Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of cervical effacement reported as a percentage by digital cervical exams using cervical length determined by transvaginal ultrasonography as a standard. Methods: Records of pregnan...Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of cervical effacement reported as a percentage by digital cervical exams using cervical length determined by transvaginal ultrasonography as a standard. Methods: Records of pregnant women who had a digital cervical exam and subsequent transvaginal ultrasound scan for cervical length between January 2005 and December 2008 were reviewed. Digital cervical exams were performed by different examiners. Transvaginal ultrasound was performed by one examiner who did not perform any of the digital exams. Cervical effacements were recorded as a percentage and cervical lengths were measured in centimeters. Results: A total of 173 women met the study criteria. Average cervical length for 0% effacement was 3.3 ± 1.1 cm (0.8 - 5.0 cm);20% effacement, 1.6 ± 1.0 cm (0.9 - 3.0 cm);25% effacement, 2.2 ± 0.2 cm (2.0 - 2.3 cm);30% effacement, 2.6 ± 0.4 cm (2.1 - 3.0 cm);40% effacement, 3.0 ± 0.4 cm (2.6 - 3.4 cm);50% effacement, 2.4 ± 1.1 cm (0.6 - 4.6 cm);60% effacement, 2.3 ± 1.4 cm (0.7 - 4.3 cm);70% effacement, 2.2 ± 0.8 cm (1.1 - 3.3 cm);75% effacement, 1.7 ± 1.4 cm (0.7 - 2.7 cm);80% effacement, 2.0 ± 0.9 cm (0.6 - 4.4 cm);90% effacement, 0.7 ± 0.4 cm (0.4 - 0.9 cm);100% effacement, 1.2 ± 1.5 cm (0.3 - 3.0 cm). The coefficient of variation ranges from 10% - 124%. Conclusion: The traditional method of reporting cervical effacement as a percentage is unacceptably inaccurate compared to the actual cervical length determined by vaginal probe ultrasound.展开更多
Let 2m>2, m∈ℤ, be the given even number of the Strong Goldbach Conjecture Problem. Then, m can be called the median of the problem. So, all Goldbach partitions (p,q)exist a relationship, p=m−dand q=m+d, where p≤q...Let 2m>2, m∈ℤ, be the given even number of the Strong Goldbach Conjecture Problem. Then, m can be called the median of the problem. So, all Goldbach partitions (p,q)exist a relationship, p=m−dand q=m+d, where p≤qand d is the distance from m to either p or q. Now we denote the finite feasible solutions of the problem as S(2m)={ (2,2m−2),(3,2m−3),⋅⋅⋅,(m,m) }. If we utilize the Eratosthenes sieve principle to efface those false objects from set S(2m)in pistages, where pi∈P, pi≤2m, then all optimal solutions should be found. The Strong Goldbach Conjecture is true since we proved that at least one optimal solution must exist to the problem. The Weak Goldbach Conjecture is true since it is a special case of the Strong Goldbach Conjecture. Therefore, the Goldbach Conjecture is true.展开更多
Pathogenic strains of E. coli including enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) are principle causes for diarrhoea in many parts of the globe. Citrobacter rode...Pathogenic strains of E. coli including enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) are principle causes for diarrhoea in many parts of the globe. Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium), a gram negative bacterium, is a murine pathogen that also utilizes type III secretion system and similar virulence factors to EPEC and EHEC and forms comparable attaching/effacing lesions in the intestines as EPEC and EHEC. The infection caused by C. rodentium in mice is usually self-limiting and results in only minor systemic effects with higher mortality in some susceptible mouse strains. All these characteristics have made the bacteria a commonly used model to study host immune responses to pathogenic E. coli infection. In this review, we focus on the impact of virulence factors of the pathogen;different immune components involved in the immune response and summarize their role during C. rodentium infection.展开更多
文摘Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of cervical effacement reported as a percentage by digital cervical exams using cervical length determined by transvaginal ultrasonography as a standard. Methods: Records of pregnant women who had a digital cervical exam and subsequent transvaginal ultrasound scan for cervical length between January 2005 and December 2008 were reviewed. Digital cervical exams were performed by different examiners. Transvaginal ultrasound was performed by one examiner who did not perform any of the digital exams. Cervical effacements were recorded as a percentage and cervical lengths were measured in centimeters. Results: A total of 173 women met the study criteria. Average cervical length for 0% effacement was 3.3 ± 1.1 cm (0.8 - 5.0 cm);20% effacement, 1.6 ± 1.0 cm (0.9 - 3.0 cm);25% effacement, 2.2 ± 0.2 cm (2.0 - 2.3 cm);30% effacement, 2.6 ± 0.4 cm (2.1 - 3.0 cm);40% effacement, 3.0 ± 0.4 cm (2.6 - 3.4 cm);50% effacement, 2.4 ± 1.1 cm (0.6 - 4.6 cm);60% effacement, 2.3 ± 1.4 cm (0.7 - 4.3 cm);70% effacement, 2.2 ± 0.8 cm (1.1 - 3.3 cm);75% effacement, 1.7 ± 1.4 cm (0.7 - 2.7 cm);80% effacement, 2.0 ± 0.9 cm (0.6 - 4.4 cm);90% effacement, 0.7 ± 0.4 cm (0.4 - 0.9 cm);100% effacement, 1.2 ± 1.5 cm (0.3 - 3.0 cm). The coefficient of variation ranges from 10% - 124%. Conclusion: The traditional method of reporting cervical effacement as a percentage is unacceptably inaccurate compared to the actual cervical length determined by vaginal probe ultrasound.
文摘Let 2m>2, m∈ℤ, be the given even number of the Strong Goldbach Conjecture Problem. Then, m can be called the median of the problem. So, all Goldbach partitions (p,q)exist a relationship, p=m−dand q=m+d, where p≤qand d is the distance from m to either p or q. Now we denote the finite feasible solutions of the problem as S(2m)={ (2,2m−2),(3,2m−3),⋅⋅⋅,(m,m) }. If we utilize the Eratosthenes sieve principle to efface those false objects from set S(2m)in pistages, where pi∈P, pi≤2m, then all optimal solutions should be found. The Strong Goldbach Conjecture is true since we proved that at least one optimal solution must exist to the problem. The Weak Goldbach Conjecture is true since it is a special case of the Strong Goldbach Conjecture. Therefore, the Goldbach Conjecture is true.
文摘Pathogenic strains of E. coli including enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) are principle causes for diarrhoea in many parts of the globe. Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium), a gram negative bacterium, is a murine pathogen that also utilizes type III secretion system and similar virulence factors to EPEC and EHEC and forms comparable attaching/effacing lesions in the intestines as EPEC and EHEC. The infection caused by C. rodentium in mice is usually self-limiting and results in only minor systemic effects with higher mortality in some susceptible mouse strains. All these characteristics have made the bacteria a commonly used model to study host immune responses to pathogenic E. coli infection. In this review, we focus on the impact of virulence factors of the pathogen;different immune components involved in the immune response and summarize their role during C. rodentium infection.
