electrospray method to dehydrate wet lipogels creates an environment conducive to managing both the dosage of the encapsulated compound and the overall stability of the lipogels.This study aims to develop electrosprayed lipogels utilizing gelatin/chitosan hydrogels in varying ratios of 1:1,3:1,and 5:1(v/v),combined with soy lecithin liposomes loaded with Prosopis farcta fruit(PFF)extract and to investigate the thermal stability and in vitro release modeling of the extract in food simulants.The steady rheological and viscoelastic properties indicated that an increase in the gelatin ratio within the lipogel formulations resulted in enhanced viscosity,storage modulus(G′),and loss modulus(G″)during both frequency and strain sweep tests.Additionally,improvements in electrical conductivity(from 912.45±0.007 to1112.37±0.004μS cm^(-1)),surface tension(from 19.14±0.12 to 29.37±0.37 mN/m),and zeta potential(from-32.78±0.03 to-45.12±0.01 mV)were observed.Field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM)revealed that lipogels formulated with a 3:1 v/v ratio of gelatin to chitosan exhibited optimal morphology and reduced particle size(88.21±5.45 nm).Fourier transform infrared(FTIR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)analyses validated the effective encapsulation of PFF extract into the liposomal structure and its successful entrapment within the electrosprayed matrices.DSC results indicated an enhancement in the thermal stability of the PFF extract.The Peleg model was identified as the most suitable for describing the release behavior and the mechanism governing the release was recorded as Fickian diffusion.展开更多
The encapsulation and the oxidative stability of vitamin retinyl palmitate(AP),a vitamin A derivative,within coaxial electrosprayed(AP)core-octenyl succinic anhydride(OSA-modified starch)shell microcapsules were inves...The encapsulation and the oxidative stability of vitamin retinyl palmitate(AP),a vitamin A derivative,within coaxial electrosprayed(AP)core-octenyl succinic anhydride(OSA-modified starch)shell microcapsules were investigated.The antioxidant efficiency of amino acids(AAs)(namely histidine,leucine,valine,tryptophan,tyrosine,cysteine and lysine)added to the core,on the oxidative stability of AP was evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry at the isothermal temperature of 140℃.Confocal microscopy confirmed the location of the AP within the core with AAs microcapsules,surrounded by the shell layer of OSA starch.Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the microcapsules are uniform in size with an average diameter ranging from 2.06±1.05 to 2.41±1.42μm.The AAs contributed substantially to enhance the oxidative stability of AP,with histidine being the most efficient with an improvement in oxidative stability of about 214 times,while lysine showed the lowest protection(about 3.9 times),compared to non-encapsulated AP.For the encapsulated AP,the presence of histidine or lysine enhanced the oxidative stability of the vitamin by about 70.6 or 1.3 times,respectively.The enhancement of the oxidative stability was mainly due to both the hydrophobic interactions formed between AP and AAs,and the adsorption of AP on the surface of AAs crystals(except lysine),assisted by the suspension of the AAs in ethanol antisolvent,as confirmed with attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared(ATR-FTIR)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)analyses.展开更多
Porous ionic liquid electrospray thrusters are the ideal propulsion technology for CubeSats because of their structural simplicity,high thrust accuracy and plume self-neutralization.The electrowetting technology can r...Porous ionic liquid electrospray thrusters are the ideal propulsion technology for CubeSats because of their structural simplicity,high thrust accuracy and plume self-neutralization.The electrowetting technology can replenish the propellant for the emitter online,thus prolonging the lifetime of the thruster.In order to gain a deeper understanding of its operating characteristics,the changes in thruster performance before and after propellant replenishment deserve to be scrutinized.In this study,the performance changes of a porous electrowetting ionic liquid electrospray thruster are tested by voltage-current test and time-of-flight mass spectrometry over a long operating time.The experimental results show that asymmetric operation with a negative current less than positive current for a long period of time causes anions to compensate for the emission after accumulation at the emitter,resulting in a phenomenon that the negative current is much larger than positive current.The reason for the difference in emission characteristics between the positive and negative modes is that the plume in the positive mode is quite ionized while the plume in the negative mode contains liquid droplets.This study provides a reference for the selection of operating conditions for ionic liquid electrospray thrusters.展开更多
This research aimed to produce a nano-hybrid mat based on electrospun gelatin nanofibers(EGNFs)reinforced with electrosprayed zein nanoparticles(EZNPs)containing tarragon essential oil(TEO).TEO was first loaded at10%,...This research aimed to produce a nano-hybrid mat based on electrospun gelatin nanofibers(EGNFs)reinforced with electrosprayed zein nanoparticles(EZNPs)containing tarragon essential oil(TEO).TEO was first loaded at10%,15%,and 20%w/w in the structure of EZNPs and used as a nano-biofiller to reinforce EGNFs mats.Field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM)images showed that using 15%w/w of the TEO in the structure of EZNPs led to the formation of particles with a uniform morphology and a smooth surface.Also,FESEM images revealed that increasing the level of nanoparticles from 0%to 10%w/w significantly reduced the diameter of EGNFs from 305.6 to 160.9 nm.The successful encapsulation of the TEO in the structure of EZNPs and the successful arrangement/incorporation of nanoparticles in the structure of EGNFs were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared analysis(FTIR).The EZNPs containing 15%w/w of TEO were employed in the EGNFs at 5%,10%,and 15%w/w,and the used nanoparticles at10%w/w reinforced the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of mats.The successful placement of EZNPs containing TEO in the EGNFs and the increase in thermal stability of TEO were confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry.In vitro release of TEO in simulated media proved that the dominant release mechanism is Fickian diffusion,and the best model describing the release behavior is Peleg’s model.Using 10%EZNPs loaded with TEO is recommended to improve the mechanical properties and sustain the release of the essential oil in food systems and food packaging.展开更多
Porous Fe3Odcarbon microspheres （PFCMs） were successfully fabricated via a facile electrospray method and subsequent heat treatment, using ferrous acetylacetonate, carbon nanotubes （CNTs）, Ketjen black （KB）, pol...Porous Fe3Odcarbon microspheres （PFCMs） were successfully fabricated via a facile electrospray method and subsequent heat treatment, using ferrous acetylacetonate, carbon nanotubes （CNTs）, Ketjen black （KB）, polyvinylpyrrolidone （PVP）, and polystyrene （PS） as raw materials. The porous carbon sphere framework decorated with well-dispersed CNTs and KB exhibits excellent electronic conductivity and acts as a good host to confine the Fe304 nanoparticles. The abundant mesopores in the carbon matrix derived from polymer pyrolysis can effectively accommodate the volume changes of F%O4 during the charge/ discharge process, facilitate electrolyte penetration, and promote fast ion diffusion. Moreover, a thin amorphous carbon layer on the Fe304 nanoparticle formed during polymer carbonization can further alleviate the mechanical stress associated with volume changes, and preventing aggregation and exfoliation of F%O4 nanoparticles during cycling. Therefore, as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the PFCMs exhibited excellent cycling stability with high specific capacities, and outstanding rate performances. After 130 cycles at a small current density of 0.1 A-g-1, the reversible capacity of the PFCM electrode is maintained at almost 1,317 mAh-g-1. High capacities of 746 and 525 mAh-g-1 were still achieved after 300 cycles at the larger currents of I and 5 A-g-1, respectively. The optimized structure design and facile fabrication process provide a promising way for the utilization of energy storage materials, which have high capacities but whose performance is hindered by large volume changes and poor electrical conductivity in lithium or sodium ion batteries.展开更多
Ionic Liquid Electrospray Thrusters(ILETs)are well suited for micro-nano satellite applications due to their small size,low power consumption,and high specific impulse.However,the limited thrust of a single-emitter IL...Ionic Liquid Electrospray Thrusters(ILETs)are well suited for micro-nano satellite applications due to their small size,low power consumption,and high specific impulse.However,the limited thrust of a single-emitter ILET restricts its use in space missions.To optimize the performance of ILETs and make them suitable for a wider range of space missions,we designed a Circular-emitter ILET(CILET)to convert a one-dimensional(point)emission into a twodimensional(line)emission.The CILET can self-organize multiple Taylor cones simultaneously.The cones were photographed and the axial emission currents were measured under different voltage and pressure difference conditions with a CILET experimental system.The emission can be divided into two stable states and one unstable state based on the flow and current characteristics.The current in Stable state Ⅰ increases non-linearly with the voltage,while that in Stable state Ⅱ is nearly linear with respect to the voltage.The number of cones increases with the voltage in stable states,while the cones become short and crowded under high-voltage conditions.The variation law of the number of cones can be explained with the self-organization theory.The variation in the current exhibits a good correlation with the number of cones.This study demonstrates the feasibility of circular emitters and experimentally indicates that the emission current is improved by approximately two orders of magnitude compared to that of a single capillary.展开更多
Exploring electrode materials with larger capacity,higher power density and longer cycle life was critical for developing advanced flexible lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Herein,we used a controlled two-step method inclu...Exploring electrode materials with larger capacity,higher power density and longer cycle life was critical for developing advanced flexible lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Herein,we used a controlled two-step method including electrospraying followed with calcination treatment by CVD furnace to design novel electrodes of Si/Si_(x)/C and Sn/C microrods array consisting of nanospheres on flexible carbon cloth substrate(denoted as Si/Si_(x)/C@CC,Sn/C@CC).Microrods composed of cumulated nanospheres(the diameter was approximately 120 nm)had a mean diameter of approximately 1.5μm and a length of around 4.0μm,distributing uniformly along the entire woven carbon fibers.Both of Si/Si/Si_(x)/C@CC and Sn/C@CC products were synthesized as binder-free anodes for Li-ion battery with the features of high reversible capacity and excellent cycling.Especially Si/Six/C electrode exhibited high specific capacity of about 1750 mA∙h∙g^(−1)at 0.5 A∙g^(−1)and excellent cycling ability even after 1050 cycles with a capacity of 1388 mA∙h∙g^(−1).Highly flexible Si/Si_(x)/C@CC//LiCoO_(2)batteries based on liquid and solid electrolytes were also fabricated,exhibiting high flexibility,excellent electrical stability and potential applications in flexible wearable electronics.展开更多
The investigation of reaction kinetics is the key to understanding the nature of reaction processes.However,monitoring fast photochemical reactions by mass spectrometry remains challenging.Herein,we developed an optic...The investigation of reaction kinetics is the key to understanding the nature of reaction processes.However,monitoring fast photochemical reactions by mass spectrometry remains challenging.Herein,we developed an optical focusing inductive electrospray(OF-iESI)mass spectrometry platform for real-time and in-situ photoreaction monitoring.Coaxial irradiation from back of nanoelectrospray emitter with a taper section was utilized,so the emitter could act as optical lens to help achieving much larger optical power density at emitter tip compared to other sections,which allowed for in-situ reaction monitoring of photoreactions.Through theoretical calculations,the highest optical power density region volume was ca.45 nL.We also integrated a controller for the laser source(450 nm),enabling the modulation of pulse duration(>1 ms).This facilitates the study of photochemical reaction kinetics.The in-situ capability of this device was proved by capturing the short-lived photogenerated intermediates during the dehydrogenation of tetrahydroquinoline.This device was further used to investigate the kinetics of triplet energy transfer based Paternò-Büchi reaction.The reaction order has hitherto remained undetermined while the result of OF-iESI suggested it followed pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics.The short-lived donor-acceptor collision complex intermediate was also successfully identified by tandem mass spectrometry.展开更多
The electrospray thruster supplied by ionic liquid is a promising micro-propulsion thruster with small size and precise thrust, which can emit both cations and anions to achieve self-neutralization. In order to furthe...The electrospray thruster supplied by ionic liquid is a promising micro-propulsion thruster with small size and precise thrust, which can emit both cations and anions to achieve self-neutralization. In order to further investigate the effect of ion solvation energy on the evaporation of cations and anions from ionic liquid under the action of a uniform electric field, this paper establishes a transient Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) model for free ionic liquid droplets undergoing ion evaporation. The dynamic processes of droplet deformation and ion evaporation are simulated. And the study further focuses on the influence of different ion solvation energies for cations on the droplet morphology and the ion evaporation characteristics at the positively charged end and negatively charged end of the droplet. The results indicate that, when the ion solvation energy for cations is higher than that of anions, it will cause the ion evaporation at the positively charged end of the droplet to lag behind the ion evaporation at the negatively charged end. And the higher the ion solvation energy for the cations, the longer the evaporation lag time at the positively charged end of the droplet, which will lead to a higher peak of surface charge density that can be reached, resulting in a larger evaporation current and sharper droplet stretching deformation. Additionally, the peak surface charge density of the positively charged end of the droplet is linearly related to the ion solvation energy for cations, while the peak surface charge density of the negatively charged end remains almost unchanged and is not significantly affected by the ion solvation energy for cations.展开更多
Traditional electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry(ESI-MS^(n))has been a powerful tool in diverse research areas,however,it faces great limitations in the study of protein-small molecule interactions.In this...Traditional electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry(ESI-MS^(n))has been a powerful tool in diverse research areas,however,it faces great limitations in the study of protein-small molecule interactions.In this article,the state-of-the-art temperature-controlled electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry(TC-ESI-MS^(n))is applied to investigate interactions between ubiquitin and two flavonol molecules,respectively.The combination of collision-induced dissociation(CID)and MS solution-melting experiments facilitates the understanding of flavonol-protein interactions in a new dimension across varying temperature ranges.While structural changes of proteins disturbed by small molecules are unseen in ESI-MS^(n),TC-ESI-MS^(n)allows a simultaneous assessment of the stability of the complex in both gas and liquid phases under various temperature conditions,meanwhile investigating the impact on the protein’s structure and tracking changes in thermodynamic data,and the characteristics of structural intermediates.展开更多
Accurate determination of lung cancer margins at the molecular level is of great significance to determine the optimal extent of resection during surgical operation and reduce the risk of postoperative recurrence.In t...Accurate determination of lung cancer margins at the molecular level is of great significance to determine the optimal extent of resection during surgical operation and reduce the risk of postoperative recurrence.In this study,internal extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(i EESI-MS)was used to trace potential molecular tumor margins in lung cancer tissue.Molecular differential model for the determination of lung cancer tumor margin was established via partial least-squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA)of iEESI-MS data collected from lung tissue pieces within cancer tumor area and iEESI-MS data collected from lung tissue pieces outside cancer tumor area.Proof-of-concept data demonstrate that the developed molecular differential model yields ca.1-2 mm wider potential molecular tumor margin of a lung cancer compared to the conventional histological analysis,showing promising potential of iEESI-MS to increase the accuracy of tumor margins determination and lower risk of lung cancer postoperative recurrence.Furthermore,our results revealed that creatine and taurine showed positive correlations with lung cancer.展开更多
Selenium is one of the important trace elements in the human body.Its deficiency will directly affect human health.With people's attention to health,the content of selenium in food has gradually attracted attentio...Selenium is one of the important trace elements in the human body.Its deficiency will directly affect human health.With people's attention to health,the content of selenium in food has gradually attracted attention.However,detecting selenium compounds in complex samples remains a challenge.In this work,we built an online heating-reaction device.This device combines the electrospray extraction ionization mass spectrometry(EESI-MS)with the heating reaction device,which can simultaneously detect various selenium compounds in complex liquid samples.Under acidic conditions,the sample was heated and catalyzed by a heating reaction device,so that the SeO~(2-)_(3)and O-phenylenediamine(OPD)could generate 1,3-dihydro-2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole.Based on the above reactions,we can detect organic selenium,inorganic selenium and other compounds in liquid samples by organic mass spectrometry.In this experiment,we determined the content of three forms of selenium:selenomethionine(SeMet),l-selenocystine(SeCys(2)),and sodium selenite.The calibration curves for SeMet,SeCys(2),and sodium selenite showed strong linearity within a range of 0.50-50.00μg/L.The limits of detection(LOD)for the three compounds were 0.22,0.27,and 0.41μg/L,respectively.The limits of quantification(LOQ)were 0.68,0.81,and 1.23μg/L,respectively.Spiked recoveries at three levels ranged from 98.8%to 106.1%.In addition,this method can simultaneously detect three selenium compounds and three other specific chemical components in tea infusion samples,providing a rapid and efficient method for identifying tea quality.展开更多
To explore the feasibility of electrospray-based additive manufacturing for thin-film fabrication in zero-or microgravity environments,we conducted numerical simulations of charged droplet behavior under zero-gravity ...To explore the feasibility of electrospray-based additive manufacturing for thin-film fabrication in zero-or microgravity environments,we conducted numerical simulations of charged droplet behavior under zero-gravity conditions,followed by ground-based experimental validation using an anti-gravity electrospray(AG-ES)strategy.First,simulations of charged droplet deposition during the electrospray process showed that the presence or absence of gravity did not significantly affect deposition behavior.Second,simulations of droplet-substrate collisions indicated that the presence of an electric field could reduce the risk of droplet splashing.Third,simulations of droplet coalescence under zero-gravity conditions demonstrated that an electric field could promote the coalescence of charged droplets.An AG-ES experimental platform featuring an inverted nozzle-substrate configuration was constructed on the ground.Comparative experiments using Rhodamine B solution and TiO_(2)nanoparticle dispersions were performed in both AG-ES and conventional electrospray(ES)modes.The results indicated that the spray cone angle,deposition area,and film morphology were comparable between the two modes.Finally,multilayer alternating-current electroluminescent(ACEL)devices were fabricated via AG-ES using ZnS:Cu/poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)(PVDF-HFP),BaTiO_(3)/polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP),and silver nanowire(AgNW)inks,achieving a maximum luminance of 66.2 cd/m^(2).This study demonstrates the potential of the electrospray process for functional thin-film fabrication under microgravity conditions.展开更多
The ionic liquid electrospray thruster is a microminiature thruster that can be applied on a micro or nano-satellite,and its highly energy-efficient,compact,modular system can be used for both main propulsion and alti...The ionic liquid electrospray thruster is a microminiature thruster that can be applied on a micro or nano-satellite,and its highly energy-efficient,compact,modular system can be used for both main propulsion and altitude control.In this study,an ionic liquid electrospray thruster with a 100-tip emitter configuration is tested primarily to examine the difference in performance of the thruster at different angles with time-of-flight(TOF)mass spectrometry tests.In the experiment,it was measured that the half-angle of the thruster plume angle emission was in the range of−60 degrees to+65 degrees.Accordingly,the measurement range was set from−50 degrees to+50 degrees,with an interval of 10 degrees.Relative to the results of the 0 degree current curve,the positive mode is relatively homogeneous at all angles of the operating mode.In the negative mode,for n 2 ions,the negative angle region accounts for a larger proportion and the positive angle region accounts for a smaller proportion,which makes a significant difference to the specific impulse of the two regions.The range of the specific impulse at different angles is 3776-4401 s under the typical working condition of+2.5 kV.Under−2.5 kV,the range of the specific impulse at different angles is 3309-4654 s.This research quantifies the angular performance variations of the ionic liquid electrospray thruster,offering valuable data to improve its design and operational reliability for precise propulsion and altitude control in satellite applications.展开更多
Atomically precise palladium(Pd)clusters are emerging as versatile nanomaterials with applications in catalysis and biomedicine.This study explores the synthesis,structure evolution,and catalytic properties of Pd clus...Atomically precise palladium(Pd)clusters are emerging as versatile nanomaterials with applications in catalysis and biomedicine.This study explores the synthesis,structure evolution,and catalytic properties of Pd clusters stabilized by cyclohexanethiol(HSC_(6)H_(11))ligands.Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS)and single-crystal X-ray diffraction(SXRD),structures of the Pd clusters ranging from Pd4(SC_(6)H_(11))8 to Pd18(SC_(6)H_(11))36 were determined.This analysis revealed a structure evolution from polygonal to elliptical geometries of the PdnS2n frameworks as the cluster size increased.UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy,combined with quantum chemical calculations,elucidated changes in the electronic structure of the clusters.Catalytic studies on the Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions demonstrated a size-dependent decline in activity attributed to variations in structural arrangements and electronic properties.Mechanistic insights proposed a distinctive Pd(Ⅱ)-Pd(Ⅳ)catalytic cycle.This research underscores how ligands and cluster size influence the structures and properties of Pd clusters,offering valuable insights for the future design and application of Pd clusters in advanced catalysis and beyond.展开更多
The ginkgo terpenoids including bilobalide and ginkgolides are the main pharmaceutical components in the leaves or extracts of Ginkgo biloba L. In this paper, the analysis of bilobalide and ginkgolides in leaves of Gi...The ginkgo terpenoids including bilobalide and ginkgolides are the main pharmaceutical components in the leaves or extracts of Ginkgo biloba L. In this paper, the analysis of bilobalide and ginkgolides in leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-mass spectrometry (MS) was carried out. The separation was performed on Inertsil ODS3 column with methanol-water (36:64) as mobile phase, with 1 mL·min -1 of flow rate at 35℃. Then the mass spectrum analysis was conducted by ZMD micromass electrospray ionization (ESI)-mass spectrometer (MS). The HPLC total ion chromatogram and selected ion chromatogram (with 325, 407, 423, 439 of m/z) of the sample and ESI-/MS mass spectra of the peaks in the chromatograms were obtained. So bilobalide, ginkgolide A, B, C and J in Ginkgo biloba L. leaves were identified. The method is easy and rapid, with a good accuracy.展开更多
A sensitive and selective high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry （LC-MS） was developed for the quantitative determination of ilexgenin A （IA）,a major componen...A sensitive and selective high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry （LC-MS） was developed for the quantitative determination of ilexgenin A （IA）,a major component in Radix Ilicis Pubescentis,in rat plasma.Chromatographic separation was performed on a C 18 column,with methanol-5 mM ammonium acetate （80：20,v/v） as the mobile phase.Mass spectrometer was set in negative mode with target ions at m/z 501.1→501.1 for IA and m/z 779.4→779.4 for digoxin （internal standard,IS）.Rat plasma was extracted with ethyl acetate after addition of phosphoric solution and the organic layer was evaporated and reconstituted with mobile phase for LC-MS analysis.The proposed method was validated with a linear range of 1.05-525.5 ng/mL for IA with limit of quantitation （LOQ） at 1.05 ng/mL.Intra-and inter-day precision expressed as relative standard deviation （RSD） were less than 10% at LOQ level and overall recovery was over 80%.This validated method was used successfully for the pharmacokinetic study of IA in rats after oral dosing of IA （100 mg/kg） and some main pharmacokinetic parameters of IA in rats were obtained.展开更多
Positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was applied to study four newly synthesized(12-aminodehydroabietylamine)acetamide-substituted salicylidene Schiff bases(ADASSSB).The results showed that the MS...Positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was applied to study four newly synthesized(12-aminodehydroabietylamine)acetamide-substituted salicylidene Schiff bases(ADASSSB).The results showed that the MSn characteristics of ADASSSB can be used for their qualitative and quantitative analysis.展开更多
Galactosylated chitosan （GC） is synthesized and used to prepare IL-1Ra loaded GC nanoparticles by an electrospraying technique. Polyethylene oxide （PEO） is mixed with GC to enhance the electrospraying ability. The...Galactosylated chitosan （GC） is synthesized and used to prepare IL-1Ra loaded GC nanoparticles by an electrospraying technique. Polyethylene oxide （PEO） is mixed with GC to enhance the electrospraying ability. The effect of the spraying solution properties on particle formation is investigated. The IL-1Ra loaded nanoparticles with an average diameter of 530 nm and a regularly spherical shape are observed by the scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The amount of the IL-1Ra is measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） kit. The loading capacity of the nanoparticle is （1.52± 0.04）% （n = 3） and the encapsulation efficiency reaches （90. 36 ± 3.46） % （n = 3）. For the evaluation of GC nanoparticles＇ hepatocytes targeting efficacy, hepatocytes and mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） are incubated with FITC-labeled GC nanoparticles for 24 h as the experimental and control groups. Results of the fluorescence microscope show that the fluorescence signals observed in hepatocytes are significantly higher than in the MSCs, indicating that the developed GC nanoparticles have an obvious liver targeting property.展开更多
文摘Employing the electrospray method to dehydrate wet lipogels creates an environment conducive to managing both the dosage of the encapsulated compound and the overall stability of the lipogels.This study aims to develop electrosprayed lipogels utilizing gelatin/chitosan hydrogels in varying ratios of 1:1,3:1,and 5:1(v/v),combined with soy lecithin liposomes loaded with Prosopis farcta fruit(PFF)extract and to investigate the thermal stability and in vitro release modeling of the extract in food simulants.The steady rheological and viscoelastic properties indicated that an increase in the gelatin ratio within the lipogel formulations resulted in enhanced viscosity,storage modulus(G′),and loss modulus(G″)during both frequency and strain sweep tests.Additionally,improvements in electrical conductivity(from 912.45±0.007 to1112.37±0.004μS cm^(-1)),surface tension(from 19.14±0.12 to 29.37±0.37 mN/m),and zeta potential(from-32.78±0.03 to-45.12±0.01 mV)were observed.Field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM)revealed that lipogels formulated with a 3:1 v/v ratio of gelatin to chitosan exhibited optimal morphology and reduced particle size(88.21±5.45 nm).Fourier transform infrared(FTIR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)analyses validated the effective encapsulation of PFF extract into the liposomal structure and its successful entrapment within the electrosprayed matrices.DSC results indicated an enhancement in the thermal stability of the PFF extract.The Peleg model was identified as the most suitable for describing the release behavior and the mechanism governing the release was recorded as Fickian diffusion.
文摘The encapsulation and the oxidative stability of vitamin retinyl palmitate(AP),a vitamin A derivative,within coaxial electrosprayed(AP)core-octenyl succinic anhydride(OSA-modified starch)shell microcapsules were investigated.The antioxidant efficiency of amino acids(AAs)(namely histidine,leucine,valine,tryptophan,tyrosine,cysteine and lysine)added to the core,on the oxidative stability of AP was evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry at the isothermal temperature of 140℃.Confocal microscopy confirmed the location of the AP within the core with AAs microcapsules,surrounded by the shell layer of OSA starch.Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the microcapsules are uniform in size with an average diameter ranging from 2.06±1.05 to 2.41±1.42μm.The AAs contributed substantially to enhance the oxidative stability of AP,with histidine being the most efficient with an improvement in oxidative stability of about 214 times,while lysine showed the lowest protection(about 3.9 times),compared to non-encapsulated AP.For the encapsulated AP,the presence of histidine or lysine enhanced the oxidative stability of the vitamin by about 70.6 or 1.3 times,respectively.The enhancement of the oxidative stability was mainly due to both the hydrophobic interactions formed between AP and AAs,and the adsorption of AP on the surface of AAs crystals(except lysine),assisted by the suspension of the AAs in ethanol antisolvent,as confirmed with attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared(ATR-FTIR)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)analyses.
基金co-supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2020YFC2201103 and 2022YFB4601300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U22B20120)+1 种基金the Program of Beijing Engineering Research Center of Efficient and Green Aerospace Propulsion Technology,China(No.Lab ASP-2024-09)the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars,China。
文摘Porous ionic liquid electrospray thrusters are the ideal propulsion technology for CubeSats because of their structural simplicity,high thrust accuracy and plume self-neutralization.The electrowetting technology can replenish the propellant for the emitter online,thus prolonging the lifetime of the thruster.In order to gain a deeper understanding of its operating characteristics,the changes in thruster performance before and after propellant replenishment deserve to be scrutinized.In this study,the performance changes of a porous electrowetting ionic liquid electrospray thruster are tested by voltage-current test and time-of-flight mass spectrometry over a long operating time.The experimental results show that asymmetric operation with a negative current less than positive current for a long period of time causes anions to compensate for the emission after accumulation at the emitter,resulting in a phenomenon that the negative current is much larger than positive current.The reason for the difference in emission characteristics between the positive and negative modes is that the plume in the positive mode is quite ionized while the plume in the negative mode contains liquid droplets.This study provides a reference for the selection of operating conditions for ionic liquid electrospray thrusters.
文摘This research aimed to produce a nano-hybrid mat based on electrospun gelatin nanofibers(EGNFs)reinforced with electrosprayed zein nanoparticles(EZNPs)containing tarragon essential oil(TEO).TEO was first loaded at10%,15%,and 20%w/w in the structure of EZNPs and used as a nano-biofiller to reinforce EGNFs mats.Field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM)images showed that using 15%w/w of the TEO in the structure of EZNPs led to the formation of particles with a uniform morphology and a smooth surface.Also,FESEM images revealed that increasing the level of nanoparticles from 0%to 10%w/w significantly reduced the diameter of EGNFs from 305.6 to 160.9 nm.The successful encapsulation of the TEO in the structure of EZNPs and the successful arrangement/incorporation of nanoparticles in the structure of EGNFs were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared analysis(FTIR).The EZNPs containing 15%w/w of TEO were employed in the EGNFs at 5%,10%,and 15%w/w,and the used nanoparticles at10%w/w reinforced the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of mats.The successful placement of EZNPs containing TEO in the EGNFs and the increase in thermal stability of TEO were confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry.In vitro release of TEO in simulated media proved that the dominant release mechanism is Fickian diffusion,and the best model describing the release behavior is Peleg’s model.Using 10%EZNPs loaded with TEO is recommended to improve the mechanical properties and sustain the release of the essential oil in food systems and food packaging.
文摘Porous Fe3Odcarbon microspheres （PFCMs） were successfully fabricated via a facile electrospray method and subsequent heat treatment, using ferrous acetylacetonate, carbon nanotubes （CNTs）, Ketjen black （KB）, polyvinylpyrrolidone （PVP）, and polystyrene （PS） as raw materials. The porous carbon sphere framework decorated with well-dispersed CNTs and KB exhibits excellent electronic conductivity and acts as a good host to confine the Fe304 nanoparticles. The abundant mesopores in the carbon matrix derived from polymer pyrolysis can effectively accommodate the volume changes of F%O4 during the charge/ discharge process, facilitate electrolyte penetration, and promote fast ion diffusion. Moreover, a thin amorphous carbon layer on the Fe304 nanoparticle formed during polymer carbonization can further alleviate the mechanical stress associated with volume changes, and preventing aggregation and exfoliation of F%O4 nanoparticles during cycling. Therefore, as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the PFCMs exhibited excellent cycling stability with high specific capacities, and outstanding rate performances. After 130 cycles at a small current density of 0.1 A-g-1, the reversible capacity of the PFCM electrode is maintained at almost 1,317 mAh-g-1. High capacities of 746 and 525 mAh-g-1 were still achieved after 300 cycles at the larger currents of I and 5 A-g-1, respectively. The optimized structure design and facile fabrication process provide a promising way for the utilization of energy storage materials, which have high capacities but whose performance is hindered by large volume changes and poor electrical conductivity in lithium or sodium ion batteries.
基金co-supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFC2201001)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,China(No.20210623091808026)。
文摘Ionic Liquid Electrospray Thrusters(ILETs)are well suited for micro-nano satellite applications due to their small size,low power consumption,and high specific impulse.However,the limited thrust of a single-emitter ILET restricts its use in space missions.To optimize the performance of ILETs and make them suitable for a wider range of space missions,we designed a Circular-emitter ILET(CILET)to convert a one-dimensional(point)emission into a twodimensional(line)emission.The CILET can self-organize multiple Taylor cones simultaneously.The cones were photographed and the axial emission currents were measured under different voltage and pressure difference conditions with a CILET experimental system.The emission can be divided into two stable states and one unstable state based on the flow and current characteristics.The current in Stable state Ⅰ increases non-linearly with the voltage,while that in Stable state Ⅱ is nearly linear with respect to the voltage.The number of cones increases with the voltage in stable states,while the cones become short and crowded under high-voltage conditions.The variation law of the number of cones can be explained with the self-organization theory.The variation in the current exhibits a good correlation with the number of cones.This study demonstrates the feasibility of circular emitters and experimentally indicates that the emission current is improved by approximately two orders of magnitude compared to that of a single capillary.
基金support from the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52273256).
文摘Exploring electrode materials with larger capacity,higher power density and longer cycle life was critical for developing advanced flexible lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Herein,we used a controlled two-step method including electrospraying followed with calcination treatment by CVD furnace to design novel electrodes of Si/Si_(x)/C and Sn/C microrods array consisting of nanospheres on flexible carbon cloth substrate(denoted as Si/Si_(x)/C@CC,Sn/C@CC).Microrods composed of cumulated nanospheres(the diameter was approximately 120 nm)had a mean diameter of approximately 1.5μm and a length of around 4.0μm,distributing uniformly along the entire woven carbon fibers.Both of Si/Si/Si_(x)/C@CC and Sn/C@CC products were synthesized as binder-free anodes for Li-ion battery with the features of high reversible capacity and excellent cycling.Especially Si/Six/C electrode exhibited high specific capacity of about 1750 mA∙h∙g^(−1)at 0.5 A∙g^(−1)and excellent cycling ability even after 1050 cycles with a capacity of 1388 mA∙h∙g^(−1).Highly flexible Si/Si_(x)/C@CC//LiCoO_(2)batteries based on liquid and solid electrolytes were also fabricated,exhibiting high flexibility,excellent electrical stability and potential applications in flexible wearable electronics.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22104112 and 22374110)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘The investigation of reaction kinetics is the key to understanding the nature of reaction processes.However,monitoring fast photochemical reactions by mass spectrometry remains challenging.Herein,we developed an optical focusing inductive electrospray(OF-iESI)mass spectrometry platform for real-time and in-situ photoreaction monitoring.Coaxial irradiation from back of nanoelectrospray emitter with a taper section was utilized,so the emitter could act as optical lens to help achieving much larger optical power density at emitter tip compared to other sections,which allowed for in-situ reaction monitoring of photoreactions.Through theoretical calculations,the highest optical power density region volume was ca.45 nL.We also integrated a controller for the laser source(450 nm),enabling the modulation of pulse duration(>1 ms).This facilitates the study of photochemical reaction kinetics.The in-situ capability of this device was proved by capturing the short-lived photogenerated intermediates during the dehydrogenation of tetrahydroquinoline.This device was further used to investigate the kinetics of triplet energy transfer based Paternò-Büchi reaction.The reaction order has hitherto remained undetermined while the result of OF-iESI suggested it followed pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics.The short-lived donor-acceptor collision complex intermediate was also successfully identified by tandem mass spectrometry.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFC2201100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12175032,12102082,12275044,12402327,12405290 and 12211530449)+4 种基金the Joint Program of the Science and Technology Program of Liaoning,China(No.2023JH2/101700285)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Nos.DUT22RC(3)078,DUT23RC(3)040 and DUT24ZD106)the S&T Program of Hebei,China(No.246Z2301G)the S&T Innovation Program of Hebei,China(Nos.SJMYF2022X18 and SJMYF2022X06)the Beijing Engineering Research Center of Efficient and Green Aerospace Propulsion Technology and Advanced Space Propulsion Laboratory of BICE,China(No.LabASP-2023-07).
文摘The electrospray thruster supplied by ionic liquid is a promising micro-propulsion thruster with small size and precise thrust, which can emit both cations and anions to achieve self-neutralization. In order to further investigate the effect of ion solvation energy on the evaporation of cations and anions from ionic liquid under the action of a uniform electric field, this paper establishes a transient Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) model for free ionic liquid droplets undergoing ion evaporation. The dynamic processes of droplet deformation and ion evaporation are simulated. And the study further focuses on the influence of different ion solvation energies for cations on the droplet morphology and the ion evaporation characteristics at the positively charged end and negatively charged end of the droplet. The results indicate that, when the ion solvation energy for cations is higher than that of anions, it will cause the ion evaporation at the positively charged end of the droplet to lag behind the ion evaporation at the negatively charged end. And the higher the ion solvation energy for the cations, the longer the evaporation lag time at the positively charged end of the droplet, which will lead to a higher peak of surface charge density that can be reached, resulting in a larger evaporation current and sharper droplet stretching deformation. Additionally, the peak surface charge density of the positively charged end of the droplet is linearly related to the ion solvation energy for cations, while the peak surface charge density of the negatively charged end remains almost unchanged and is not significantly affected by the ion solvation energy for cations.
基金supports by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22174037)the Joint Funds of the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2023JJ50255)+1 种基金Changsha Science and Technology Project(No.Z202269490128)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFF0613400)are appreciated.
文摘Traditional electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry(ESI-MS^(n))has been a powerful tool in diverse research areas,however,it faces great limitations in the study of protein-small molecule interactions.In this article,the state-of-the-art temperature-controlled electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry(TC-ESI-MS^(n))is applied to investigate interactions between ubiquitin and two flavonol molecules,respectively.The combination of collision-induced dissociation(CID)and MS solution-melting experiments facilitates the understanding of flavonol-protein interactions in a new dimension across varying temperature ranges.While structural changes of proteins disturbed by small molecules are unseen in ESI-MS^(n),TC-ESI-MS^(n)allows a simultaneous assessment of the stability of the complex in both gas and liquid phases under various temperature conditions,meanwhile investigating the impact on the protein’s structure and tracking changes in thermodynamic data,and the characteristics of structural intermediates.
基金supported by Jiangxi Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Project(Nos.20203BDH80W010 and 20232BBH80012)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82160410 and 81860379)+1 种基金Foundation of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology(No.20212ACB206018)Key Research and Development Program of Jiangxi Province(No.20223BBG71009)。
文摘Accurate determination of lung cancer margins at the molecular level is of great significance to determine the optimal extent of resection during surgical operation and reduce the risk of postoperative recurrence.In this study,internal extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(i EESI-MS)was used to trace potential molecular tumor margins in lung cancer tissue.Molecular differential model for the determination of lung cancer tumor margin was established via partial least-squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA)of iEESI-MS data collected from lung tissue pieces within cancer tumor area and iEESI-MS data collected from lung tissue pieces outside cancer tumor area.Proof-of-concept data demonstrate that the developed molecular differential model yields ca.1-2 mm wider potential molecular tumor margin of a lung cancer compared to the conventional histological analysis,showing promising potential of iEESI-MS to increase the accuracy of tumor margins determination and lower risk of lung cancer postoperative recurrence.Furthermore,our results revealed that creatine and taurine showed positive correlations with lung cancer.
基金financially supported by Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine School-level Science and Technology Innovation Team Development Program(No.CXTD22005)PhD research startup fund of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine(No.2023BSZR005)。
文摘Selenium is one of the important trace elements in the human body.Its deficiency will directly affect human health.With people's attention to health,the content of selenium in food has gradually attracted attention.However,detecting selenium compounds in complex samples remains a challenge.In this work,we built an online heating-reaction device.This device combines the electrospray extraction ionization mass spectrometry(EESI-MS)with the heating reaction device,which can simultaneously detect various selenium compounds in complex liquid samples.Under acidic conditions,the sample was heated and catalyzed by a heating reaction device,so that the SeO~(2-)_(3)and O-phenylenediamine(OPD)could generate 1,3-dihydro-2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole.Based on the above reactions,we can detect organic selenium,inorganic selenium and other compounds in liquid samples by organic mass spectrometry.In this experiment,we determined the content of three forms of selenium:selenomethionine(SeMet),l-selenocystine(SeCys(2)),and sodium selenite.The calibration curves for SeMet,SeCys(2),and sodium selenite showed strong linearity within a range of 0.50-50.00μg/L.The limits of detection(LOD)for the three compounds were 0.22,0.27,and 0.41μg/L,respectively.The limits of quantification(LOQ)were 0.68,0.81,and 1.23μg/L,respectively.Spiked recoveries at three levels ranged from 98.8%to 106.1%.In addition,this method can simultaneously detect three selenium compounds and three other specific chemical components in tea infusion samples,providing a rapid and efficient method for identifying tea quality.
基金supported by Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province,China(Grant No.2021ZDLGY10-09)the High-End Foreign Expert Recruitment Program,China(Grant No.G2023170009L)the Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory,China(Grant No.6142601220111)。
文摘To explore the feasibility of electrospray-based additive manufacturing for thin-film fabrication in zero-or microgravity environments,we conducted numerical simulations of charged droplet behavior under zero-gravity conditions,followed by ground-based experimental validation using an anti-gravity electrospray(AG-ES)strategy.First,simulations of charged droplet deposition during the electrospray process showed that the presence or absence of gravity did not significantly affect deposition behavior.Second,simulations of droplet-substrate collisions indicated that the presence of an electric field could reduce the risk of droplet splashing.Third,simulations of droplet coalescence under zero-gravity conditions demonstrated that an electric field could promote the coalescence of charged droplets.An AG-ES experimental platform featuring an inverted nozzle-substrate configuration was constructed on the ground.Comparative experiments using Rhodamine B solution and TiO_(2)nanoparticle dispersions were performed in both AG-ES and conventional electrospray(ES)modes.The results indicated that the spray cone angle,deposition area,and film morphology were comparable between the two modes.Finally,multilayer alternating-current electroluminescent(ACEL)devices were fabricated via AG-ES using ZnS:Cu/poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)(PVDF-HFP),BaTiO_(3)/polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP),and silver nanowire(AgNW)inks,achieving a maximum luminance of 66.2 cd/m^(2).This study demonstrates the potential of the electrospray process for functional thin-film fabrication under microgravity conditions.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2020YFC2201103 and 2022YFB4601300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U22B20120)+1 种基金the Program of Beijing Engineering Research Center of Efficient and Green Aerospace Propulsion Technology(No.LabASP-2024-09)the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars.
文摘The ionic liquid electrospray thruster is a microminiature thruster that can be applied on a micro or nano-satellite,and its highly energy-efficient,compact,modular system can be used for both main propulsion and altitude control.In this study,an ionic liquid electrospray thruster with a 100-tip emitter configuration is tested primarily to examine the difference in performance of the thruster at different angles with time-of-flight(TOF)mass spectrometry tests.In the experiment,it was measured that the half-angle of the thruster plume angle emission was in the range of−60 degrees to+65 degrees.Accordingly,the measurement range was set from−50 degrees to+50 degrees,with an interval of 10 degrees.Relative to the results of the 0 degree current curve,the positive mode is relatively homogeneous at all angles of the operating mode.In the negative mode,for n 2 ions,the negative angle region accounts for a larger proportion and the positive angle region accounts for a smaller proportion,which makes a significant difference to the specific impulse of the two regions.The range of the specific impulse at different angles is 3776-4401 s under the typical working condition of+2.5 kV.Under−2.5 kV,the range of the specific impulse at different angles is 3309-4654 s.This research quantifies the angular performance variations of the ionic liquid electrospray thruster,offering valuable data to improve its design and operational reliability for precise propulsion and altitude control in satellite applications.
基金supported by the Start-Up Research Funding of Fujian Normal University(No.Y0720326K13)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22103035 and 22033005)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFA1503900)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.RCYX20231211090357078)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis(No.2020B121201002).
文摘Atomically precise palladium(Pd)clusters are emerging as versatile nanomaterials with applications in catalysis and biomedicine.This study explores the synthesis,structure evolution,and catalytic properties of Pd clusters stabilized by cyclohexanethiol(HSC_(6)H_(11))ligands.Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS)and single-crystal X-ray diffraction(SXRD),structures of the Pd clusters ranging from Pd4(SC_(6)H_(11))8 to Pd18(SC_(6)H_(11))36 were determined.This analysis revealed a structure evolution from polygonal to elliptical geometries of the PdnS2n frameworks as the cluster size increased.UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy,combined with quantum chemical calculations,elucidated changes in the electronic structure of the clusters.Catalytic studies on the Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions demonstrated a size-dependent decline in activity attributed to variations in structural arrangements and electronic properties.Mechanistic insights proposed a distinctive Pd(Ⅱ)-Pd(Ⅳ)catalytic cycle.This research underscores how ligands and cluster size influence the structures and properties of Pd clusters,offering valuable insights for the future design and application of Pd clusters in advanced catalysis and beyond.
文摘The ginkgo terpenoids including bilobalide and ginkgolides are the main pharmaceutical components in the leaves or extracts of Ginkgo biloba L. In this paper, the analysis of bilobalide and ginkgolides in leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-mass spectrometry (MS) was carried out. The separation was performed on Inertsil ODS3 column with methanol-water (36:64) as mobile phase, with 1 mL·min -1 of flow rate at 35℃. Then the mass spectrum analysis was conducted by ZMD micromass electrospray ionization (ESI)-mass spectrometer (MS). The HPLC total ion chromatogram and selected ion chromatogram (with 325, 407, 423, 439 of m/z) of the sample and ESI-/MS mass spectra of the peaks in the chromatograms were obtained. So bilobalide, ginkgolide A, B, C and J in Ginkgo biloba L. leaves were identified. The method is easy and rapid, with a good accuracy.
文摘A sensitive and selective high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry （LC-MS） was developed for the quantitative determination of ilexgenin A （IA）,a major component in Radix Ilicis Pubescentis,in rat plasma.Chromatographic separation was performed on a C 18 column,with methanol-5 mM ammonium acetate （80：20,v/v） as the mobile phase.Mass spectrometer was set in negative mode with target ions at m/z 501.1→501.1 for IA and m/z 779.4→779.4 for digoxin （internal standard,IS）.Rat plasma was extracted with ethyl acetate after addition of phosphoric solution and the organic layer was evaporated and reconstituted with mobile phase for LC-MS analysis.The proposed method was validated with a linear range of 1.05-525.5 ng/mL for IA with limit of quantitation （LOQ） at 1.05 ng/mL.Intra-and inter-day precision expressed as relative standard deviation （RSD） were less than 10% at LOQ level and overall recovery was over 80%.This validated method was used successfully for the pharmacokinetic study of IA in rats after oral dosing of IA （100 mg/kg） and some main pharmacokinetic parameters of IA in rats were obtained.
文摘Positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was applied to study four newly synthesized(12-aminodehydroabietylamine)acetamide-substituted salicylidene Schiff bases(ADASSSB).The results showed that the MSn characteristics of ADASSSB can be used for their qualitative and quantitative analysis.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30901431)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK2010242)
文摘Galactosylated chitosan （GC） is synthesized and used to prepare IL-1Ra loaded GC nanoparticles by an electrospraying technique. Polyethylene oxide （PEO） is mixed with GC to enhance the electrospraying ability. The effect of the spraying solution properties on particle formation is investigated. The IL-1Ra loaded nanoparticles with an average diameter of 530 nm and a regularly spherical shape are observed by the scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The amount of the IL-1Ra is measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） kit. The loading capacity of the nanoparticle is （1.52± 0.04）% （n = 3） and the encapsulation efficiency reaches （90. 36 ± 3.46） % （n = 3）. For the evaluation of GC nanoparticles＇ hepatocytes targeting efficacy, hepatocytes and mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） are incubated with FITC-labeled GC nanoparticles for 24 h as the experimental and control groups. Results of the fluorescence microscope show that the fluorescence signals observed in hepatocytes are significantly higher than in the MSCs, indicating that the developed GC nanoparticles have an obvious liver targeting property.
