The dual system capable of solar-driven interfacial steam production and all-weather hydropower generation is emerging as a potential way to alleviate freshwater shortage and energy crisis.However,the intrinsic mechan...The dual system capable of solar-driven interfacial steam production and all-weather hydropower generation is emerging as a potential way to alleviate freshwater shortage and energy crisis.However,the intrinsic mechanism of hydroelectricity generation powered by the interaction between seawater and material structure is vague,and it remains challenging to develop dual-functional evaporators with high photothermal conversion efficiency and ionic selectivity.Herein,an all-weather dual-function evaporator based on porous carbon fiber-like(PCF)is acquired through the pyrolysis of barium-based metal-organic framework(Ba-BTEC),which is originated from waste polyimide.The PCF-based evaporator/device exhibits a high steam generation rate of 2.93 kg m^(-2)h^(-1)in seawater under 1 kW m^(-2)irradiation,along with the notable opencircuit voltage of 0.32 V,owing to the good light absorption ability,optimal wettability,and suitable aperture size.Moreover,molecular dynamics simulation result reveals that Na+tends to migrate rapidly within the nanoporous channels of PCF,owing to a strong affinity between oxygen-containing functional group and water molecules.This work not only proposes an eco-friendly strategy for constructing low-cost fulltime freshwater-hydroelectric co-generation device,but also contributes to the understanding of evaporation-driven energy harvesting technology.展开更多
A membrane-less constructed wetland microbial fuel cell （CW-MFC） is constructed and operated under continuous flow with a hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 2 d. Fed with glucose, the CW-MFC generates a stable curr...A membrane-less constructed wetland microbial fuel cell （CW-MFC） is constructed and operated under continuous flow with a hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 2 d. Fed with glucose, the CW-MFC generates a stable current density of over 2 A/m3 with a resistor of 1 kΩ and has a chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal efficiency of more than 90% after the startup of 2 to 3 d. A series of systems with the electrode spacings of 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm are compared. It is found that the container with the electrode spacing of 20 cm gains the highest voltage of 560 mV, the highest power density of 0. 149 W/m 3, and the highest Coulombic efficiency of 0.313%. It also has the highest COD removal efficiency of 94. 9%. In addition, the dissolved oxygen （DO） concentrations are observed as the lowest level in the middle of all the CW-MFC reactors. The results show that the more COD is removed, the greater power is generated, and the relatively higher Coulombic efficiency will be achieved. The present study indicates that the CW-MFC process can be used as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment with simultaneous power generation.展开更多
Electricity consumption increases rapidly with the rapid development of China. The environmental damage costs of electricity generation are very important for both policy analysis and the proper management of the envi...Electricity consumption increases rapidly with the rapid development of China. The environmental damage costs of electricity generation are very important for both policy analysis and the proper management of the environment. A method was developed in this work to estimate gross environmental damage costs according to emission inventory and environmental cost factors, and to extend the costs from provincial to national level with population density. In this paper, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10), and carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fired power plants over 6000 kW were selected as index pollutants to quantify the environmental costs of damages on human health and global warming. With the new developed method, environmental damage costs, caused by 3 types of fired power plants in 30 provinces and 6 economic sectors during the years 2000 to 2003, were evaluated and analyzed. It can be seen that the calculated total national environmental damage costs of electricity have rapidly increased from 94930.87×106 USD in 2000 to about 141041.39×106 USD in 2003, with an average annual growth rate of 14.11%. Environmental damage costs of SO2, NOx, PM10, and CO2 are 69475.69×106, 30079.29×106, 28931.84×106, and 12554.57×106 USD and account for 49.26%, 21.33%, 20.51%, and 8.90% of total environmental costs in fossil electricity generation, respectively. With regard to regional distribution, external costs caused by fossil electricity generation are mainly concentrated in the more populated and industrialized areas of China, i.e., the Eastern Central and Southeastern areas.展开更多
It is the purpose of the present paper to convert hydraulic energy to electric energy and saves both the pressure and electrical energy for re - use during the next system upstroke using two secondary units coupled to...It is the purpose of the present paper to convert hydraulic energy to electric energy and saves both the pressure and electrical energy for re - use during the next system upstroke using two secondary units coupled to induction motor to drive cylinder loads. During upstroke operation, the variable pump/motor （P/M） driven by both electric motor and the second （P/M） works as hydraulic pump and output flow to the cylinders which drive the load. During load deceleration, the cylinders work as pump while the operation of the two secondary units are reversed, the variable （P/M） works as a motor generating a torque with the electric motor to drive the other （P/M） which transforms mechanical energy to hydraulic energy that is saved in the accumulator. When the energy storage capacity of the accumulator is attained as the operation continues, energy storage to the accumulator is thermostatically stopped while the induction motor begins to work as a generator and generates electricity that is stored in the power distribution unit. Simulations were performed using a limited PT2 Block, i.e. 2nd-order transfer function with limitation of slope and signal output to determine suitable velocity of the cylinder which will match high performance and system stability. A mathematical model suited to the simulation of the hydraulic accumulator both in an open-or close-loop system is presented. The quest for improvement of lower energy capacity storage, saving and re-utilization of the conventional accumulator resulting in the short cycle time usage of hydraulic accumulators both in domestic and industrial purposes necessitates this research. The outcome of the research appears to be very efficient for generating fluctuation free electricity, power quality and reliability, energy saving/reutilization and system noise reduction.展开更多
Many recent studies are concerned with low cost,easy to handle and alternative renewable energy as a feasible solution for the upcoming crisis of energy shortage.Microalgae are unicellular entities the can only depend...Many recent studies are concerned with low cost,easy to handle and alternative renewable energy as a feasible solution for the upcoming crisis of energy shortage.Microalgae are unicellular entities the can only depend on CO_(2),water and solar power to cover their nutritional needs.The current study is concerned with using algal cells in a polymeric hydrogel,as a cheap source of energy for electricity generation.Chlorella vulgaris has been proved to be a promising algal species for electricity generation,as compared with Micractinium reisseri.PVA hydrogel has been used for the immobilization of both algal species in order to protect them from the adverse surrounding conditions in addition to its ability to slowly release the required water molecules according to needs.Under these conditions,C.vulgaris showed the ability to generate 60 mV compared with 15 mV generated by M.reisseri.Scanning electron micrographs showed nano-threads that bind the C.vulgaris cells to each other,indicating the ability of algae to create nanowires that facilitate the electron transfer among algal cells and from cells to the nearest electrode.However,we would expect an increase in the produced potential with simultaneous amendment of environmentally polluted water,such as sewage or waste water.Both of FTIR and raman spectroscopy proved the presence of the characteristic groups of PVA hydrogel and proved the proper integration of the algal cells inside the hydrogel cavities.展开更多
Methane has been demonstrated to be a feasible substrate for electricity generation in microbial fuel cells(MFCs)and denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation(DAMO).However,these two processes were evaluated separately...Methane has been demonstrated to be a feasible substrate for electricity generation in microbial fuel cells(MFCs)and denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation(DAMO).However,these two processes were evaluated separately in previous studies and it has remained unknown whether methane is able to simultaneously drive these processes.Here we investigated the co-occurrence and performance of these two processes in the anodic chamber of MFCs.The results showed that methane successfully fueled both electrogenesis and denitrification.Importantly,the maximum nitrate removal rate was significantly enhanced from(1.4±0.8)to(18.4±1.2)mg N/(L·day)by an electrogenic process.In the presence of DAMO,the MFCs achieved a maximum voltage of 610 mV and a maximum power density of 143±12 mW/m^(2).Electrochemical analyses demonstrated that some redox substances(e.g.riboflavin)were likely involved in electrogenesis and also in the denitrification process.High-throughput sequencing indicated that the methanogen Methanobacterium,a close relative of Methanobacterium espanolae,catalyzed methane oxidation and cooperated with both exoelectrogens and denitrifiers(e.g.,Azoarcus).This work provides an effective strategy for improving DAMO in methane-powered MFCs,and suggests that methanogens and denitrifiers may jointly be able to provide an alternative to archaeal DAMO for methane-dependent denitrification.展开更多
Solar-driven interfacial water evaporation(SIWE)offers a superb way to leverage concentrated solar heat to minimize energy dissipation during seawater desalination.It also engenders overlapped temperaturesalinity grad...Solar-driven interfacial water evaporation(SIWE)offers a superb way to leverage concentrated solar heat to minimize energy dissipation during seawater desalination.It also engenders overlapped temperaturesalinity gradient(TSG)between water-air interface and adjacent seawater,affording opportunities of harnessing electricity.However,the efficiency of conventional SIWE technologies is limited by significant challenges,including salt passivation to hinder evaporation and difficulties in exploiting overlapped TSG simultaneously.Herein,we report self-sustaining hybrid SIWE for not only sustainable seawater desalination but also efficient electricity generation from TSG.It enables spontaneous circulation of salt flux upon seawater evaporation,inducing a self-cleaning evaporative interface without salt passivation for stable steam generation.Meanwhile,this design enables spatial separation and simultaneous utilization of overlapped TSG to enhance electricity generation.These benefits render a remarkable efficiency of90.8%in solar energy utilization,manifesting in co-generation of solar steam at a fast rate of 2.01 kg m^(-2)-h^(-1)and electricity power of 1.91 W m^(-2)with high voltage.Directly interfacing the hybrid SIWE with seawater electrolyzer constructs a system for water-electricity-hydrogen co-generation without external electricity supply.It produces hydrogen at a rapid rate of 1.29 L h^(-1)m^(-2)and freshwater with 22 times lower Na+concentration than the World Health Organization(WHO)threshold.展开更多
In the first half of 1996, electricity generation in China had steadily, grown with a total electricity generation accumulated to 508.3 TWh, it was 47.5% of the planned figure in the year, and 8.3% higher than the sam...In the first half of 1996, electricity generation in China had steadily, grown with a total electricity generation accumulated to 508.3 TWh, it was 47.5% of the planned figure in the year, and 8.3% higher than the same period of previous year. Among the generation, hydro-electricity amounted to 78.2 TWh, 5.39% lower than previous year, thermal electricity amounted to 424.55 TWh, 10.87% higher than previous year, nuclear electricity amounted to 5.52 TWh, 47.15% higher than previous year. The steady growth of thermal electricity might attribute to newly installed generating capacity in one hand, and the展开更多
National development requires adequate electricity supply of which all activities--generation, transmission and distribution leading to it are capital-intensive in terms of funds, natural and human resources. The dwin...National development requires adequate electricity supply of which all activities--generation, transmission and distribution leading to it are capital-intensive in terms of funds, natural and human resources. The dwindling power sector government funding coupled with low private sector participation and weak level political will require creative and innovative solutions in addressing the power supply problem in Nigeria. Hence, this paper seeks to examine power sector privatization as a viable option.展开更多
Turkey is in good condition in terms of solar energy because of the fact that, Turkey falls in between 40 degree North and 40 degree South latitude which is called as ＂sunbelt＂. The potential of producing electric f...Turkey is in good condition in terms of solar energy because of the fact that, Turkey falls in between 40 degree North and 40 degree South latitude which is called as ＂sunbelt＂. The potential of producing electric from solar energy is very high in terms of potential of Turkey. According to a report by the Turkish Energy Ministry, Turkey＇s average rate of electrical energy consumption increased to levels 5.59 in the last 11 years. Moreover, solar energy may be primary energy source on account of the fact that, Turkey is in the position of a country importing energy and has signed Kyoto Protocol of carbon emission to atmosphere. The aim of the article is to give information about acts need to be done and present policies of Turkey on producing electric from solar energy. Beyond question, the policies of the government will determine the direction of developmental momentum of energy industry in Turkey as whole world will. The present support to production of electric from solar energy is not enough, so it is needed to give much higher level of support to this sector. In this context, it is essential to enhance guarantied tariff cost and the power of unlicensed electric production.展开更多
In tenth Malaysian Plan, Malaysian government had voluntarily targeted to reduce its emission intensity to 40% compared to the 2005 level by the year 2020 and recently re-pledge to reduce more and declared for 45% emi...In tenth Malaysian Plan, Malaysian government had voluntarily targeted to reduce its emission intensity to 40% compared to the 2005 level by the year 2020 and recently re-pledge to reduce more and declared for 45% emission reduction by 2030. Looking at the country＇s high dependency to the fossil fuel generation it is a high concern on the increasing CO2 emission in Malaysia. This paper intends to analyze the current status of CO2 emissions from electricity generation in Malaysia during the period 1992-2014 by applying the LMDI （logarithmic mean Divisia index） technique to find the nature of the factors influencing the changes in CO2 emissions. The decomposition analysis observed three biggest factors contributed to the reduction of CO2 emission throughout the period which is thermal generation effect, electricity generation efficiency effect and electricity structure effect.展开更多
According to the US Energy Information Administration, about 4118 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) electricity was generated at large-scale generation facilities in 2019. About 63% of this was from fossil fuels, e.g., coa...According to the US Energy Information Administration, about 4118 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) electricity was generated at large-scale generation facilities in 2019. About 63% of this was from fossil fuels, e.g., coal, natural gas, petroleum, and other gases. Environmental exposure to particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury, arsenic, radioactive fly ash, and other pollutants are extremely detrimental to the human cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems. Such exposure increases the risk of lung cancer, stroke, heart disease, chronic respiratory diseases, respiratory infections, and other illnesses. In light of the challenges associated with renewables providing large quantities of base load power, as well as other factors, the benefits offered by nuclear power should be reexamined by policy makers to move the country towards a more ecological and ethical method of electric power production. This paper offers a concise analysis of many of the salient issues, comparing electricity generation from coal plants and light water nuclear reactors.展开更多
Technologies for evaporation-driven electricity generation and solar-driven steam generation exhibit significant potential for addressing energy crises and freshwater shortages.Nevertheless,it is still a challenge to ...Technologies for evaporation-driven electricity generation and solar-driven steam generation exhibit significant potential for addressing energy crises and freshwater shortages.Nevertheless,it is still a challenge to develop multifunctional materials for efficient energy generation and seawater desalination via economical and simple methods.Here,we propose a Chinese ink-coated viscose fiber composite(Ink@VF),suitable for direct applications in evaporation-driven electricity generators(EEGs)and solar-driven steam generators(SSGs).The Ink@VF prepared by a simple dip-dyeing method exhibits excellent mechanical properties(Young’s modulus of 18.1 GPa),hydrophilicity,electrical conductivity(36.51Ω/sq),and photothermal conversion properties.Based on the synergy of water evaporation,capillary effect,and electric double layer(EDL)electrokinetic effect,the Ink@VF-based EEG can achieve a maximum open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))of 0.65 V and an optimal power density of 43.72 mW/m^(2)with 1 mol/L NaCl solution.It can also be integrated in series to develop a self-powered bracelet.Simultaneously,the evaporation rate and solar energy conversion efficiency of the Ink@VF-based SSG can reach 1.32 kg/(m^(2)·h)and 84.9%under 1 sun irradiation,respectively.Through utilizing the evaporation-condensation mechanism,it can achieve freshwater generation at a rate of 1.49 kg/(m^(2)·h)and metal ion removal in excess of 99.9%.This study provides a low-cost and efficient solution to the energy crisis and freshwater shortage in resource-poor remote areas by utilizing inexhaustible natural resources.展开更多
Buildings are responsible for over 40% of total primary energy consumption in the US and EU and therefore improving building energy efficiency has significant potential for obtaining net-zero energy buildings reducing...Buildings are responsible for over 40% of total primary energy consumption in the US and EU and therefore improving building energy efficiency has significant potential for obtaining net-zero energy buildings reducing energy consumption. The concurrent demands of environmental comfort and the need to improve energy efficiency for both new and existing buildings have motivated research into finding solutions for the regulation of incoming solar radiation, as well as ensuring occupant thermal and visual comfort whilst generating energy onsite. Windows as building components offer the opportunity of addressing these issues in buildings. Building integration of photovoltaics permits building components such as semi-transparent façade, skylights and shading devices to be replaced with PV. Much progress has been made in photovoltaic material science, where smart window development has evolved in areas such as semi-transparent PV, electrochromic and thermochromic materials, luminescent solar concentrator and the integration of each of the latter technologies to buildings, specifically windows. This paper presents a review on intelligent window technologies that integrate renewable energy technologies with energy-saving strategies contributing potential solutions towards sustainable zero-energy buildings. This review is a comprehensive evaluation of intelligent windows focusing on state-of-the-art development in windows that can generate electricity and their electrical, thermal and optical characteristics. This review provides a summary of current work in intelligent window design for energy generation and gives recommendations for further research opportunities.展开更多
Water evaporation-induced electricity generation is a promising technology for renewable energy harvesting.However,the output power of some reported two-dimensional(2D)nanofluidic films is still restricted by the rela...Water evaporation-induced electricity generation is a promising technology for renewable energy harvesting.However,the output power of some reported two-dimensional(2D)nanofluidic films is still restricted by the relatively weak water–solid interactions within the tortuous nanochannels.To further enhance the comprehension and utilization of water–solid interactions,it is of utmost importance to conduct an in-depth investigation and propose a regulatory concept encompassing ion transport.Herein,we propose tortuosity regulation of 2D nanofluidic titanium oxide(Ti_(0.87)O_(2))films to optimize the ion transport within the interlayer nanochannel for enhanced efficiency in water evaporation-induced electricity generation for the first time.The significance of tortuosity in ion transport is elucidated by designing three 2D nanofluidic films with different tortuosity.Tortuosity analysis and in situ Raman measurement demonstrate that low tortuosity can facilitate the formation of efficient pathways for hydrated proton transport and promote water–solid interactions.Consequently,devices fabricated with the optimized 2D nanofluidic films exhibited a significantly enhanced output power density of approximately 204.01μW·cm^(−2),far exceeding those prepared by the high-tortuosity 2D nanofluidic films.This work highlights the significance of the construction of low tortuosity channels for 2D nanofluidic films with excellent performance.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52373099)the Innovation and Talent Recruitment Base of New Energy Chemistry and Device(No.B21003)。
文摘The dual system capable of solar-driven interfacial steam production and all-weather hydropower generation is emerging as a potential way to alleviate freshwater shortage and energy crisis.However,the intrinsic mechanism of hydroelectricity generation powered by the interaction between seawater and material structure is vague,and it remains challenging to develop dual-functional evaporators with high photothermal conversion efficiency and ionic selectivity.Herein,an all-weather dual-function evaporator based on porous carbon fiber-like(PCF)is acquired through the pyrolysis of barium-based metal-organic framework(Ba-BTEC),which is originated from waste polyimide.The PCF-based evaporator/device exhibits a high steam generation rate of 2.93 kg m^(-2)h^(-1)in seawater under 1 kW m^(-2)irradiation,along with the notable opencircuit voltage of 0.32 V,owing to the good light absorption ability,optimal wettability,and suitable aperture size.Moreover,molecular dynamics simulation result reveals that Na+tends to migrate rapidly within the nanoporous channels of PCF,owing to a strong affinity between oxygen-containing functional group and water molecules.This work not only proposes an eco-friendly strategy for constructing low-cost fulltime freshwater-hydroelectric co-generation device,but also contributes to the understanding of evaporation-driven energy harvesting technology.
基金The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51109038)
文摘A membrane-less constructed wetland microbial fuel cell （CW-MFC） is constructed and operated under continuous flow with a hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 2 d. Fed with glucose, the CW-MFC generates a stable current density of over 2 A/m3 with a resistor of 1 kΩ and has a chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal efficiency of more than 90% after the startup of 2 to 3 d. A series of systems with the electrode spacings of 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm are compared. It is found that the container with the electrode spacing of 20 cm gains the highest voltage of 560 mV, the highest power density of 0. 149 W/m 3, and the highest Coulombic efficiency of 0.313%. It also has the highest COD removal efficiency of 94. 9%. In addition, the dissolved oxygen （DO） concentrations are observed as the lowest level in the middle of all the CW-MFC reactors. The results show that the more COD is removed, the greater power is generated, and the relatively higher Coulombic efficiency will be achieved. The present study indicates that the CW-MFC process can be used as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment with simultaneous power generation.
基金Project (No. 056846) supported by the National Development and Reform Commission of China (NDRC)
文摘Electricity consumption increases rapidly with the rapid development of China. The environmental damage costs of electricity generation are very important for both policy analysis and the proper management of the environment. A method was developed in this work to estimate gross environmental damage costs according to emission inventory and environmental cost factors, and to extend the costs from provincial to national level with population density. In this paper, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10), and carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fired power plants over 6000 kW were selected as index pollutants to quantify the environmental costs of damages on human health and global warming. With the new developed method, environmental damage costs, caused by 3 types of fired power plants in 30 provinces and 6 economic sectors during the years 2000 to 2003, were evaluated and analyzed. It can be seen that the calculated total national environmental damage costs of electricity have rapidly increased from 94930.87×106 USD in 2000 to about 141041.39×106 USD in 2003, with an average annual growth rate of 14.11%. Environmental damage costs of SO2, NOx, PM10, and CO2 are 69475.69×106, 30079.29×106, 28931.84×106, and 12554.57×106 USD and account for 49.26%, 21.33%, 20.51%, and 8.90% of total environmental costs in fossil electricity generation, respectively. With regard to regional distribution, external costs caused by fossil electricity generation are mainly concentrated in the more populated and industrialized areas of China, i.e., the Eastern Central and Southeastern areas.
文摘It is the purpose of the present paper to convert hydraulic energy to electric energy and saves both the pressure and electrical energy for re - use during the next system upstroke using two secondary units coupled to induction motor to drive cylinder loads. During upstroke operation, the variable pump/motor （P/M） driven by both electric motor and the second （P/M） works as hydraulic pump and output flow to the cylinders which drive the load. During load deceleration, the cylinders work as pump while the operation of the two secondary units are reversed, the variable （P/M） works as a motor generating a torque with the electric motor to drive the other （P/M） which transforms mechanical energy to hydraulic energy that is saved in the accumulator. When the energy storage capacity of the accumulator is attained as the operation continues, energy storage to the accumulator is thermostatically stopped while the induction motor begins to work as a generator and generates electricity that is stored in the power distribution unit. Simulations were performed using a limited PT2 Block, i.e. 2nd-order transfer function with limitation of slope and signal output to determine suitable velocity of the cylinder which will match high performance and system stability. A mathematical model suited to the simulation of the hydraulic accumulator both in an open-or close-loop system is presented. The quest for improvement of lower energy capacity storage, saving and re-utilization of the conventional accumulator resulting in the short cycle time usage of hydraulic accumulators both in domestic and industrial purposes necessitates this research. The outcome of the research appears to be very efficient for generating fluctuation free electricity, power quality and reliability, energy saving/reutilization and system noise reduction.
基金funding this work through General Research Project under grant number(R.G.P.1/26/38).
文摘Many recent studies are concerned with low cost,easy to handle and alternative renewable energy as a feasible solution for the upcoming crisis of energy shortage.Microalgae are unicellular entities the can only depend on CO_(2),water and solar power to cover their nutritional needs.The current study is concerned with using algal cells in a polymeric hydrogel,as a cheap source of energy for electricity generation.Chlorella vulgaris has been proved to be a promising algal species for electricity generation,as compared with Micractinium reisseri.PVA hydrogel has been used for the immobilization of both algal species in order to protect them from the adverse surrounding conditions in addition to its ability to slowly release the required water molecules according to needs.Under these conditions,C.vulgaris showed the ability to generate 60 mV compared with 15 mV generated by M.reisseri.Scanning electron micrographs showed nano-threads that bind the C.vulgaris cells to each other,indicating the ability of algae to create nanowires that facilitate the electron transfer among algal cells and from cells to the nearest electrode.However,we would expect an increase in the produced potential with simultaneous amendment of environmentally polluted water,such as sewage or waste water.Both of FTIR and raman spectroscopy proved the presence of the characteristic groups of PVA hydrogel and proved the proper integration of the algal cells inside the hydrogel cavities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42077284)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(No.2020J02015)the Fund for Outstanding Young Scientific Talent Cultivation Program of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University of China(No.XJQ201906).
文摘Methane has been demonstrated to be a feasible substrate for electricity generation in microbial fuel cells(MFCs)and denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation(DAMO).However,these two processes were evaluated separately in previous studies and it has remained unknown whether methane is able to simultaneously drive these processes.Here we investigated the co-occurrence and performance of these two processes in the anodic chamber of MFCs.The results showed that methane successfully fueled both electrogenesis and denitrification.Importantly,the maximum nitrate removal rate was significantly enhanced from(1.4±0.8)to(18.4±1.2)mg N/(L·day)by an electrogenic process.In the presence of DAMO,the MFCs achieved a maximum voltage of 610 mV and a maximum power density of 143±12 mW/m^(2).Electrochemical analyses demonstrated that some redox substances(e.g.riboflavin)were likely involved in electrogenesis and also in the denitrification process.High-throughput sequencing indicated that the methanogen Methanobacterium,a close relative of Methanobacterium espanolae,catalyzed methane oxidation and cooperated with both exoelectrogens and denitrifiers(e.g.,Azoarcus).This work provides an effective strategy for improving DAMO in methane-powered MFCs,and suggests that methanogens and denitrifiers may jointly be able to provide an alternative to archaeal DAMO for methane-dependent denitrification.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4101600,2022YFB4101605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52372175,51972040)+1 种基金the Innovation and Technology Fund of Dalian(N2023JJ12GX020,2022JJ12GX023)Liaoning Normal University 2022 Outstanding Research Achievements Cultivation Fund(No.22GDL002).The authors also acknowledge the assistance of the DUT Instrumental Analysis Center.
文摘Solar-driven interfacial water evaporation(SIWE)offers a superb way to leverage concentrated solar heat to minimize energy dissipation during seawater desalination.It also engenders overlapped temperaturesalinity gradient(TSG)between water-air interface and adjacent seawater,affording opportunities of harnessing electricity.However,the efficiency of conventional SIWE technologies is limited by significant challenges,including salt passivation to hinder evaporation and difficulties in exploiting overlapped TSG simultaneously.Herein,we report self-sustaining hybrid SIWE for not only sustainable seawater desalination but also efficient electricity generation from TSG.It enables spontaneous circulation of salt flux upon seawater evaporation,inducing a self-cleaning evaporative interface without salt passivation for stable steam generation.Meanwhile,this design enables spatial separation and simultaneous utilization of overlapped TSG to enhance electricity generation.These benefits render a remarkable efficiency of90.8%in solar energy utilization,manifesting in co-generation of solar steam at a fast rate of 2.01 kg m^(-2)-h^(-1)and electricity power of 1.91 W m^(-2)with high voltage.Directly interfacing the hybrid SIWE with seawater electrolyzer constructs a system for water-electricity-hydrogen co-generation without external electricity supply.It produces hydrogen at a rapid rate of 1.29 L h^(-1)m^(-2)and freshwater with 22 times lower Na+concentration than the World Health Organization(WHO)threshold.
文摘In the first half of 1996, electricity generation in China had steadily, grown with a total electricity generation accumulated to 508.3 TWh, it was 47.5% of the planned figure in the year, and 8.3% higher than the same period of previous year. Among the generation, hydro-electricity amounted to 78.2 TWh, 5.39% lower than previous year, thermal electricity amounted to 424.55 TWh, 10.87% higher than previous year, nuclear electricity amounted to 5.52 TWh, 47.15% higher than previous year. The steady growth of thermal electricity might attribute to newly installed generating capacity in one hand, and the
文摘National development requires adequate electricity supply of which all activities--generation, transmission and distribution leading to it are capital-intensive in terms of funds, natural and human resources. The dwindling power sector government funding coupled with low private sector participation and weak level political will require creative and innovative solutions in addressing the power supply problem in Nigeria. Hence, this paper seeks to examine power sector privatization as a viable option.
文摘Turkey is in good condition in terms of solar energy because of the fact that, Turkey falls in between 40 degree North and 40 degree South latitude which is called as ＂sunbelt＂. The potential of producing electric from solar energy is very high in terms of potential of Turkey. According to a report by the Turkish Energy Ministry, Turkey＇s average rate of electrical energy consumption increased to levels 5.59 in the last 11 years. Moreover, solar energy may be primary energy source on account of the fact that, Turkey is in the position of a country importing energy and has signed Kyoto Protocol of carbon emission to atmosphere. The aim of the article is to give information about acts need to be done and present policies of Turkey on producing electric from solar energy. Beyond question, the policies of the government will determine the direction of developmental momentum of energy industry in Turkey as whole world will. The present support to production of electric from solar energy is not enough, so it is needed to give much higher level of support to this sector. In this context, it is essential to enhance guarantied tariff cost and the power of unlicensed electric production.
文摘In tenth Malaysian Plan, Malaysian government had voluntarily targeted to reduce its emission intensity to 40% compared to the 2005 level by the year 2020 and recently re-pledge to reduce more and declared for 45% emission reduction by 2030. Looking at the country＇s high dependency to the fossil fuel generation it is a high concern on the increasing CO2 emission in Malaysia. This paper intends to analyze the current status of CO2 emissions from electricity generation in Malaysia during the period 1992-2014 by applying the LMDI （logarithmic mean Divisia index） technique to find the nature of the factors influencing the changes in CO2 emissions. The decomposition analysis observed three biggest factors contributed to the reduction of CO2 emission throughout the period which is thermal generation effect, electricity generation efficiency effect and electricity structure effect.
文摘According to the US Energy Information Administration, about 4118 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) electricity was generated at large-scale generation facilities in 2019. About 63% of this was from fossil fuels, e.g., coal, natural gas, petroleum, and other gases. Environmental exposure to particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury, arsenic, radioactive fly ash, and other pollutants are extremely detrimental to the human cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems. Such exposure increases the risk of lung cancer, stroke, heart disease, chronic respiratory diseases, respiratory infections, and other illnesses. In light of the challenges associated with renewables providing large quantities of base load power, as well as other factors, the benefits offered by nuclear power should be reexamined by policy makers to move the country towards a more ecological and ethical method of electric power production. This paper offers a concise analysis of many of the salient issues, comparing electricity generation from coal plants and light water nuclear reactors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52103138 and 52201043)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(Nos.2022J01945 and 2023J01159)+1 种基金the STS Project of Fujian-CAS(No.2023T3043)College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of China(No.202410388011).
文摘Technologies for evaporation-driven electricity generation and solar-driven steam generation exhibit significant potential for addressing energy crises and freshwater shortages.Nevertheless,it is still a challenge to develop multifunctional materials for efficient energy generation and seawater desalination via economical and simple methods.Here,we propose a Chinese ink-coated viscose fiber composite(Ink@VF),suitable for direct applications in evaporation-driven electricity generators(EEGs)and solar-driven steam generators(SSGs).The Ink@VF prepared by a simple dip-dyeing method exhibits excellent mechanical properties(Young’s modulus of 18.1 GPa),hydrophilicity,electrical conductivity(36.51Ω/sq),and photothermal conversion properties.Based on the synergy of water evaporation,capillary effect,and electric double layer(EDL)electrokinetic effect,the Ink@VF-based EEG can achieve a maximum open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))of 0.65 V and an optimal power density of 43.72 mW/m^(2)with 1 mol/L NaCl solution.It can also be integrated in series to develop a self-powered bracelet.Simultaneously,the evaporation rate and solar energy conversion efficiency of the Ink@VF-based SSG can reach 1.32 kg/(m^(2)·h)and 84.9%under 1 sun irradiation,respectively.Through utilizing the evaporation-condensation mechanism,it can achieve freshwater generation at a rate of 1.49 kg/(m^(2)·h)and metal ion removal in excess of 99.9%.This study provides a low-cost and efficient solution to the energy crisis and freshwater shortage in resource-poor remote areas by utilizing inexhaustible natural resources.
基金supported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) through a PhD studentship awarded to Manlio Salas Castillosupported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK [grant number EP/S030786/1].
文摘Buildings are responsible for over 40% of total primary energy consumption in the US and EU and therefore improving building energy efficiency has significant potential for obtaining net-zero energy buildings reducing energy consumption. The concurrent demands of environmental comfort and the need to improve energy efficiency for both new and existing buildings have motivated research into finding solutions for the regulation of incoming solar radiation, as well as ensuring occupant thermal and visual comfort whilst generating energy onsite. Windows as building components offer the opportunity of addressing these issues in buildings. Building integration of photovoltaics permits building components such as semi-transparent façade, skylights and shading devices to be replaced with PV. Much progress has been made in photovoltaic material science, where smart window development has evolved in areas such as semi-transparent PV, electrochromic and thermochromic materials, luminescent solar concentrator and the integration of each of the latter technologies to buildings, specifically windows. This paper presents a review on intelligent window technologies that integrate renewable energy technologies with energy-saving strategies contributing potential solutions towards sustainable zero-energy buildings. This review is a comprehensive evaluation of intelligent windows focusing on state-of-the-art development in windows that can generate electricity and their electrical, thermal and optical characteristics. This review provides a summary of current work in intelligent window design for energy generation and gives recommendations for further research opportunities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22179062,52125202,and U2004209)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK2023010081)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.30922010303).
文摘Water evaporation-induced electricity generation is a promising technology for renewable energy harvesting.However,the output power of some reported two-dimensional(2D)nanofluidic films is still restricted by the relatively weak water–solid interactions within the tortuous nanochannels.To further enhance the comprehension and utilization of water–solid interactions,it is of utmost importance to conduct an in-depth investigation and propose a regulatory concept encompassing ion transport.Herein,we propose tortuosity regulation of 2D nanofluidic titanium oxide(Ti_(0.87)O_(2))films to optimize the ion transport within the interlayer nanochannel for enhanced efficiency in water evaporation-induced electricity generation for the first time.The significance of tortuosity in ion transport is elucidated by designing three 2D nanofluidic films with different tortuosity.Tortuosity analysis and in situ Raman measurement demonstrate that low tortuosity can facilitate the formation of efficient pathways for hydrated proton transport and promote water–solid interactions.Consequently,devices fabricated with the optimized 2D nanofluidic films exhibited a significantly enhanced output power density of approximately 204.01μW·cm^(−2),far exceeding those prepared by the high-tortuosity 2D nanofluidic films.This work highlights the significance of the construction of low tortuosity channels for 2D nanofluidic films with excellent performance.
