The incidence of large bone defects caused by traumatic injury is increasing worldwide,and the tissue regeneration process requires a long recovery time due to limited self-healing capability.Endogenous bioelectrical ...The incidence of large bone defects caused by traumatic injury is increasing worldwide,and the tissue regeneration process requires a long recovery time due to limited self-healing capability.Endogenous bioelectrical phenomena have been well recognized as critical biophysical factors in bone remodeling and regeneration.Inspired by bioelectricity,electrical stimulation has been widely considered an external intervention to induce the osteogenic lineage of cells and enhance the synthesis of the extracellular matrix,thereby accelerating bone regeneration.With ongoing advances in biomaterials and energy-harvesting techniques,electroactive biomaterials and self-powered systems have been considered biomimetic approaches to ensure functional recovery by recapitulating the natural electrophysiological microenvironment of healthy bone tissue.In this review,we first introduce the role of bioelectricity and the endogenous electric field in bone tissue and summarize different techniques to electrically stimulate cells and tissue.Next,we highlight the latest progress in exploring electroactive hybrid biomaterials as well as self-powered systems such as triboelectric and piezoelectric-based nanogenerators and photovoltaic cell-based devices and their implementation in bone tissue engineering.Finally,we emphasize the significance of simulating the target tissue’s electrophysiological microenvironment and propose the opportunities and challenges faced by electroactive hybrid biomaterials and self-powered bioelectronics for bone repair strategies.展开更多
The development of actuators based on ionic polymers as soft robotics,artificial muscles,and sensors is currently considered one of the most urgent topics.They are lightweight materials,in addition to their high effic...The development of actuators based on ionic polymers as soft robotics,artificial muscles,and sensors is currently considered one of the most urgent topics.They are lightweight materials,in addition to their high efficiency,and they can be controlled by a low power source.Nevertheless,the most popular ionic polymers are derived from fossil-based resources.Hence,it is now deemed crucial to produce these actuators using sustainable materials.In this review,the use of ionic polymeric materials as actuators is reviewed through the emphasis on their role in the domain of renewablematerials.The reviewencompasses recent advancements inmaterial formulation and performance enhancement,alongside a comparative analysis with conventional actuator systems.It was found that renewable polymeric actuators based on ionic gels and conductive polymers are easier to prepare compared to ionic polymermetal composites.In addition,the proportion of actuator manufacturing utilizing renewable materials rose to 90%,particularly for ion gel actuators,which was related to the possibility of using renewable polymers as ionic or conductive substances.Moreover,the possible improvements in biopolymeric actuators will experience an annual rise of at least 10%over the next decade,correlating with the growth of their market,which aligns with the worldwide goal of reducing global warming.Additionally,compared to fossil-derived polymers,the decomposition rate of renewable materials reaches 100%,while biodegradable fossil-based substances can exceed 60%within several weeks.Ultimately,this review aims to elucidate the potential of ionic polymeric materials as a viable and sustainable solution for future actuator technologies.展开更多
We developed a strategy involving an electroactive biofiltration dynamic membrane(EBDM)for wastewater treatment and membrane fouling mitigation.This approach utilizes a cathode potential within an anaerobic dynamic me...We developed a strategy involving an electroactive biofiltration dynamic membrane(EBDM)for wastewater treatment and membrane fouling mitigation.This approach utilizes a cathode potential within an anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor to establish a growth equilibrium electroactive fouling layer.Over a 240 day operation period,the EBDM exhibited outstanding performance,characterized by an ultralow fouling rate(transmembrane pressure<2.5 kPa),superior effluent quality(chemical oxygen demand(COD)removal>93%and turbidity 2 nephelometric turbidity units(NTU)),and a 7.2%increase in methane(CH4)productivity.Morphological analysis revealed that the EBDM acted as a biofilter consisting of a structured,interconnected,multilevel dynamic membrane system with orderly clogging.In the EBDM system,the balanced-growth fouling layers presented fewer biofoulants and looser secondary protein structures.Furthermore,the applied electric field modified the physicochemical properties of the biomass,leading to a decrease in fouling potential.Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring analysis indicated that growth equilibrium promoted a looser fouling layer with a lower adsorption mass than did the denser,viscoelastic fouling layer observed in the control reactor.Metagenomic sequencing further demonstrated that continuous electrical stimulation encouraged the development of an electroactive fouling layer with enhanced microbial metabolic functionality on the EBDM.This approach selectively modifies metabolic pathways and increases the degradation of foulants.The EBDM strategy successfully established an ordered-clogging,step-filtered,and balanced-growth electroactive fouling layer,achieving a synergistic effect in reducing membrane fouling,enhancing effluent quality,and improving CH_(4)productivity.展开更多
The diffusion coefficients(Dapp) and the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants(ks)for ferrocene and its seven derivatives in MPEG/LiClO4 electrolyte were determined by using steadystate voltammetry. The two p...The diffusion coefficients(Dapp) and the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants(ks)for ferrocene and its seven derivatives in MPEG/LiClO4 electrolyte were determined by using steadystate voltammetry. The two parameters increase with increasing temperature, indicating Arrhenius behavior. The effects of the nature of electroactive solute molecules on Dapp, ks, and the half-wave potentials(E1/2) are discussed.展开更多
Global climate change,growing population,and environmental pollution underscore the need for a greater focus on providing advanced water treatment technologies.Although electrochemical basedprocesses are becoming prom...Global climate change,growing population,and environmental pollution underscore the need for a greater focus on providing advanced water treatment technologies.Although electrochemical basedprocesses are becoming promising solutions,they still face challenges owing to mass transport and upscaling which hinder the exploitation of this technology.Electrode design and reactor configuration are key factors for achieving operational improvements.The electroactive membrane has proven to be a breakthrough technology integrating electrochemistry and membrane separation with an enhanced mass transport by convection.In this review article,we discuss recent progress in environmental applications of electroactive membranes with particular focus on those composed of carbon nanotubes(CNT)due to their intriguing physicochemical prope rties.Their applications in degradation of refractory contaminants,detoxification and sequestration of toxic heavy metal ions,and membrane fouling alleviations are systematically reviewed.We then discuss the existing limitations and opportunities for future research.The development of advanced electroactive systems depends on interdisciplinary collaborations in the areas of materials,electrochemistry,membrane development,and environmental sciences.展开更多
Electroactive shape memory composites were synthesized using polybutadiene epoxy （PBEP） and bisphenol A type cyanate ester （BACE） filled with different contents of carbon black （CB）. Dynamic mechanical analysis ...Electroactive shape memory composites were synthesized using polybutadiene epoxy （PBEP） and bisphenol A type cyanate ester （BACE） filled with different contents of carbon black （CB）. Dynamic mechanical analysis （DMA）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, electrical performance and electroactive shape memory behavior were systematically investigated. It is found that the volume resistivity decreased due to excellent electrical conductivity of CB, in turn resulting in good electroactive shape memory properties. The content of CB and applied voltage had significant influence on electroactive shape memory effect of developed BACE/PBEP/CB composites. Shape recovery can be observed within a few seconds with the CB content of 5 wt% and voltage of 60 V. Shape recovery time decreased with increasing content of CB and voltage. The infrared thermometer revealed that the temperature rises above the glass transition temperature faster with the increase of voltage and the decrease of resistance.展开更多
This paper studies wave propagation in a soft electroactive cylinder with an under- lying finite deformation in the presence of an electric biasing field. Based on a recently proposed nonlinear framework for electroel...This paper studies wave propagation in a soft electroactive cylinder with an under- lying finite deformation in the presence of an electric biasing field. Based on a recently proposed nonlinear framework for electroelastieity and the associated linear incremental theory, the basic equations governing the axisymmetric wave motion in the cylinder, which is subjected to homo- geneous pre-stretches and pre-existing axial electric displacement, are presented when the elec- troactive material is isotropic and incompressible. Exact wave solution is then derived in terms of （modified） Bessel functions. For a prototype model of nonlinear electroactive material, illus- trative numerical results are given. It is shown that the effect of pre-stretch and electric biasing field could be significant on the wave propagation characteristics.展开更多
The diffusion coefficients(Dapp) and the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants(ks)for ferrocene in several polymer solvents were determined by using steady-stae voltammetry. Thetemperature dependence of the t...The diffusion coefficients(Dapp) and the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants(ks)for ferrocene in several polymer solvents were determined by using steady-stae voltammetry. Thetemperature dependence of the two parameters indicates Arrhenius behavior. The polymer solventeffects on diffusion and electron transfer dynamics of ferrocene were discussed展开更多
The present paper describes experiments aimed at delineating significant chemical characteristics of electrochemical reactions in polymeric solutions, including how rigid solvent environments affect mass transport rat...The present paper describes experiments aimed at delineating significant chemical characteristics of electrochemical reactions in polymeric solutions, including how rigid solvent environments affect mass transport rates, and also discusses the possibility that the microelectrode coated with poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO) film can be used as gas sensor.展开更多
Photoelectrochemical and electrochemical reduction of CO_2 into organic chemicals is promising for directly or indirectly transforming solar energy into chemical energy for further utilization. However,research on the...Photoelectrochemical and electrochemical reduction of CO_2 into organic chemicals is promising for directly or indirectly transforming solar energy into chemical energy for further utilization. However,research on the electroactive species in these processes has been rather limited. In this work, we investigated possible electroactive species(CO_2 or HCO_3~– ) involved in the electrochemical reduction of KHCO_3 at elevated temperatures without CO_2 bubbling. The results showed that CO, CH_4, and C_2H_4 were produced after electrochemical reduction of 3.0 mol/L KHCO_3 at elevated temperature on a Cu electrode even without CO_2 bubbling, although their faradaic efficiencies were low(< 6 %). Measurements for CO_2 generation from the decomposition of HCO_3~– showed that elevated temperature and high HCO_3~– concentration strongly promoted this process. These results suggested that the in-situ produced CO_2 from the decomposition of HCO_3~– was probably the electroactive species in the electrochemical reduction of HCO_3~– without CO_2 bubbling. Changes of the Gibbs free energy, rate constant, and activation energy of the decomposition of HCO_3~– into CO_2 were also investigated and calculated from the experimental data.展开更多
We theoretically study the indentation response of a compressible soft electroactive material by a rigid punch. The half-space material is assumed to be initially subjected to a finite deformation and an electric bias...We theoretically study the indentation response of a compressible soft electroactive material by a rigid punch. The half-space material is assumed to be initially subjected to a finite deformation and an electric biasing field. By adopting the linearized theory for incremental fields, which is established on the basis of a general nonlinear theory for electroelasticity, the appropriate equations governing the perturbed infinitesimal elastic and electric fields are derived particularly when the material is subjected to a uniform equibiaxial stretch and a uniform electric displacement. A general solution to the governing equations is presented, which is concisely expressed in terms of four quasi-harmonic functions. By adopting the potential theory method, exact contact solutions for three common perfectly conducting rigid indenters of fiat-ended circular, conical and spherical geometries can be derived, and some explicit relations that are of practical importance are outlined.展开更多
The simplification of localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR) detection can further promote the development of optical biosensing application in point-of-care testing. In this study, we proposed a simple light emitt...The simplification of localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR) detection can further promote the development of optical biosensing application in point-of-care testing. In this study, we proposed a simple light emitting diode(LED) based single-wavelength LSPR sensor modulated with bio-electron transfers for the detection of electroactive biomolecules. Indium tin oxide electrode loaded with nanocomposites of polyaniline coated gold nanorod was used as LSPR chip, and the applied electric potential was scanned at the LSPR chip for single-wavelength LSPR biosensing. Under the scanning of applied potentials, biological electron transfer of redox reaction was employed to demonstrate the bioelectronic modulation of single-wavelength LSPR for selective electroactive biomolecule detection. Without any additional recognition material, electroactive biomolecules uric acid and dopamine were detected directly with a sensitivity of 5.05 μmol/L and 7.11 μmol/L at their specific oxidation potentials, respectively. With the simplified optical configuration and selective bioelectronic modulation, the single-wavelength LSPR sensor is promising for the development of simple, low-cost, and high specificity optical biosensor for point-of-care testing of electroactive biomolecules.展开更多
Among the inherent drawbacks of conducting polymers are the limited processibility, uneven polydispersity inmolecular weigh and the existence of structure defects, which become the obstacles for many electronic, optic...Among the inherent drawbacks of conducting polymers are the limited processibility, uneven polydispersity inmolecular weigh and the existence of structure defects, which become the obstacles for many electronic, optical andbiological applications that demand the materials to have well-defined structures and high chemical purity. To solve theseproblems, our research in the last decade or so has focused on the synthesis of electroactive oligomers of well-definedstructures, controllable molecular weighs, narrow or uniform polydispersity. We have developed a general strategy for thesynthesis of such oligomers based on the theory of non-classical or reactivation chain polymerization. The aniline oligomerswith minimum 4 nitrogen atoms and 3 phenylene rings exhibit similar characteristic redox behavior and electroactivity aspolyaniline. Electronic conductivity of the oligomers of 7 or 8 aniline units approaches that of polyaniline. Solubility of theoligomers is much improved over that of conventional polyaniline. Various functional groups can be introduced into theoligomers either by proper selection of starting materials or by post-synthesis modifications via common organic reactions.The functionalized oligomers undergo further polymerizations to afford a variety of new electroactive materials, includingpolyamides, polyimides, polyureas, polyurethanes, polyacrylamides and epoxy polymers. Numerous potential applications,particularly as anticorrosion materials, are discussed for the oligomers and their polymeric derivatives.展开更多
Soft electroactive materials(SEAMs)with large elastic deformation capacity as well as excellent electromechanical coupling characteristic have attracted increasing attention in the fields of mechanics and related engi...Soft electroactive materials(SEAMs)with large elastic deformation capacity as well as excellent electromechanical coupling characteristic have attracted increasing attention in the fields of mechanics and related engineering disciplines.Based on the nonlinear theory of electroelasticity and its linearized version for incremental fields,we derive the state-space formulations for small-amplitude free vibrations of an SEAM circular plate under large predeformation due to static biasing fields.An exact three-dimensional solution is then obtained by adopting the finite Hankel transform for the plate with an elastic simple support at the circular boundary.The exact solution for an isotropic linear elastic circular plate can be obtained as a particular and degenerated case.The model of generalized neo-Hookean compressible material is considered in numerical simulations.It is found that the natural frequency,while depending on the intrinsic parameters of the plate(e.g.,initial thickness and electromechanical coupling coefficients),can be controlled effectively by the extrinsic factors(e.g.,pre-stretch and biasing electric displacement).Results further indicate that Euler’s instability will occur under a certain combination of the biasing electric displacement and pre-stretch,which should be of practical importance when one intends to tune the dynamic characteristics of a plate by means of external loading.展开更多
Nowadays,with the rapid development of wearable devices,more and more electroactive soft materials have approached to the scene view of human and flexible polymer materials are the most widely studied in this field[1-...Nowadays,with the rapid development of wearable devices,more and more electroactive soft materials have approached to the scene view of human and flexible polymer materials are the most widely studied in this field[1-5].These materials can be applied in soft robotics,sensors,batteries and so on[6-8].However,flexible polymer materials have some drawbacks.For example,as the most common flexible ionic conductors,hydrogels cannot bear extreme temperatures and they have terrible stability in air environment.These flaws result in their short service life.And the classical dielectric materials VHB need high driving voltage,so there is a strong risk in applications[9-10].Therefore,existing flexible polymer materials cannot be large-scale used.展开更多
The ditheion coefficients(Dapp) and the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constan(ks)for ferrocene in MPEG/salt electrolytes were determined by using Steady-stae voltammetry. The temperature dependence of the two p...The ditheion coefficients(Dapp) and the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constan(ks)for ferrocene in MPEG/salt electrolytes were determined by using Steady-stae voltammetry. The temperature dependence of the two parameters obeys the Arrhenius equstion. The effect of the ionic size of sir supporting electrolytes on diffusion and electron transfer dynamics of fermcene was discussed展开更多
Nanomaterials with electroactive properties have taken a big leap for tissue repair and regeneration due to their unique physiochemical properties and biocompatibility.MXenes,an emerging class of electroactive materia...Nanomaterials with electroactive properties have taken a big leap for tissue repair and regeneration due to their unique physiochemical properties and biocompatibility.MXenes,an emerging class of electroactive materials have generated considerable interest for their biomedical applications from bench to bedside.Recently,the application of these two-dimensional wonder materials have been extensively investigated in the areas of bio-sensors,bioimaging and repair of electroactive organs,owing to their outstanding electromechanical properties,photothermal capabilities,hydrophilicity,and flexibility.The currently available data reports that there is sig-nificant potential to employ MXene nanomaterials for repair,regeneration and functioning of electroactive tis-sues and organs such as brain,spinal cord,heart,bone,skeletal muscle and skin.The current review is the first report that compiles the most recent advances in the application of MXenes in bioelectronics and the develop-ment of biomimetic scaffolds for repair,regeneration and functioning of electroactive tissues and organs including heart,nervous system,skin,bone and skeletal muscle.The content in this article focuses on unique features of MXenes,synthesis process,with emphasis on MXene-based electroactive tissue engineering con-structs,biosensors and wearable biointerfaces.Additionally,a section on the future of MXenes is presented with a focus on the clinical applications of MXenes.展开更多
Bacterial infection presents formidable challenges that frequently culminate in the malfunction of metal implants.Traditional surface treatment methods struggle to effectively achieve controllable management of bacter...Bacterial infection presents formidable challenges that frequently culminate in the malfunction of metal implants.Traditional surface treatment methods struggle to effectively achieve controllable management of bacterial infections associated with metal implants.To effectively enhance the antibacterial capabilities and preventing bacterial adhesion,electroactive materials have emerged as a groundbreaking strategy for surface modification of metal.By responding to external signals,the electroactive materials can improve antibacterial properties and resistance to bacterial adhesion on the implant surface through harnessing the electrostatic interaction of charges,ion release,oxidation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),electron transfer,and the involvement of cellular immunity.This review delves into the principles of how electroactive materials confer implants with antibacterial properties and antibacterial adhesion,while also summarizing the latest research breakthroughs in their application for surface modification.These strategies successfully strike a balance between the antibacterial and the antimicrobial performance of the implant surface.Lastly,the review examines the limitations and ongoing challenges faced by electroactive material modification technology in implant applications,and sketches out the future trajectory and potential innovative avenues in this promising field.展开更多
Microcarrier applications have made great advances in tissue engineering in recent years, which can load cells,drugs, and bioactive factors. These microcarriers can be minimally injected into the defect to help recons...Microcarrier applications have made great advances in tissue engineering in recent years, which can load cells,drugs, and bioactive factors. These microcarriers can be minimally injected into the defect to help reconstruct agood microenvironment for tissue repair. In order to achieve more ideal performance and face more complextissue damage, an increasing amount of effort has been focused on microcarriers that can actively respond toexternal stimuli. These microcarriers have the functions of directional movement, targeted enrichment, materialrelease control, and providing signals conducive to tissue repair. Given the high controllability and designabilityof magnetic and electroactive microcarriers, the research progress of these microcarriers is highlighted in thisreview. Their structure, function and applications, potential tissue repair mechanisms, and challenges are discussed.In summary, through the design with clinical translation ability, meaningful and comprehensiveexperimental characterization, and in-depth study and application of tissue repair mechanisms, stimuliresponsivemicrocarriers have great potential in tissue repair.展开更多
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52205593)Shaanxi Natural Science Foundation Project(2024JC-YBMS-711).
文摘The incidence of large bone defects caused by traumatic injury is increasing worldwide,and the tissue regeneration process requires a long recovery time due to limited self-healing capability.Endogenous bioelectrical phenomena have been well recognized as critical biophysical factors in bone remodeling and regeneration.Inspired by bioelectricity,electrical stimulation has been widely considered an external intervention to induce the osteogenic lineage of cells and enhance the synthesis of the extracellular matrix,thereby accelerating bone regeneration.With ongoing advances in biomaterials and energy-harvesting techniques,electroactive biomaterials and self-powered systems have been considered biomimetic approaches to ensure functional recovery by recapitulating the natural electrophysiological microenvironment of healthy bone tissue.In this review,we first introduce the role of bioelectricity and the endogenous electric field in bone tissue and summarize different techniques to electrically stimulate cells and tissue.Next,we highlight the latest progress in exploring electroactive hybrid biomaterials as well as self-powered systems such as triboelectric and piezoelectric-based nanogenerators and photovoltaic cell-based devices and their implementation in bone tissue engineering.Finally,we emphasize the significance of simulating the target tissue’s electrophysiological microenvironment and propose the opportunities and challenges faced by electroactive hybrid biomaterials and self-powered bioelectronics for bone repair strategies.
基金funded by the Russian Science Foundation(RSF),grantNo.24-23-00558,https://rscf.ru/en/project/24-23-00558/(accessed on 04 February 2025).
文摘The development of actuators based on ionic polymers as soft robotics,artificial muscles,and sensors is currently considered one of the most urgent topics.They are lightweight materials,in addition to their high efficiency,and they can be controlled by a low power source.Nevertheless,the most popular ionic polymers are derived from fossil-based resources.Hence,it is now deemed crucial to produce these actuators using sustainable materials.In this review,the use of ionic polymeric materials as actuators is reviewed through the emphasis on their role in the domain of renewablematerials.The reviewencompasses recent advancements inmaterial formulation and performance enhancement,alongside a comparative analysis with conventional actuator systems.It was found that renewable polymeric actuators based on ionic gels and conductive polymers are easier to prepare compared to ionic polymermetal composites.In addition,the proportion of actuator manufacturing utilizing renewable materials rose to 90%,particularly for ion gel actuators,which was related to the possibility of using renewable polymers as ionic or conductive substances.Moreover,the possible improvements in biopolymeric actuators will experience an annual rise of at least 10%over the next decade,correlating with the growth of their market,which aligns with the worldwide goal of reducing global warming.Additionally,compared to fossil-derived polymers,the decomposition rate of renewable materials reaches 100%,while biodegradable fossil-based substances can exceed 60%within several weeks.Ultimately,this review aims to elucidate the potential of ionic polymeric materials as a viable and sustainable solution for future actuator technologies.
基金Financial support by Natural Science Foundation of China(52430001)is acknowledged.
文摘We developed a strategy involving an electroactive biofiltration dynamic membrane(EBDM)for wastewater treatment and membrane fouling mitigation.This approach utilizes a cathode potential within an anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor to establish a growth equilibrium electroactive fouling layer.Over a 240 day operation period,the EBDM exhibited outstanding performance,characterized by an ultralow fouling rate(transmembrane pressure<2.5 kPa),superior effluent quality(chemical oxygen demand(COD)removal>93%and turbidity 2 nephelometric turbidity units(NTU)),and a 7.2%increase in methane(CH4)productivity.Morphological analysis revealed that the EBDM acted as a biofilter consisting of a structured,interconnected,multilevel dynamic membrane system with orderly clogging.In the EBDM system,the balanced-growth fouling layers presented fewer biofoulants and looser secondary protein structures.Furthermore,the applied electric field modified the physicochemical properties of the biomass,leading to a decrease in fouling potential.Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring analysis indicated that growth equilibrium promoted a looser fouling layer with a lower adsorption mass than did the denser,viscoelastic fouling layer observed in the control reactor.Metagenomic sequencing further demonstrated that continuous electrical stimulation encouraged the development of an electroactive fouling layer with enhanced microbial metabolic functionality on the EBDM.This approach selectively modifies metabolic pathways and increases the degradation of foulants.The EBDM strategy successfully established an ordered-clogging,step-filtered,and balanced-growth electroactive fouling layer,achieving a synergistic effect in reducing membrane fouling,enhancing effluent quality,and improving CH_(4)productivity.
文摘The diffusion coefficients(Dapp) and the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants(ks)for ferrocene and its seven derivatives in MPEG/LiClO4 electrolyte were determined by using steadystate voltammetry. The two parameters increase with increasing temperature, indicating Arrhenius behavior. The effects of the nature of electroactive solute molecules on Dapp, ks, and the half-wave potentials(E1/2) are discussed.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai,China(No.18ZR1401000)the Shanghai Pujiang Program(No.18PJ1400400)Donghua University for the start-up grant(No.113-07-005710)。
文摘Global climate change,growing population,and environmental pollution underscore the need for a greater focus on providing advanced water treatment technologies.Although electrochemical basedprocesses are becoming promising solutions,they still face challenges owing to mass transport and upscaling which hinder the exploitation of this technology.Electrode design and reactor configuration are key factors for achieving operational improvements.The electroactive membrane has proven to be a breakthrough technology integrating electrochemistry and membrane separation with an enhanced mass transport by convection.In this review article,we discuss recent progress in environmental applications of electroactive membranes with particular focus on those composed of carbon nanotubes(CNT)due to their intriguing physicochemical prope rties.Their applications in degradation of refractory contaminants,detoxification and sequestration of toxic heavy metal ions,and membrane fouling alleviations are systematically reviewed.We then discuss the existing limitations and opportunities for future research.The development of advanced electroactive systems depends on interdisciplinary collaborations in the areas of materials,electrochemistry,membrane development,and environmental sciences.
文摘Electroactive shape memory composites were synthesized using polybutadiene epoxy （PBEP） and bisphenol A type cyanate ester （BACE） filled with different contents of carbon black （CB）. Dynamic mechanical analysis （DMA）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, electrical performance and electroactive shape memory behavior were systematically investigated. It is found that the volume resistivity decreased due to excellent electrical conductivity of CB, in turn resulting in good electroactive shape memory properties. The content of CB and applied voltage had significant influence on electroactive shape memory effect of developed BACE/PBEP/CB composites. Shape recovery can be observed within a few seconds with the CB content of 5 wt% and voltage of 60 V. Shape recovery time decreased with increasing content of CB and voltage. The infrared thermometer revealed that the temperature rises above the glass transition temperature faster with the increase of voltage and the decrease of resistance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 10832009 and 11090333)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities (No. 2011XZZX002)
文摘This paper studies wave propagation in a soft electroactive cylinder with an under- lying finite deformation in the presence of an electric biasing field. Based on a recently proposed nonlinear framework for electroelastieity and the associated linear incremental theory, the basic equations governing the axisymmetric wave motion in the cylinder, which is subjected to homo- geneous pre-stretches and pre-existing axial electric displacement, are presented when the elec- troactive material is isotropic and incompressible. Exact wave solution is then derived in terms of （modified） Bessel functions. For a prototype model of nonlinear electroactive material, illus- trative numerical results are given. It is shown that the effect of pre-stretch and electric biasing field could be significant on the wave propagation characteristics.
文摘The diffusion coefficients(Dapp) and the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants(ks)for ferrocene in several polymer solvents were determined by using steady-stae voltammetry. Thetemperature dependence of the two parameters indicates Arrhenius behavior. The polymer solventeffects on diffusion and electron transfer dynamics of ferrocene were discussed
文摘The present paper describes experiments aimed at delineating significant chemical characteristics of electrochemical reactions in polymeric solutions, including how rigid solvent environments affect mass transport rates, and also discusses the possibility that the microelectrode coated with poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO) film can be used as gas sensor.
文摘Photoelectrochemical and electrochemical reduction of CO_2 into organic chemicals is promising for directly or indirectly transforming solar energy into chemical energy for further utilization. However,research on the electroactive species in these processes has been rather limited. In this work, we investigated possible electroactive species(CO_2 or HCO_3~– ) involved in the electrochemical reduction of KHCO_3 at elevated temperatures without CO_2 bubbling. The results showed that CO, CH_4, and C_2H_4 were produced after electrochemical reduction of 3.0 mol/L KHCO_3 at elevated temperature on a Cu electrode even without CO_2 bubbling, although their faradaic efficiencies were low(< 6 %). Measurements for CO_2 generation from the decomposition of HCO_3~– showed that elevated temperature and high HCO_3~– concentration strongly promoted this process. These results suggested that the in-situ produced CO_2 from the decomposition of HCO_3~– was probably the electroactive species in the electrochemical reduction of HCO_3~– without CO_2 bubbling. Changes of the Gibbs free energy, rate constant, and activation energy of the decomposition of HCO_3~– into CO_2 were also investigated and calculated from the experimental data.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10832009 and 11090333)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(2011XZZX002)
文摘We theoretically study the indentation response of a compressible soft electroactive material by a rigid punch. The half-space material is assumed to be initially subjected to a finite deformation and an electric biasing field. By adopting the linearized theory for incremental fields, which is established on the basis of a general nonlinear theory for electroelasticity, the appropriate equations governing the perturbed infinitesimal elastic and electric fields are derived particularly when the material is subjected to a uniform equibiaxial stretch and a uniform electric displacement. A general solution to the governing equations is presented, which is concisely expressed in terms of four quasi-harmonic functions. By adopting the potential theory method, exact contact solutions for three common perfectly conducting rigid indenters of fiat-ended circular, conical and spherical geometries can be derived, and some explicit relations that are of practical importance are outlined.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81971703, 81801793, 31671007)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Nos. 2018M630677, 2019T120518)+3 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program (No. 2018YFC1707701)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. LZ18C100001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Nos. 2021QNA5018, 2021FZZX002-05)the Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Management of Fujian Province of China。
文摘The simplification of localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR) detection can further promote the development of optical biosensing application in point-of-care testing. In this study, we proposed a simple light emitting diode(LED) based single-wavelength LSPR sensor modulated with bio-electron transfers for the detection of electroactive biomolecules. Indium tin oxide electrode loaded with nanocomposites of polyaniline coated gold nanorod was used as LSPR chip, and the applied electric potential was scanned at the LSPR chip for single-wavelength LSPR biosensing. Under the scanning of applied potentials, biological electron transfer of redox reaction was employed to demonstrate the bioelectronic modulation of single-wavelength LSPR for selective electroactive biomolecule detection. Without any additional recognition material, electroactive biomolecules uric acid and dopamine were detected directly with a sensitivity of 5.05 μmol/L and 7.11 μmol/L at their specific oxidation potentials, respectively. With the simplified optical configuration and selective bioelectronic modulation, the single-wavelength LSPR sensor is promising for the development of simple, low-cost, and high specificity optical biosensor for point-of-care testing of electroactive biomolecules.
文摘Among the inherent drawbacks of conducting polymers are the limited processibility, uneven polydispersity inmolecular weigh and the existence of structure defects, which become the obstacles for many electronic, optical andbiological applications that demand the materials to have well-defined structures and high chemical purity. To solve theseproblems, our research in the last decade or so has focused on the synthesis of electroactive oligomers of well-definedstructures, controllable molecular weighs, narrow or uniform polydispersity. We have developed a general strategy for thesynthesis of such oligomers based on the theory of non-classical or reactivation chain polymerization. The aniline oligomerswith minimum 4 nitrogen atoms and 3 phenylene rings exhibit similar characteristic redox behavior and electroactivity aspolyaniline. Electronic conductivity of the oligomers of 7 or 8 aniline units approaches that of polyaniline. Solubility of theoligomers is much improved over that of conventional polyaniline. Various functional groups can be introduced into theoligomers either by proper selection of starting materials or by post-synthesis modifications via common organic reactions.The functionalized oligomers undergo further polymerizations to afford a variety of new electroactive materials, includingpolyamides, polyimides, polyureas, polyurethanes, polyacrylamides and epoxy polymers. Numerous potential applications,particularly as anticorrosion materials, are discussed for the oligomers and their polymeric derivatives.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11872329 and 11621062).
文摘Soft electroactive materials(SEAMs)with large elastic deformation capacity as well as excellent electromechanical coupling characteristic have attracted increasing attention in the fields of mechanics and related engineering disciplines.Based on the nonlinear theory of electroelasticity and its linearized version for incremental fields,we derive the state-space formulations for small-amplitude free vibrations of an SEAM circular plate under large predeformation due to static biasing fields.An exact three-dimensional solution is then obtained by adopting the finite Hankel transform for the plate with an elastic simple support at the circular boundary.The exact solution for an isotropic linear elastic circular plate can be obtained as a particular and degenerated case.The model of generalized neo-Hookean compressible material is considered in numerical simulations.It is found that the natural frequency,while depending on the intrinsic parameters of the plate(e.g.,initial thickness and electromechanical coupling coefficients),can be controlled effectively by the extrinsic factors(e.g.,pre-stretch and biasing electric displacement).Results further indicate that Euler’s instability will occur under a certain combination of the biasing electric displacement and pre-stretch,which should be of practical importance when one intends to tune the dynamic characteristics of a plate by means of external loading.
文摘Nowadays,with the rapid development of wearable devices,more and more electroactive soft materials have approached to the scene view of human and flexible polymer materials are the most widely studied in this field[1-5].These materials can be applied in soft robotics,sensors,batteries and so on[6-8].However,flexible polymer materials have some drawbacks.For example,as the most common flexible ionic conductors,hydrogels cannot bear extreme temperatures and they have terrible stability in air environment.These flaws result in their short service life.And the classical dielectric materials VHB need high driving voltage,so there is a strong risk in applications[9-10].Therefore,existing flexible polymer materials cannot be large-scale used.
文摘The ditheion coefficients(Dapp) and the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constan(ks)for ferrocene in MPEG/salt electrolytes were determined by using Steady-stae voltammetry. The temperature dependence of the two parameters obeys the Arrhenius equstion. The effect of the ionic size of sir supporting electrolytes on diffusion and electron transfer dynamics of fermcene was discussed
基金supported by funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research(CIHR#PJT178254)Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC,RGPIN-2021-03951)to Dr.Sanjiv Dhingrasupport from the European Union’s Horizon Europe program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No.101086184(MX-MAP).
文摘Nanomaterials with electroactive properties have taken a big leap for tissue repair and regeneration due to their unique physiochemical properties and biocompatibility.MXenes,an emerging class of electroactive materials have generated considerable interest for their biomedical applications from bench to bedside.Recently,the application of these two-dimensional wonder materials have been extensively investigated in the areas of bio-sensors,bioimaging and repair of electroactive organs,owing to their outstanding electromechanical properties,photothermal capabilities,hydrophilicity,and flexibility.The currently available data reports that there is sig-nificant potential to employ MXene nanomaterials for repair,regeneration and functioning of electroactive tis-sues and organs such as brain,spinal cord,heart,bone,skeletal muscle and skin.The current review is the first report that compiles the most recent advances in the application of MXenes in bioelectronics and the develop-ment of biomimetic scaffolds for repair,regeneration and functioning of electroactive tissues and organs including heart,nervous system,skin,bone and skeletal muscle.The content in this article focuses on unique features of MXenes,synthesis process,with emphasis on MXene-based electroactive tissue engineering con-structs,biosensors and wearable biointerfaces.Additionally,a section on the future of MXenes is presented with a focus on the clinical applications of MXenes.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2022YFC2406000 and 2021YFC2400402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52101285,51932002,U21A2055 and U22A20160)
文摘Bacterial infection presents formidable challenges that frequently culminate in the malfunction of metal implants.Traditional surface treatment methods struggle to effectively achieve controllable management of bacterial infections associated with metal implants.To effectively enhance the antibacterial capabilities and preventing bacterial adhesion,electroactive materials have emerged as a groundbreaking strategy for surface modification of metal.By responding to external signals,the electroactive materials can improve antibacterial properties and resistance to bacterial adhesion on the implant surface through harnessing the electrostatic interaction of charges,ion release,oxidation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),electron transfer,and the involvement of cellular immunity.This review delves into the principles of how electroactive materials confer implants with antibacterial properties and antibacterial adhesion,while also summarizing the latest research breakthroughs in their application for surface modification.These strategies successfully strike a balance between the antibacterial and the antimicrobial performance of the implant surface.Lastly,the review examines the limitations and ongoing challenges faced by electroactive material modification technology in implant applications,and sketches out the future trajectory and potential innovative avenues in this promising field.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52273119,51973018)Key Research and Development Projects of People’s Liberation Army(BWS17J036)Beijing Science and Technology Project(Z191100002019017).
文摘Microcarrier applications have made great advances in tissue engineering in recent years, which can load cells,drugs, and bioactive factors. These microcarriers can be minimally injected into the defect to help reconstruct agood microenvironment for tissue repair. In order to achieve more ideal performance and face more complextissue damage, an increasing amount of effort has been focused on microcarriers that can actively respond toexternal stimuli. These microcarriers have the functions of directional movement, targeted enrichment, materialrelease control, and providing signals conducive to tissue repair. Given the high controllability and designabilityof magnetic and electroactive microcarriers, the research progress of these microcarriers is highlighted in thisreview. Their structure, function and applications, potential tissue repair mechanisms, and challenges are discussed.In summary, through the design with clinical translation ability, meaningful and comprehensiveexperimental characterization, and in-depth study and application of tissue repair mechanisms, stimuliresponsivemicrocarriers have great potential in tissue repair.
