This special issue will include reviews,regular papers,and short communications,and reports in the fields for next generation electronics and photonics.The topics include but not restricted in advanced microelectronic...This special issue will include reviews,regular papers,and short communications,and reports in the fields for next generation electronics and photonics.The topics include but not restricted in advanced microelectronic devices and materials,low-dimensional materials and novel nanodevice applications,flexible/wearable/implantable electronics,wide bandgap semiconductor materials and devices,photoelectronics,photonics,advanced display technologies,nanophotonics,integrated quantum photonics,photovoltaics,energy harvesting and self-powered wireless sensing,sensors,micro-actuators,MEMS,microfluidics,and bioMEMS,etc.展开更多
The rapid advancement of modern electronics has led to a surge in solid electronic waste,which poses significant environmental and health challenges.This review focuses on recent developments in paper-based electronic...The rapid advancement of modern electronics has led to a surge in solid electronic waste,which poses significant environmental and health challenges.This review focuses on recent developments in paper-based electronic devices fabricated through low-cost,hand-printing techniques,with particular emphasis on their applications in energy harvesting,storage,and sensing.Unlike conventional plastic-based substrates,cellulose paper offers several advantages,including biodegradability,recyclability,and low fabrication cost.By integrating functional nanomaterials such as two-dimensional chalcogenides,metal oxides,conductive polymers,and carbon-based structures onto paper,researchers have achieved high-performance devices such as broadband photodetectors(responsivity up to 52 mA/W),supercapacitors(energy density~15.1 mWh/cm^(2)),and pressure sensors(sensitivity~18.42 kPa^(-1)).The hand-printing approach,which eliminates the need for sophisticated equipment and toxic solvents,offers a promising route for scalable,sustainable,and disposable electronics.This review outlines fabrication methods and key performance metrics,and discusses the current challenges and future directions for realizing robust,flexible devices aligned with green technology and the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals.展开更多
A rapidly growing field is piezoresistive sensor for accurate respiration rate monitoring to suppress the worldwide respiratory illness.However,a large neglected issue is the sensing durability and accuracy without in...A rapidly growing field is piezoresistive sensor for accurate respiration rate monitoring to suppress the worldwide respiratory illness.However,a large neglected issue is the sensing durability and accuracy without interference since the expiratory pressure always coupled with external humidity and temperature variations,as well as mechanical motion artifacts.Herein,a robust and biodegradable piezoresistive sensor is reported that consists of heterogeneous MXene/cellulose-gelation sensing layer and Ag-based interdigital electrode,featuring customizable cylindrical interface arrangement and compact hierarchical laminated architecture for collectively regulating the piezoresistive response and mechanical robustness,thereby realizing the long-term breath-induced pressure detection.Notably,molecular dynamics simulations reveal the frequent angle inversion and reorientation of MXene/cellulose in vacuum filtration,driven by shear forces and interfacial interactions,which facilitate the establishment of hydrogen bonds and optimize the architecture design in sensing layer.The resultant sensor delivers unprecedented collection features of superior stability for off-axis deformation(0-120°,~2.8×10^(-3) A)and sensing accuracy without crosstalk(humidity 50%-100%and temperature 30-80).Besides,the sensor-embedded mask together with machine learning models is achieved to train and classify the respiration status for volunteers with different ages(average prediction accuracy~90%).It is envisioned that the customizable architecture design and sensor paradigm will shed light on the advanced stability of sustainable electronics and pave the way for the commercial application in respiratory monitory.展开更多
Wearable electronics incorporating proteins for biocompatibility have garnered significant research attention,given their potential applications in biocompatible medical devices,artificial skin,humanoid robots,and oth...Wearable electronics incorporating proteins for biocompatibility have garnered significant research attention,given their potential applications in biocompatible medical devices,artificial skin,humanoid robots,and other fields.However,a notable challenge exists,as many wearable electronics currently lack those essential properties due to issues such as non-biological compatibility,as well as insufficient mechanical and conductive performance.Here,we have developed a hybrid keratin(KE)hydrogel by incorporating a liquid metal(LM,eutectic gallium-indium alloy)to design a wearable electronic device with excellent biocompatibility,enhanced conductivity,and good mechanical properties.The resulting keratin liquid metal(KELM)hydrogel demonstrates favorable mechanical characteristics,including good tensile strength(166 kPa),impressive stretchability(2600%),and long-term stability.Furthermore,it exhibits good conductivity(6.84 S·m^(-1))and sensitivity as a sensing material(gauge factor(GF)=7.03),rendering it suitable for constructing high-performance strain sensors.Notably,the KELM hydrogel-based wearable electronics extend their functionality to monitoring marine inhabitants'health.This innovative application provides new insights for designing the next generation of biomimetic electronic devices,with potential applications in human-machine interfaces,electronic skin,artificial intelligence,and health monitoring.展开更多
Due to its ability to convert body heat into electricity,organic thermoelectric material is considered a promising and smart maintenance-free power source to charge wearable electronics.However,developing flexible n-t...Due to its ability to convert body heat into electricity,organic thermoelectric material is considered a promising and smart maintenance-free power source to charge wearable electronics.However,developing flexible n-type organic thermoelectric materials and wearable p/n junction thermoelectric devices remains challenging.In this work,two insulated polyamides(PA6 and PA66)that have been widely used as fiber materials are employed as novel dopants for converting p-type single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs)to n-type thermoelectric materials.Because of the electron transferability of the amide group,polyamide-doped SWCNTs exhibit excellent thermopower values as large as-56.0μV K^(-1) for PA66,and-54.5μV K^(-1) for PA6.Thermoelectric devices with five p/n junctions connected in series are fabricated.The testing device produces a thermoelectric voltage of 43.1 mV and generates 1.85μW thermoelectric power under temperature gradients of approximately 80 K.Furthermore,they display charming capability for temperature recognition and monitoring human activities as sensors.These promising results suggest that the flexible polyamide-doped SWCNT composites herein have high application potential as wearable thermoelectric electronics.展开更多
Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection,personalized treatment,and health management.Flexible electronics,capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life,have g...Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection,personalized treatment,and health management.Flexible electronics,capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life,have garnered considerable attention due to their softness,conformability,and biocompatibility.However,several challenges remain,including imperfect skin-device interfaces,limited breathability,and insufficient mechanoelectrical stability.On-skin epidermal electronics,distinguished by their excellent conformability,breathability,and mechanoelectrical robustness,offer a promising solution for high-fidelity,long-term health monitoring.These devices can seamlessly integrate with the human body,leading to transformative advancements in future personalized healthcare.This review provides a systematic examination of recent advancements in on-skin epidermal electronics,with particular emphasis on critical aspects including material science,structural design,desired properties,and practical applications.We explore various materials,considering their properties and the corresponding structural designs developed to construct high-performance epidermal electronics.We then discuss different approaches for achieving the desired device properties necessary for long-term health monitoring,including adhesiveness,breathability,and mechanoelectrical stability.Additionally,we summarize the diverse applications of these devices in monitoring biophysical and physiological signals.Finally,we address the challenges facing these devices and outline future prospects,offering insights into the ongoing development of on-skin epidermal electronics for long-term health monitoring.展开更多
Soft electronics,which are designed to function under mechanical deformation(such as bending,stretching,and folding),have become essential in applications like wearable electronics,artificial skin,and brain-machine in...Soft electronics,which are designed to function under mechanical deformation(such as bending,stretching,and folding),have become essential in applications like wearable electronics,artificial skin,and brain-machine interfaces.Crystalline silicon is one of the most mature and reliable materials for high-performance electronics;however,its intrinsic brittleness and rigidity pose challenges for integrating it into soft electronics.Recent research has focused on overcoming these limitations by utilizing structural design techniques to impart flexibility and stretchability to Si-based materials,such as transforming them into thin nanomembranes or nanowires.This review summarizes key strategies in geometry engineering for integrating crystalline silicon into soft electronics,from the use of hard silicon islands to creating out-of-plane foldable silicon nanofilms on flexible substrates,and ultimately to shaping silicon nanowires using vapor-liquid-solid or in-plane solid-liquid-solid techniques.We explore the latest developments in Si-based soft electronic devices,with applications in sensors,nanoprobes,robotics,and brain-machine interfaces.Finally,the paper discusses the current challenges in the field and outlines future research directions to enable the widespread adoption of silicon-based flexible electronics.展开更多
Heart rate variability(HRV)that can reflect the dynamic balance between the sympathetic nervous and parasympathetic nervous of human autonomic nervous system(ANS)has attracted considerable attention.However,traditiona...Heart rate variability(HRV)that can reflect the dynamic balance between the sympathetic nervous and parasympathetic nervous of human autonomic nervous system(ANS)has attracted considerable attention.However,traditional electrocardiogram(ECG)devices for HRV analysis are bulky,and hard wires are needed to attach measuring electrodes to the chest,resulting in the poor wearable experience during the long-term measurement.Compared with that,wearable electronics enabling continuously cardiac signals monitoring and HRV assessment provide a desirable and promising approach for helping subjects determine sleeping issues,cardiovascular diseases,or other threats to physical and mental well-being.Until now,significant progress and advances have been achieved in wearable electronics for HRV monitoring and applications for predicting human physical and mental well-being.In this review,the latest progress in the integration of wearable electronics and HRV analysis as well as practical applications in assessment of human physical and mental health are included.The commonly used methods and physiological signals for HRV analysis are briefly summarized.Furthermore,we highlighted the research on wearable electronics concerning HRV assessment and diverse applications such as stress estimation,drowsiness detection,etc.Lastly,the current limitations of the integrated wearable HRV system are concluded,and possible solutions in such a research direction are outlined.展开更多
The Cooling Storage Ring(CSR)external-target experiment(CEE)will be the first large-scale nuclear physics experiment at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL).A beam monitor has been developed to monitor th...The Cooling Storage Ring(CSR)external-target experiment(CEE)will be the first large-scale nuclear physics experiment at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL).A beam monitor has been developed to monitor the beam status and to improve the reconstruction resolution of the primary vertex.Custom-designed pixel charge sensors,named TopmetalCEEv1,are employed in the detector to locate the position of each particle.Readout electronics for the beam monitor were designed,including front-end electronics utilizing the Topmetal-CEEv1 sensors,as well as a readout and control unit that communicates with the DAQ,trigger,and clock systems.A series of tests were performed to validate the functionality and performance of the system,including basic electronic verifications and responses toαparticles and heavy-ion beams.The results show that all designed functions of the readout electronics system work well,and this system could be used for beam monitoring in the CEE experiment.展开更多
The Cooling Storage Ring of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL-CSR)was constructed to study nuclear physics,atomic physics,interdisciplinary science,and related applications.The External Target Facility(...The Cooling Storage Ring of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL-CSR)was constructed to study nuclear physics,atomic physics,interdisciplinary science,and related applications.The External Target Facility(ETF)is located in the main ring of the HIRFL-CSR.The gamma detector of the ETF is built to measure emitted gamma rays with energies below 5 MeV in the center-of-mass frame and is planned to measure light fragments with energies up to 300 MeV.The readout electronics for the gamma detector were designed and commissioned.The readout electronics consist of thirty-two front-end cards,thirty-two readout control units(RCUs),one common readout unit,one synchronization&clock unit,and one sub-trigger unit.By using the real-time peak-detection algorithm implemented in the RCU,the data volume can be significantly reduced.In addition,trigger logic selection algorithms are implemented to improve the selection of useful events and reduce the data size.The test results show that the integral nonlinearity of the readout electronics is less than 1%,and the energy resolution for measuring the 60 Co source is better than 5.5%.This study discusses the design and performance of the readout electronics.展开更多
Conjugated polymers(CPs)have emerged as an interesting class of materials in modern electronics and photonics,characterized by their unique delocalizedπ-electron systems that confer high flexibility,tunable electroni...Conjugated polymers(CPs)have emerged as an interesting class of materials in modern electronics and photonics,characterized by their unique delocalizedπ-electron systems that confer high flexibility,tunable electronic properties,and solution processability.These organic polymers present a compelling alternative to traditional inorganic semiconductors,offering the potential for a new generation of optoelectronic devices.This review explores the evolving role of CPs,exploring the molecular design strategies and innovative approaches that enhance their optoelectronic properties.We highlight notable progress toward developing faster,more efficient,and environmentally friendly devices by analyzing recent advancements in CP-based devices,including organic photovoltaics,field-effect transistors,and nonvolatile memories.The integration of CPs in flexible sustainable technologies underscores their potential to revolutionize future electronic and photonic systems.As ongoing research pushes the frontiers of molecular engineering and device architecture,CPs are poised to play an essential role in shaping next-generation technologies that prioritize performance,sustainability,and adaptability.展开更多
High-density interconnect(HDI)soft electronics that can integrate multiple individual functions into one miniaturized monolithic system is promising for applications related to smart healthcare,soft robotics,and human...High-density interconnect(HDI)soft electronics that can integrate multiple individual functions into one miniaturized monolithic system is promising for applications related to smart healthcare,soft robotics,and human-machine interactions.However,despite the recent advances,the development of three-dimensional(3D)soft electronics with both high resolution and high integration is still challenging because of the lack of efficient manufacturing methods to guarantee interlayer alignment of the high-density vias and reliable interlayer electrical conductivity.Here,an advanced 3D laser printing pathway,based on femtosecond laser direct writing(FLDW),is demonstrated for preparing liquid metal(LM)-based any layer HDI soft electronics.FLDW technology,with the characteristics of high spatial resolution and high precision,allows the maskless fabrication of high-resolution embedded LM microchannels and high-density vertical interconnect accesses for 3D integrated circuits.High-aspect-ratio blind/through LM microstructures are formed inside the elastomer due to the supermetalphobicity induced during laser ablation.The LM-based HDI circuit featuring high resolution(~1.5μm)and high integration(10-layer electrical interconnection)is achieved for customized soft electronics,including various customized multilayer passive electric components,soft multilayer circuit,and cross-scale multimode sensors.The 3D laser printing method provides a versatile approach for developing chip-level soft electronics.展开更多
Cu nanoparticles exhibit excellent properties as high-temperature-resistant,conductive,heat-dissipating,and connecting materials.However,their susceptibility to oxidation poses a major challenge to the production of h...Cu nanoparticles exhibit excellent properties as high-temperature-resistant,conductive,heat-dissipating,and connecting materials.However,their susceptibility to oxidation poses a major challenge to the production of high-quality sintered bodies in the air,severely limiting their widespread adoption in power electronics packaging.This study presents a novel approach to the synthesis of Cu nanoparticles capped with oleylamine ligands.By employing a simple solvent-cleaning process,effective control of the density of oleylamine ligands on particle surfaces was achieved,resulting in high-performance Cu nanoparticles with both oxidation resistance and air-sintering susceptibility.Moreover,through our research,the solvent-cleaning mechanism was clarified,a model for the oleylamine ligand decomposition was developed,the air-sintering behavior of Cu nanoparticles was analyzed,and the impacts of both the sintered bodies and interfaces on the sintering performance were explained.Additionally,Cu nanoparticles subjected to 5 cleaning rounds followed by sintering at 280℃and 5 MPa in air were confirmed to be able to produce the highest shear strength(49.2±3.51 MPa)and lowest resistivity(6.15±0.32μΩ·cm).Based on these results,flexible capacitive pressure sensors with Cu sintered electrodes were fabricated and demonstrated a stable pressure-capacitance response over the temperature range of 25-250℃.These findings underscore the impressive robustness and durability of sintered structures and the potential for high-temperature applications of oleylamine-capped Cu nanoparticles.Our study provides reliable application demonstrations for the low-cost manufacture of high-performance power electronics packaging structures that can operate in high-current-density,high-heat-flow-density,high-temperature,and high-stress environments.展开更多
Textiles with electronic components offer a portable and personalized approach for health monitoring and therapy.However,there is a lack of reliable strategy to integrate layered circuits and high-density chips on or ...Textiles with electronic components offer a portable and personalized approach for health monitoring and therapy.However,there is a lack of reliable strategy to integrate layered circuits and high-density chips on or inside textiles,which hinders system-level functionality and untethered user experiences.Herein,we propose monolithically integrated textile hybrid electronics(THE)on a textile platform,with multimodal functions and reliable performances.The textile system encompasses flexible electrodes,laser-induced sensors,and surface-mount devices,along with double-layer circuits interconnecting all of them.Vertical conductive paths are rendered by liquid metal composites infiltrated into textiles,which allows resistances less than 0.1?while reserving intact textile structures.The assembled THE exhibits endurance to handwashing and crumpling,as well as bendability.We customize a wireless textile patch for synchronously tracking multiple physiological indicators during exercise.Furthermore,a textile band is elaborated for monitoring and alleviating muscular fatigue,demonstrating potential in closed-loop diagnosis and treatment.展开更多
The present teaching content of the power electronics course is insufficient to cover the power electronics technology used in building electrical engineering.This paper analyzes the relationship between building elec...The present teaching content of the power electronics course is insufficient to cover the power electronics technology used in building electrical engineering.This paper analyzes the relationship between building electrical engineering and power electronics technology,investigates the main power electronics technology used in building electrical engineering,introduces the teaching content of current power electronics course,analyzes the insufficiency of current teaching content related to the practice of electrical engineering,and proposes the principles and directions for the reformation and innovation of the teaching content of the course of power electronics for the major of building electricity and intelligence.展开更多
Transient electronics is a versatile tool that finds applications in various fields,including medical biology,environmental protection,and data information security.In the context of data protection,the traditional pa...Transient electronics is a versatile tool that finds applications in various fields,including medical biology,environmental protection,and data information security.In the context of data protection,the traditional passive degradation transient mode is being replaced by the active destruction mode,which features a short self-destruction time and provides greater resistance to recovery.This article presents an overview of recent progress in transient electronics,assessing the benefits and suitability of varying transient mechanisms.The article also analyses the influence of transient electronics on military security while emphasizing the advantages of implementing energetic materials.Besides,the article introduces energetic transient devices and evaluates their ability to support the autonomous operation of transient electronic devices.展开更多
Flexible pressure sensors show great promise for applications in such fields as electronic skin,healthcare,and intelligent robotics.Traditional capacitive pressure sensors,however,face the problem of low sensitivity,w...Flexible pressure sensors show great promise for applications in such fields as electronic skin,healthcare,and intelligent robotics.Traditional capacitive pressure sensors,however,face the problem of low sensitivity,which limits their wider application.In this paper,a flexible capacitive pressure sensor with microstructured ionization layer is fabricated by a sandwich-type process,with a low-cost and simple process of inverted molding with sandpapers being used to form a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer ionic film with double-sided microstructure as the dielectric layer of the sensor,with silver nanowires as electrodes.The operating mechanism of this iontronic pressure sensor is analyzed using a graphical method,and the sensor is tested on a pressure platform.The test results show that the sensor has ultrahigh pressure sensitivities of 3.744 and 1.689 kPa^(−1) at low(0-20 kPa)and high(20-800 kPa)pressures,respectively,as well as a rapid response time(100 ms),and it exhibits good stability and repeatability.The sensor can be used for sensitive monitoring of activities such as finger bending,and for facial expression(smile,frown)recognition,as well as speech recognition.展开更多
Stretchable electronics are crucial enablers for next-generation wearables intimately integrated into the human body.As the primary compliant conductors used in these devices,metallic nanostructure/elastomer composite...Stretchable electronics are crucial enablers for next-generation wearables intimately integrated into the human body.As the primary compliant conductors used in these devices,metallic nanostructure/elastomer composites often struggle to form conformal contact with the textured skin.Hybrid electrodes have been consequently developed based on conductive nanocomposite and soft hydrogels to establish seamless skin-device interfaces.However,chemical modifications are typically needed for reliable bonding,which can alter their original properties.To overcome this limitation,this study presents a facile fabrication approach for mechanically interlocked nanocomposite/hydrogel hybrid electrodes.In this physical process,soft microfoams are thermally laminated on silver nanowire nanocomposites as a porous interface,which forms an interpenetrating network with the hydrogel.The microfoam-enabled bonding strategy is generally compatible with various polymers.The resulting interlocked hybrids have a 28-fold improved interfacial toughness compared to directly stacked hybrids.These electrodes achieve firm attachment to the skin and low contact impedance using tissue-adhesive hydrogels.They have been successfully integrated into an epidermal sleeve to distinguish hand gestures by sensing mus-cle contractions.Interlocked nanocomposite/hydrogel hybrids reported here offer a promising platform to combine the benefits of both materials for epidermal devices and systems.展开更多
Stretchable electronics that monitor joint activity and treat diseases based on liquid metal could be used in the development of healthcare applications.Such devices can be seamlessly integrated with human skin.Howeve...Stretchable electronics that monitor joint activity and treat diseases based on liquid metal could be used in the development of healthcare applications.Such devices can be seamlessly integrated with human skin.However,most high-precision microstructures and complex patterns are difficult to fabricate due to the limitations of conventional fabrication solutions,resulting in suboptimal performance under practical conditions.Here,a liquid-metal stretchable system utilizing natural leaf veins was reported as microstructures,which was based on a biomimetic concept and utilized an all-solution process for the preparation of complex microstructures.The systems are ultra-high tensile(800%tensile strain),environmentally stable(20 days)and mechanically durable(300-cycle).The system can accurately recognize the wearer's finger bending level as well as simple gesture signals.At the same time,the system acts as a wearable heater,which can realize the fast heating behavior of heating up to 50℃in 3 min under the human body-safe voltage(1.5 V).The tensile stability is demonstrated by the heterogeneous integration of lasers(405 nm)with the system interconnects for a stretchable and wearable light source.展开更多
This review summarizes recent progress in developing wireless,batteryless,fully implantable biomedical devices for real-time continuous physiological signal monitoring,focusing on advancing human health care.Design co...This review summarizes recent progress in developing wireless,batteryless,fully implantable biomedical devices for real-time continuous physiological signal monitoring,focusing on advancing human health care.Design considerations,such as biological constraints,energy sourcing,and wireless communication,are discussed in achieving the desired performance of the devices and enhanced interface with human tissues.In addition,we review the recent achievements in materials used for developing implantable systems,emphasizing their importance in achieving multi-functionalities,biocompatibility,and hemocompatibility.The wireless,batteryless devices offer minimally invasive device insertion to the body,enabling portable health monitoring and advanced disease diagnosis.Lastly,we summarize the most recent practical applications of advanced implantable devices for human health care,highlighting their potential for immediate commercialization and clinical uses.展开更多
文摘This special issue will include reviews,regular papers,and short communications,and reports in the fields for next generation electronics and photonics.The topics include but not restricted in advanced microelectronic devices and materials,low-dimensional materials and novel nanodevice applications,flexible/wearable/implantable electronics,wide bandgap semiconductor materials and devices,photoelectronics,photonics,advanced display technologies,nanophotonics,integrated quantum photonics,photovoltaics,energy harvesting and self-powered wireless sensing,sensors,micro-actuators,MEMS,microfluidics,and bioMEMS,etc.
基金The Consortium for Scientific Research,Indore(CSR,Indore)(No.CRS/2021-22/01/426)is acknowledged by the authorsFor the research facilities,the authors are grateful to CHARUSAT University.
文摘The rapid advancement of modern electronics has led to a surge in solid electronic waste,which poses significant environmental and health challenges.This review focuses on recent developments in paper-based electronic devices fabricated through low-cost,hand-printing techniques,with particular emphasis on their applications in energy harvesting,storage,and sensing.Unlike conventional plastic-based substrates,cellulose paper offers several advantages,including biodegradability,recyclability,and low fabrication cost.By integrating functional nanomaterials such as two-dimensional chalcogenides,metal oxides,conductive polymers,and carbon-based structures onto paper,researchers have achieved high-performance devices such as broadband photodetectors(responsivity up to 52 mA/W),supercapacitors(energy density~15.1 mWh/cm^(2)),and pressure sensors(sensitivity~18.42 kPa^(-1)).The hand-printing approach,which eliminates the need for sophisticated equipment and toxic solvents,offers a promising route for scalable,sustainable,and disposable electronics.This review outlines fabrication methods and key performance metrics,and discusses the current challenges and future directions for realizing robust,flexible devices aligned with green technology and the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22074072,22274083,52376199)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2023LZY005)+1 种基金the Exploration Project of the State Key Laboratory of BioFibers and EcoTextiles of Qingdao University(TSKT202101)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2022BLRD13,2023BLRD01).
文摘A rapidly growing field is piezoresistive sensor for accurate respiration rate monitoring to suppress the worldwide respiratory illness.However,a large neglected issue is the sensing durability and accuracy without interference since the expiratory pressure always coupled with external humidity and temperature variations,as well as mechanical motion artifacts.Herein,a robust and biodegradable piezoresistive sensor is reported that consists of heterogeneous MXene/cellulose-gelation sensing layer and Ag-based interdigital electrode,featuring customizable cylindrical interface arrangement and compact hierarchical laminated architecture for collectively regulating the piezoresistive response and mechanical robustness,thereby realizing the long-term breath-induced pressure detection.Notably,molecular dynamics simulations reveal the frequent angle inversion and reorientation of MXene/cellulose in vacuum filtration,driven by shear forces and interfacial interactions,which facilitate the establishment of hydrogen bonds and optimize the architecture design in sensing layer.The resultant sensor delivers unprecedented collection features of superior stability for off-axis deformation(0-120°,~2.8×10^(-3) A)and sensing accuracy without crosstalk(humidity 50%-100%and temperature 30-80).Besides,the sensor-embedded mask together with machine learning models is achieved to train and classify the respiration status for volunteers with different ages(average prediction accuracy~90%).It is envisioned that the customizable architecture design and sensor paradigm will shed light on the advanced stability of sustainable electronics and pave the way for the commercial application in respiratory monitory.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22176221 and 22273045)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences(2024XT09)+1 种基金the Tsinghua University Independent Scientific Research Plan for Young Investigatorthe Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program。
文摘Wearable electronics incorporating proteins for biocompatibility have garnered significant research attention,given their potential applications in biocompatible medical devices,artificial skin,humanoid robots,and other fields.However,a notable challenge exists,as many wearable electronics currently lack those essential properties due to issues such as non-biological compatibility,as well as insufficient mechanical and conductive performance.Here,we have developed a hybrid keratin(KE)hydrogel by incorporating a liquid metal(LM,eutectic gallium-indium alloy)to design a wearable electronic device with excellent biocompatibility,enhanced conductivity,and good mechanical properties.The resulting keratin liquid metal(KELM)hydrogel demonstrates favorable mechanical characteristics,including good tensile strength(166 kPa),impressive stretchability(2600%),and long-term stability.Furthermore,it exhibits good conductivity(6.84 S·m^(-1))and sensitivity as a sensing material(gauge factor(GF)=7.03),rendering it suitable for constructing high-performance strain sensors.Notably,the KELM hydrogel-based wearable electronics extend their functionality to monitoring marine inhabitants'health.This innovative application provides new insights for designing the next generation of biomimetic electronic devices,with potential applications in human-machine interfaces,electronic skin,artificial intelligence,and health monitoring.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project no.51973120)the Natural Science Foun-dation of Guangdong Province(No.2019A1515010613)+1 种基金the Shenzhen Science and Technology Research Grant(Nos.JCYJ20170818093417096 and JCYJ20180305125649693)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.20220809111527001).
文摘Due to its ability to convert body heat into electricity,organic thermoelectric material is considered a promising and smart maintenance-free power source to charge wearable electronics.However,developing flexible n-type organic thermoelectric materials and wearable p/n junction thermoelectric devices remains challenging.In this work,two insulated polyamides(PA6 and PA66)that have been widely used as fiber materials are employed as novel dopants for converting p-type single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs)to n-type thermoelectric materials.Because of the electron transferability of the amide group,polyamide-doped SWCNTs exhibit excellent thermopower values as large as-56.0μV K^(-1) for PA66,and-54.5μV K^(-1) for PA6.Thermoelectric devices with five p/n junctions connected in series are fabricated.The testing device produces a thermoelectric voltage of 43.1 mV and generates 1.85μW thermoelectric power under temperature gradients of approximately 80 K.Furthermore,they display charming capability for temperature recognition and monitoring human activities as sensors.These promising results suggest that the flexible polyamide-doped SWCNT composites herein have high application potential as wearable thermoelectric electronics.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52025055,52375576,52350349)Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(Program No.2022GXLH-01-12)+2 种基金Joint Fund of Ministry of Education for Equipment Pre-research(No.8091B03012304)Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(No.2022004607001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.xtr072024031).
文摘Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection,personalized treatment,and health management.Flexible electronics,capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life,have garnered considerable attention due to their softness,conformability,and biocompatibility.However,several challenges remain,including imperfect skin-device interfaces,limited breathability,and insufficient mechanoelectrical stability.On-skin epidermal electronics,distinguished by their excellent conformability,breathability,and mechanoelectrical robustness,offer a promising solution for high-fidelity,long-term health monitoring.These devices can seamlessly integrate with the human body,leading to transformative advancements in future personalized healthcare.This review provides a systematic examination of recent advancements in on-skin epidermal electronics,with particular emphasis on critical aspects including material science,structural design,desired properties,and practical applications.We explore various materials,considering their properties and the corresponding structural designs developed to construct high-performance epidermal electronics.We then discuss different approaches for achieving the desired device properties necessary for long-term health monitoring,including adhesiveness,breathability,and mechanoelectrical stability.Additionally,we summarize the diverse applications of these devices in monitoring biophysical and physiological signals.Finally,we address the challenges facing these devices and outline future prospects,offering insights into the ongoing development of on-skin epidermal electronics for long-term health monitoring.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under granted No.62104100National Key Research Program of China under No.92164201+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars under No.62325403National Natural Science Foundation of China under No.61934004.
文摘Soft electronics,which are designed to function under mechanical deformation(such as bending,stretching,and folding),have become essential in applications like wearable electronics,artificial skin,and brain-machine interfaces.Crystalline silicon is one of the most mature and reliable materials for high-performance electronics;however,its intrinsic brittleness and rigidity pose challenges for integrating it into soft electronics.Recent research has focused on overcoming these limitations by utilizing structural design techniques to impart flexibility and stretchability to Si-based materials,such as transforming them into thin nanomembranes or nanowires.This review summarizes key strategies in geometry engineering for integrating crystalline silicon into soft electronics,from the use of hard silicon islands to creating out-of-plane foldable silicon nanofilms on flexible substrates,and ultimately to shaping silicon nanowires using vapor-liquid-solid or in-plane solid-liquid-solid techniques.We explore the latest developments in Si-based soft electronic devices,with applications in sensors,nanoprobes,robotics,and brain-machine interfaces.Finally,the paper discusses the current challenges in the field and outlines future research directions to enable the widespread adoption of silicon-based flexible electronics.
基金supported in part by National Science and Technology Major Project from the Minister of Science and Technology of China(2018AAA0103100).
文摘Heart rate variability(HRV)that can reflect the dynamic balance between the sympathetic nervous and parasympathetic nervous of human autonomic nervous system(ANS)has attracted considerable attention.However,traditional electrocardiogram(ECG)devices for HRV analysis are bulky,and hard wires are needed to attach measuring electrodes to the chest,resulting in the poor wearable experience during the long-term measurement.Compared with that,wearable electronics enabling continuously cardiac signals monitoring and HRV assessment provide a desirable and promising approach for helping subjects determine sleeping issues,cardiovascular diseases,or other threats to physical and mental well-being.Until now,significant progress and advances have been achieved in wearable electronics for HRV monitoring and applications for predicting human physical and mental well-being.In this review,the latest progress in the integration of wearable electronics and HRV analysis as well as practical applications in assessment of human physical and mental health are included.The commonly used methods and physiological signals for HRV analysis are briefly summarized.Furthermore,we highlighted the research on wearable electronics concerning HRV assessment and diverse applications such as stress estimation,drowsiness detection,etc.Lastly,the current limitations of the integrated wearable HRV system are concluded,and possible solutions in such a research direction are outlined.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11927901,12105110,U2032209,12275105)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2020YFE0202002,2022YFA1602103)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.CCNU22QN005)。
文摘The Cooling Storage Ring(CSR)external-target experiment(CEE)will be the first large-scale nuclear physics experiment at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL).A beam monitor has been developed to monitor the beam status and to improve the reconstruction resolution of the primary vertex.Custom-designed pixel charge sensors,named TopmetalCEEv1,are employed in the detector to locate the position of each particle.Readout electronics for the beam monitor were designed,including front-end electronics utilizing the Topmetal-CEEv1 sensors,as well as a readout and control unit that communicates with the DAQ,trigger,and clock systems.A series of tests were performed to validate the functionality and performance of the system,including basic electronic verifications and responses toαparticles and heavy-ion beams.The results show that all designed functions of the readout electronics system work well,and this system could be used for beam monitoring in the CEE experiment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 12222512, 12375193, U2031206, U1831206, and U2032209)the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (GJJSTD20210009)+1 种基金the CAS Pioneer Hundred Talent Programthe CAS Light of West China Program
文摘The Cooling Storage Ring of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL-CSR)was constructed to study nuclear physics,atomic physics,interdisciplinary science,and related applications.The External Target Facility(ETF)is located in the main ring of the HIRFL-CSR.The gamma detector of the ETF is built to measure emitted gamma rays with energies below 5 MeV in the center-of-mass frame and is planned to measure light fragments with energies up to 300 MeV.The readout electronics for the gamma detector were designed and commissioned.The readout electronics consist of thirty-two front-end cards,thirty-two readout control units(RCUs),one common readout unit,one synchronization&clock unit,and one sub-trigger unit.By using the real-time peak-detection algorithm implemented in the RCU,the data volume can be significantly reduced.In addition,trigger logic selection algorithms are implemented to improve the selection of useful events and reduce the data size.The test results show that the integral nonlinearity of the readout electronics is less than 1%,and the energy resolution for measuring the 60 Co source is better than 5.5%.This study discusses the design and performance of the readout electronics.
基金Khalifa University,Abu Dhabi,for the generous support of this researchthe financial support from the Khalifa University Research&Innovation Grant(RIG-2023-005)。
文摘Conjugated polymers(CPs)have emerged as an interesting class of materials in modern electronics and photonics,characterized by their unique delocalizedπ-electron systems that confer high flexibility,tunable electronic properties,and solution processability.These organic polymers present a compelling alternative to traditional inorganic semiconductors,offering the potential for a new generation of optoelectronic devices.This review explores the evolving role of CPs,exploring the molecular design strategies and innovative approaches that enhance their optoelectronic properties.We highlight notable progress toward developing faster,more efficient,and environmentally friendly devices by analyzing recent advancements in CP-based devices,including organic photovoltaics,field-effect transistors,and nonvolatile memories.The integration of CPs in flexible sustainable technologies underscores their potential to revolutionize future electronic and photonic systems.As ongoing research pushes the frontiers of molecular engineering and device architecture,CPs are poised to play an essential role in shaping next-generation technologies that prioritize performance,sustainability,and adaptability.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China under the Grant Nos.12127806 and 62175195the International Joint Research Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies。
文摘High-density interconnect(HDI)soft electronics that can integrate multiple individual functions into one miniaturized monolithic system is promising for applications related to smart healthcare,soft robotics,and human-machine interactions.However,despite the recent advances,the development of three-dimensional(3D)soft electronics with both high resolution and high integration is still challenging because of the lack of efficient manufacturing methods to guarantee interlayer alignment of the high-density vias and reliable interlayer electrical conductivity.Here,an advanced 3D laser printing pathway,based on femtosecond laser direct writing(FLDW),is demonstrated for preparing liquid metal(LM)-based any layer HDI soft electronics.FLDW technology,with the characteristics of high spatial resolution and high precision,allows the maskless fabrication of high-resolution embedded LM microchannels and high-density vertical interconnect accesses for 3D integrated circuits.High-aspect-ratio blind/through LM microstructures are formed inside the elastomer due to the supermetalphobicity induced during laser ablation.The LM-based HDI circuit featuring high resolution(~1.5μm)and high integration(10-layer electrical interconnection)is achieved for customized soft electronics,including various customized multilayer passive electric components,soft multilayer circuit,and cross-scale multimode sensors.The 3D laser printing method provides a versatile approach for developing chip-level soft electronics.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2022J01044)the Digital Twin and Intelligent Transportation Maintenance Engineering Research Centre of Genting Applied Technology R&D Platform at Xiamen City University.
文摘Cu nanoparticles exhibit excellent properties as high-temperature-resistant,conductive,heat-dissipating,and connecting materials.However,their susceptibility to oxidation poses a major challenge to the production of high-quality sintered bodies in the air,severely limiting their widespread adoption in power electronics packaging.This study presents a novel approach to the synthesis of Cu nanoparticles capped with oleylamine ligands.By employing a simple solvent-cleaning process,effective control of the density of oleylamine ligands on particle surfaces was achieved,resulting in high-performance Cu nanoparticles with both oxidation resistance and air-sintering susceptibility.Moreover,through our research,the solvent-cleaning mechanism was clarified,a model for the oleylamine ligand decomposition was developed,the air-sintering behavior of Cu nanoparticles was analyzed,and the impacts of both the sintered bodies and interfaces on the sintering performance were explained.Additionally,Cu nanoparticles subjected to 5 cleaning rounds followed by sintering at 280℃and 5 MPa in air were confirmed to be able to produce the highest shear strength(49.2±3.51 MPa)and lowest resistivity(6.15±0.32μΩ·cm).Based on these results,flexible capacitive pressure sensors with Cu sintered electrodes were fabricated and demonstrated a stable pressure-capacitance response over the temperature range of 25-250℃.These findings underscore the impressive robustness and durability of sintered structures and the potential for high-temperature applications of oleylamine-capped Cu nanoparticles.Our study provides reliable application demonstrations for the low-cost manufacture of high-performance power electronics packaging structures that can operate in high-current-density,high-heat-flow-density,high-temperature,and high-stress environments.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52475610 and 52105593)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LDQ24E050001)+2 种基金the‘Pioneer’and‘Leading Goose’R&D Program of Zhejiang(Grant No.2023C01051)the Leading Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team Project in Zhejiang(Grant No.2022R01001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.226-2024-00085)。
文摘Textiles with electronic components offer a portable and personalized approach for health monitoring and therapy.However,there is a lack of reliable strategy to integrate layered circuits and high-density chips on or inside textiles,which hinders system-level functionality and untethered user experiences.Herein,we propose monolithically integrated textile hybrid electronics(THE)on a textile platform,with multimodal functions and reliable performances.The textile system encompasses flexible electrodes,laser-induced sensors,and surface-mount devices,along with double-layer circuits interconnecting all of them.Vertical conductive paths are rendered by liquid metal composites infiltrated into textiles,which allows resistances less than 0.1?while reserving intact textile structures.The assembled THE exhibits endurance to handwashing and crumpling,as well as bendability.We customize a wireless textile patch for synchronously tracking multiple physiological indicators during exercise.Furthermore,a textile band is elaborated for monitoring and alleviating muscular fatigue,demonstrating potential in closed-loop diagnosis and treatment.
基金Cloud Course of Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture at Super Star Learning(YC240109)。
文摘The present teaching content of the power electronics course is insufficient to cover the power electronics technology used in building electrical engineering.This paper analyzes the relationship between building electrical engineering and power electronics technology,investigates the main power electronics technology used in building electrical engineering,introduces the teaching content of current power electronics course,analyzes the insufficiency of current teaching content related to the practice of electrical engineering,and proposes the principles and directions for the reformation and innovation of the teaching content of the course of power electronics for the major of building electricity and intelligence.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(Grant No.52206165)Key R&D Projects in Sichuan Province(Grant No.2022YFG0219)。
文摘Transient electronics is a versatile tool that finds applications in various fields,including medical biology,environmental protection,and data information security.In the context of data protection,the traditional passive degradation transient mode is being replaced by the active destruction mode,which features a short self-destruction time and provides greater resistance to recovery.This article presents an overview of recent progress in transient electronics,assessing the benefits and suitability of varying transient mechanisms.The article also analyses the influence of transient electronics on military security while emphasizing the advantages of implementing energetic materials.Besides,the article introduces energetic transient devices and evaluates their ability to support the autonomous operation of transient electronic devices.
基金supported by the Youth Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52105594)the Youth Project of the Applied Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province(Grant No.20210302124274)+4 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province(Grant No.202102030201005)the Natural Youth Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(Grant Nos.202103021223005 and 202203021212015)the Fund for Shanxi 1331 Project,the Science and Technology Innovation Plan for Colleges and Universities in Shanxi Province(Grant No.2022L575)the Science and Technology Innovation Project in Higher Schools in Shanxi(Grant No.J2020383)Teaching Reform and Innovation Project of the Education Department of Shanxi Province(Grant No.J20221195).
文摘Flexible pressure sensors show great promise for applications in such fields as electronic skin,healthcare,and intelligent robotics.Traditional capacitive pressure sensors,however,face the problem of low sensitivity,which limits their wider application.In this paper,a flexible capacitive pressure sensor with microstructured ionization layer is fabricated by a sandwich-type process,with a low-cost and simple process of inverted molding with sandpapers being used to form a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer ionic film with double-sided microstructure as the dielectric layer of the sensor,with silver nanowires as electrodes.The operating mechanism of this iontronic pressure sensor is analyzed using a graphical method,and the sensor is tested on a pressure platform.The test results show that the sensor has ultrahigh pressure sensitivities of 3.744 and 1.689 kPa^(−1) at low(0-20 kPa)and high(20-800 kPa)pressures,respectively,as well as a rapid response time(100 ms),and it exhibits good stability and repeatability.The sensor can be used for sensitive monitoring of activities such as finger bending,and for facial expression(smile,frown)recognition,as well as speech recognition.
基金We acknowledge the support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFA1405000)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,Major Project(Grant No.BK20212004)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62374083)the State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science(Grant No.5431ZZXM2205).
文摘Stretchable electronics are crucial enablers for next-generation wearables intimately integrated into the human body.As the primary compliant conductors used in these devices,metallic nanostructure/elastomer composites often struggle to form conformal contact with the textured skin.Hybrid electrodes have been consequently developed based on conductive nanocomposite and soft hydrogels to establish seamless skin-device interfaces.However,chemical modifications are typically needed for reliable bonding,which can alter their original properties.To overcome this limitation,this study presents a facile fabrication approach for mechanically interlocked nanocomposite/hydrogel hybrid electrodes.In this physical process,soft microfoams are thermally laminated on silver nanowire nanocomposites as a porous interface,which forms an interpenetrating network with the hydrogel.The microfoam-enabled bonding strategy is generally compatible with various polymers.The resulting interlocked hybrids have a 28-fold improved interfacial toughness compared to directly stacked hybrids.These electrodes achieve firm attachment to the skin and low contact impedance using tissue-adhesive hydrogels.They have been successfully integrated into an epidermal sleeve to distinguish hand gestures by sensing mus-cle contractions.Interlocked nanocomposite/hydrogel hybrids reported here offer a promising platform to combine the benefits of both materials for epidermal devices and systems.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFA1401100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61825403 and 61921005)。
文摘Stretchable electronics that monitor joint activity and treat diseases based on liquid metal could be used in the development of healthcare applications.Such devices can be seamlessly integrated with human skin.However,most high-precision microstructures and complex patterns are difficult to fabricate due to the limitations of conventional fabrication solutions,resulting in suboptimal performance under practical conditions.Here,a liquid-metal stretchable system utilizing natural leaf veins was reported as microstructures,which was based on a biomimetic concept and utilized an all-solution process for the preparation of complex microstructures.The systems are ultra-high tensile(800%tensile strain),environmentally stable(20 days)and mechanically durable(300-cycle).The system can accurately recognize the wearer's finger bending level as well as simple gesture signals.At the same time,the system acts as a wearable heater,which can realize the fast heating behavior of heating up to 50℃in 3 min under the human body-safe voltage(1.5 V).The tensile stability is demonstrated by the heterogeneous integration of lasers(405 nm)with the system interconnects for a stretchable and wearable light source.
基金the NSF CCSS-2152638 and the IEN Center Grant from the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology at Georgia Tech.
文摘This review summarizes recent progress in developing wireless,batteryless,fully implantable biomedical devices for real-time continuous physiological signal monitoring,focusing on advancing human health care.Design considerations,such as biological constraints,energy sourcing,and wireless communication,are discussed in achieving the desired performance of the devices and enhanced interface with human tissues.In addition,we review the recent achievements in materials used for developing implantable systems,emphasizing their importance in achieving multi-functionalities,biocompatibility,and hemocompatibility.The wireless,batteryless devices offer minimally invasive device insertion to the body,enabling portable health monitoring and advanced disease diagnosis.Lastly,we summarize the most recent practical applications of advanced implantable devices for human health care,highlighting their potential for immediate commercialization and clinical uses.
