Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is a public health problem. It is due to multi-resistant bacteria (MRB). The objective of this study was to determine bacterial resistance to antibiotics in chronic renal failure at...Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is a public health problem. It is due to multi-resistant bacteria (MRB). The objective of this study was to determine bacterial resistance to antibiotics in chronic renal failure at the Edith Lucie BONGO ONDIMBA general hospital (HGELBO). Patients, material and method: This was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted from January 1 to August 31, 2019 at the HGELBO. It concerned all patients admitted to the HGELBO with positive bacteriological samples. After a study of the sensitivity to isolated species, the patients were divided into two (02) groups: those MRB positive (+) and not MRB or negative (-). Epi Info software version 3.5.1 was used for the calculation of the rates and the comparison of the variables. The adjusted odds ratio (ORa) with a 95% confidence interval was used to measure the specific effect of each risk factor such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes, in order to rule out confounding factors. Multivariate analysis by binomial logistic regression was used. Results: There were 375 bacteriological samples from 258 patients, among them 247 patients with 235 positive samples or 63%. The eleven (11) are healthy patients. The median age was 33 with extremes ranging from 16 to 90. The female sex was predominant with a sex ratio of 0.6. The majority of MRB+ cases were found in internal medicine and nephrology with 12 cases (38.7%) and hemodialysis with 4 cases (12.9%). Urinary samples were in the majority with 74.5%. <i>Escherichia coli</i> was predominant in 30.3%. After studying the sensitivity to antibiotics of the 247 species included, 113 were MRB+ and 134 BMR- <i>i.e.</i> a frequency of 45.7%. Methicilin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) was predominant (51.3%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the main risk factor was antibiotic use (0Ra: 3.2 [1.9 - 5.4];p-value < 0.01). Chronic renal failure and diabetes were not risk factors for carriage. The other risk factors identified were: hospitalization of more than 7 days (prolonged), <i>S. aureus</i> infection and male sex. Conclusion: Probabilistic antibiotic therapy leads to the selection of BMRs. Long hospital stays, male sex, and MRSA are risk factors or determinants of antibiotic resistance, but not chronic kidney disease.展开更多
Wharton’s novels serve as compelling cases for understanding the complexities of late 19th-century American society.The paper uses The Age of Innocence as an example to examine detailed depiction of the era’s social...Wharton’s novels serve as compelling cases for understanding the complexities of late 19th-century American society.The paper uses The Age of Innocence as an example to examine detailed depiction of the era’s social hierarchy,fashion,architecture,and the intricate social rituals that defined New York’s upper class.It explores the constraints and dilemmas women faced within a patriarchal society,highlighting Wharton’s personal experiences and her critical stance on the social norms of her time.The characters of Newland Archer,May Welland,and Ellen Olenska are analyzed to reveal the pressures of societal expectations and the struggles for individual desires within a rigid social structure.Additionally,the paper proposes various teaching methods,including contextual understanding,literary analysis with a historical focus,and historical research projects,to enhance students’comprehension of the cultural and historical context of the novel.These methods aim to immerse students in the narrative and promote their understanding of the Gilded Age’s social dynamics.展开更多
As a prominent American"novelist of manners"at the turn of the 20th century, Edith Wharton has attracted great attention of critics with her extraordinary writing talent. The Custom of the Country is one of ...As a prominent American"novelist of manners"at the turn of the 20th century, Edith Wharton has attracted great attention of critics with her extraordinary writing talent. The Custom of the Country is one of her work depicting the life of the Nouveau Riche and the upper-class society. This paper, a literature review on Edith Wharton and The Custom of the Country both at home and abroad, aims to offer a systematic classification of the existing researches, figure out the recent research focuses and thus facilitate the future studies.展开更多
德国犹太裔女哲学家、赤足加尔默罗会修女埃迪特·施泰因,师承其“灵性导师”圣十字若望(St.John of the Cross)的“否定神学”之路,发展了自中世纪神秘主义哲学家伪狄奥尼修斯以降的“象征神学”。她所探究的问题是,作为“天主之...德国犹太裔女哲学家、赤足加尔默罗会修女埃迪特·施泰因,师承其“灵性导师”圣十字若望(St.John of the Cross)的“否定神学”之路,发展了自中世纪神秘主义哲学家伪狄奥尼修斯以降的“象征神学”。她所探究的问题是,作为“天主之肖像”的读者如何认识并理解在圣经之中隐含的天主形象、并借其丰满自身之中的天主的肖像。这也是她在胡塞尔门下写作的博士论文《论共情》所探究的课题,即对他者的理解如何成为可能。施泰因认为,在灵魂最核心处所形成的“我”本质上是“主体间性”(inter-subjective)的,因为它始自对作为“他者”的天主的自我抛弃与自我臣服。“我”的最终形成是在与天主的神婚(bridal union)之中,因为在这里,灵魂在自由的、完全的自我臣服中,融入了其所由出的天主的肖像(Imago Dei),融入了居住在她之内的、具有创造能力的天主的圣言,并藉之融入三位一体的天主(Trinity):“所谓神秘婚姻,就是与天主圣三的联合”。施泰因,如同圣十字若望,选择“十字架”作为会名。这个具有象征性的称谓表达了天主在她之中的“内在形象”:她通过天主圣言中的“神秘之夜”接纳并转化了大屠杀的“恐怖之夜”,并主动背负起十字架踏入其中。展开更多
文摘Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is a public health problem. It is due to multi-resistant bacteria (MRB). The objective of this study was to determine bacterial resistance to antibiotics in chronic renal failure at the Edith Lucie BONGO ONDIMBA general hospital (HGELBO). Patients, material and method: This was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted from January 1 to August 31, 2019 at the HGELBO. It concerned all patients admitted to the HGELBO with positive bacteriological samples. After a study of the sensitivity to isolated species, the patients were divided into two (02) groups: those MRB positive (+) and not MRB or negative (-). Epi Info software version 3.5.1 was used for the calculation of the rates and the comparison of the variables. The adjusted odds ratio (ORa) with a 95% confidence interval was used to measure the specific effect of each risk factor such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes, in order to rule out confounding factors. Multivariate analysis by binomial logistic regression was used. Results: There were 375 bacteriological samples from 258 patients, among them 247 patients with 235 positive samples or 63%. The eleven (11) are healthy patients. The median age was 33 with extremes ranging from 16 to 90. The female sex was predominant with a sex ratio of 0.6. The majority of MRB+ cases were found in internal medicine and nephrology with 12 cases (38.7%) and hemodialysis with 4 cases (12.9%). Urinary samples were in the majority with 74.5%. <i>Escherichia coli</i> was predominant in 30.3%. After studying the sensitivity to antibiotics of the 247 species included, 113 were MRB+ and 134 BMR- <i>i.e.</i> a frequency of 45.7%. Methicilin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) was predominant (51.3%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the main risk factor was antibiotic use (0Ra: 3.2 [1.9 - 5.4];p-value < 0.01). Chronic renal failure and diabetes were not risk factors for carriage. The other risk factors identified were: hospitalization of more than 7 days (prolonged), <i>S. aureus</i> infection and male sex. Conclusion: Probabilistic antibiotic therapy leads to the selection of BMRs. Long hospital stays, male sex, and MRSA are risk factors or determinants of antibiotic resistance, but not chronic kidney disease.
文摘Wharton’s novels serve as compelling cases for understanding the complexities of late 19th-century American society.The paper uses The Age of Innocence as an example to examine detailed depiction of the era’s social hierarchy,fashion,architecture,and the intricate social rituals that defined New York’s upper class.It explores the constraints and dilemmas women faced within a patriarchal society,highlighting Wharton’s personal experiences and her critical stance on the social norms of her time.The characters of Newland Archer,May Welland,and Ellen Olenska are analyzed to reveal the pressures of societal expectations and the struggles for individual desires within a rigid social structure.Additionally,the paper proposes various teaching methods,including contextual understanding,literary analysis with a historical focus,and historical research projects,to enhance students’comprehension of the cultural and historical context of the novel.These methods aim to immerse students in the narrative and promote their understanding of the Gilded Age’s social dynamics.
文摘As a prominent American"novelist of manners"at the turn of the 20th century, Edith Wharton has attracted great attention of critics with her extraordinary writing talent. The Custom of the Country is one of her work depicting the life of the Nouveau Riche and the upper-class society. This paper, a literature review on Edith Wharton and The Custom of the Country both at home and abroad, aims to offer a systematic classification of the existing researches, figure out the recent research focuses and thus facilitate the future studies.
文摘德国犹太裔女哲学家、赤足加尔默罗会修女埃迪特·施泰因,师承其“灵性导师”圣十字若望(St.John of the Cross)的“否定神学”之路,发展了自中世纪神秘主义哲学家伪狄奥尼修斯以降的“象征神学”。她所探究的问题是,作为“天主之肖像”的读者如何认识并理解在圣经之中隐含的天主形象、并借其丰满自身之中的天主的肖像。这也是她在胡塞尔门下写作的博士论文《论共情》所探究的课题,即对他者的理解如何成为可能。施泰因认为,在灵魂最核心处所形成的“我”本质上是“主体间性”(inter-subjective)的,因为它始自对作为“他者”的天主的自我抛弃与自我臣服。“我”的最终形成是在与天主的神婚(bridal union)之中,因为在这里,灵魂在自由的、完全的自我臣服中,融入了其所由出的天主的肖像(Imago Dei),融入了居住在她之内的、具有创造能力的天主的圣言,并藉之融入三位一体的天主(Trinity):“所谓神秘婚姻,就是与天主圣三的联合”。施泰因,如同圣十字若望,选择“十字架”作为会名。这个具有象征性的称谓表达了天主在她之中的“内在形象”:她通过天主圣言中的“神秘之夜”接纳并转化了大屠杀的“恐怖之夜”,并主动背负起十字架踏入其中。
