BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)leaks in the temporal bone arise from osteodural defects,resulting in an abnormal connection between the subarachnoid space and the adjacent tympanomastoid cavity,which often manifes...BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)leaks in the temporal bone arise from osteodural defects,resulting in an abnormal connection between the subarachnoid space and the adjacent tympanomastoid cavity,which often manifests as otorrhea.Patients typically exhibit symptoms such as headache,unilateral hearing impairment,aural fullness,or even meningitis.Imaging studies are critical for identifying and differentiating the location and characteristics of CSF leaks.However,when the leak's origin remains ambiguous,diagnostic surgery may be warranted to both confirm the diagnosis and facilitate treatment.This report discusses an uncommon case while reviewing relevant literature,focusing on the surgical diagnostic intervention in a 58-year-old male with spontaneous temporal bone CSF leaks.CASE SUMMARY The patient,a 58-year-old man,was admitted for evaluation of left ear fullness,hearing loss,and nasal discharge.Notably,when supine,clear fluid drained from the left nasal cavity,with improvement noted upon sitting.A nasal examination did not reveal significant findings,while the otologic evaluation indicated an intact periosteum;however,considerable fluid accumulation was identified within the left middle ear.Despite undergoing multiple periosteal punctures and conservative medical management,the middle ear effusion persisted.Imaging studies,including magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and computed tomography,confirmed the presence of left-sided CSF otorrhea,and the head MRI indicated potential CSF rhinorrhea.This raised challenges in determining whether the CSF leak originated from the sphenoid sinus or the temporal bone.Given that CSF otorrhea may drain through the external auditory canal and CSF rhinorrhea from the sellar region can present as nasal leakage,differentiation proved complex.In this case,with an intact external auditory canal,CSF from the middle ear was observed to flow into the nasal cavity via the Eustachian tube.Therefore,leakage from both sites could be misconstrued as CSF rhinorrhea,complicating the diagnostic process.Consequently,an exploratory surgical procedure was performed,revealing an incomplete dura mater on the temporal aspect of the petrous bone,which was subsequently repaired.CONCLUSION Benign intracranial hypertension can result in meningeal protrusion or meningoencephalocele,which may lead to CSF leakage that generally responds favorably to mucosal repair.In instances where imaging fails to identify the source of the leak or when diagnostic options are limited,proactive exploratory surgery is advisable.Although surgical interventions carry inherent risks,the application of endoscopic techniques by experienced surgeons renders this approach a feasible choice for addressing both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.展开更多
The public health workforce is a key component of public health system.To articulate the scope of public health workforce,we reviewed the relevant World Health Organization(wHO)guidance and peer-reviewed journal artic...The public health workforce is a key component of public health system.To articulate the scope of public health workforce,we reviewed the relevant World Health Organization(wHO)guidance and peer-reviewed journal articles on this subject.Specifically,we assessed and compared the relevant publications produced by WHO Headquarters and Regional Offices along with other literature on this issue.Our focus was on the“occupation,workplace setting,and employer of public health workforce”.It is noteworthy that WHO has adopted a conceptual framework with an inclusive scope of the public health workforce,while setting out a 5-year vision to strengthen capacity across all WHO Member States for a multidisciplinary workforce to deliver the essential public health functions,including emergency preparedness and response.The importance of public health workforce in global and national responses to the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is recognized.We also observed that there were diverse understandings of the scope of public health workforce worldwide,including macro-,meso-and micro-level perspectives.In the post-COVID-19 era,we suggest that policy-makers and practitioners at the national,regional and global level adopt a coordinated approach to expand and strengthen the national workforce as guided by the WHO towards the health-related targets of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals such as health security and Universal Health Coverage.展开更多
The geostatistical information method consists in the use of the principle of quantitative evaluation in exploratory engineering research. The principle of uantitative evaluation is based on the mathematical model of ...The geostatistical information method consists in the use of the principle of quantitative evaluation in exploratory engineering research. The principle of uantitative evaluation is based on the mathematical model of the ore body. The selection of optimal exploratory scheme and optimal engineering positions has been studied in this paper.展开更多
The paper presents a case study on listening-speaking class instruction models based on exploratory practice. Assuming the dual roles of a teacher and a researcher, the writer of this paper has implemented three model...The paper presents a case study on listening-speaking class instruction models based on exploratory practice. Assuming the dual roles of a teacher and a researcher, the writer of this paper has implemented three models of classroom instructions for the Viewing, Listening ＆ Speaking Class. From the students＇ report, teacher＇s log and classroom observation, it is concluded that the three models meet the needs of different students. The key to a successful Viewing, Listening＆ Speaking Class is to set reasonable goals and analyze students＇ needs.展开更多
Some attributes are uncertain for evaluation work because of incomplete or limited information and knowledge.It leads to uncertainty in evaluation results.To that end,an evaluation method,uncertainty entropy-based exp...Some attributes are uncertain for evaluation work because of incomplete or limited information and knowledge.It leads to uncertainty in evaluation results.To that end,an evaluation method,uncertainty entropy-based exploratory evaluation(UEEE),is proposed to guide the evaluation activities,which can iteratively and gradually reduce uncertainty in evaluation results.Uncertainty entropy(UE)is proposed to measure the extent of uncertainty.First,the belief degree distributions are assumed to characterize the uncertainty in attributes.Then the belief degree distribution of the evaluation result can be calculated by using uncertainty theory.The obtained result is then checked based on UE to see if it could meet the requirements of decision-making.If its uncertainty level is high,more information needs to be introduced to reduce uncertainty.An algorithm based on the UE is proposed to find which attribute can mostly affect the uncertainty in results.Thus,efforts can be invested in key attribute(s),and the evaluation results can be updated accordingly.This update should be repeated until the evaluation result meets the requirements.Finally,as a case study,the effectiveness of ballistic missiles with uncertain attributes is evaluated by UEEE.The evaluation results show that the target is believed to be destroyed.展开更多
This study examines the construct validity and reliability of the Malay language questionnaire for urinary incontinence diagnosis (QUID) in women. Study Design: Random sampling design was used in this cross-sectional ...This study examines the construct validity and reliability of the Malay language questionnaire for urinary incontinence diagnosis (QUID) in women. Study Design: Random sampling design was used in this cross-sectional survey. Materials and Methods: The Americanized English language questionnaire was translated to the Malay language and distributed to community-dwelling Malaysian women living in various locations in Selangor. The construct validity was tested using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The reliability was determined using Cronbach’s α. Results: A total of 111 women completed the Malay language QUID in this pilot study. The Keiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy of 0.675 and Bartlett’s test of sphericity (χ2 = 284.633, df = 15, p = 0.001) indicated that the EFA was possible. The total variance and the scree plot identified two factors above the initial eigenvalue of 1 while a third factor was just below it (0.758). The CFA output showed a recursive model with the solution being not admissible because two unobserved and exogenous variables had negative variance estimates. The following values of absolute fit indices showed an acceptable level of fit: 1) Chi-square test with χ2 = 4.997, df = 5, p = 0.416, indicated a smaller difference between the expected and observed covariance matrices;2) GFI = 0.986, AGFI = 0.939, RMR = 0.021 and CMIN/DF = 1.0 indicated acceptable level of fit;3) The baseline comparison values of NFI = 0.983 and CFI = 1.0 also indicated a good fit to the data;4) RMSEA = 0.000 was considered a perfect fit indicating that the hypothesized model was a good fit to the observed data. Under the hypothesis of “close fit”, the probability of getting a sample RMSEA as large as 0.000 was 0.567. The Cronbach’s α coefficient of 0.823 indicated good reliability. Conclusion: The Malay language QUID is a valid and reliable instrument for diagnosing female urinary incontinence in the Malaysian population.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the autism spectrum rating scale（ASRS）. We recruited 1,625community-based children and 211 autism spectrum disorder（ASD...The purpose of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the autism spectrum rating scale（ASRS）. We recruited 1,625community-based children and 211 autism spectrum disorder（ASD） cases from 4 sites, and the parents of all participants completed the Chinese version of the ASRS. A robust weighted least squares means and variance adjusted estimator was used for exploratory factor analysis. The3-factor structure included 59 items suitable for the current sample. The item reliability for the modi？ed Chinese version of the ASRS（MC-ASRS） was excellent. Moreover,with 60 as the cut-off point, receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the MC-ASRS had excellent discriminate validity, comparable to that of the unmodi？ed Chinese version（UC-ASRS）, with area under the curve values of 0.952（95% CI： 0.936–0.967） and 0.948（95% CI：0.930–0.965）, respectively. Meanwhile, the con？rm factor analysis revealed that MC-ASRS had a better construct validity than UC-ASRS based on the above factor solution in another children sample. In conclusion, the MC-ASRS shows better ef？cacy in epidemiological screening for ASD in Chinese children.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is a prevalent malignant tumor worldwide and ranks as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality.Upper gastrointestinal bleeding(UGIB)is a frequent complication of GC.Radical gas...BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is a prevalent malignant tumor worldwide and ranks as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality.Upper gastrointestinal bleeding(UGIB)is a frequent complication of GC.Radical gastrectomy and palliative therapy are widely used surgical procedures in the clinical management of GC.This study intends to probe the clinical efficacy and safety of radical gastrectomy and palliative therapy on the basis of exploratory laparotomy in patients with GC combined with UGIB,hoping to provide valuable information to aid patients in selecting the appropriate surgical intervention.AIM To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of exploratory laparotomy^(+)radical gastrectomy and palliative therapy in patients with GC and UGIB combined.METHODS A total of 89 GC patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China between July 2018 and July 2020 were selected as participants for this study.The 89 patients were divided into two groups:radical resection group(n=46)treated with exploratory laparotomy^(+)radical gastrectomy and Palliative group(n=43)treated with palliative therapy.The study compared several variables between the two groups,including surgical duration,intraoperative blood transfusion volume,postoperative anal exhaust time,off-bed activity time,length of hospitalization,and incidence of complications such as duodenal stump rupture,anastomotic obstruction,and postoperative incision.Additionally,postoperative immune function indicators(including CD3^(+),CD4^(+),CD8^(+),CD4^(+)/CD8^(+),and CD3^(+)/HLADR^(+)),immunoglobulin(IgG and IgM),tumor markers(CEA,CA199,and CA125),and inflammatory factors(IL-6,IL-17,and TNF-α)were assessed.The surgical efficacy and postoperative quality of life recovery were also evaluated.The patients were monitored for survival and tumor recurrence at 6 mo,1 year,and 2 years post-surgery.RESULTS The results indicated that the duration of operation time and postoperative hospitalization did not differ between the two surgical procedures.However,patients in the radical resection group exhibited shorter intraoperative blood loss,anus exhaust time,off-bed activity time,and inpatient activity time than those in the Palliative group.Although there was no substantial difference in the occurrence of postoperative complications,such as duodenal stump rupture and anastomotic obstruction,between the radical resection group and Palliative group(P>0.05),the radical resection group exhibited higher postoperative immune function indicators(including CD3^(+),CD4^(+),CD8^(+),etc.)and immunoglobulin levels(IgG,IgM)than the Palliative group,while tumor markers and inflammatory factors levels were lower than those in the radical resection group.Additionally,surgical efficacy,postoperative quality of life,and postoperative survival rates were higher in patients who underwent radical gastrectomy than in those who underwent palliative therapy.Moreover,the probability of postoperative tumor recurrence was lower in the radical gastrectomy group compared to the palliative therapy group,and these differences were all statistically significant(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Compared to palliative therapy,exploratory laparotomy^(+)radical gastrectomy can improve immune function,reduce the levels of tumor markers and inflammatory factors,improve surgical efficacy,promote postoperative quality of life recovery,enhance survival rates,and attenuate the probability of tumor recurrence.展开更多
Objective:Surgical procedures manifest immense risks to patients.One of the adverse events that healthcare professionals see as a threat to the patient’s health is the development of complications known as surgical s...Objective:Surgical procedures manifest immense risks to patients.One of the adverse events that healthcare professionals see as a threat to the patient’s health is the development of complications known as surgical site infection(SSI).Although several effor ts are being under taken to determine the proper means to reduce such complications,there is still a high incidence of SSI worldwide.Surgery requires knowledge in infection control and high precision in maintaining a clean surgical site.This study tested the effectiveness of an operating room(OR)bundle of care in preventing SSI in patients undergoing elective exploratory laparotomy cholecystectomy surgery.Methods:A quasi-experimental pretest and posttest design was utilized to determine its effectiveness.The study was composed of 60 par ticipants divided into two groups:30 subjects were selected to receive the OR bundle of care,while the other 30 subjects received the usual care.The groupings were determined through a systematic random sampling technique.The OR bundle of care had three interventions,namely:(1)maintaining perioperative normothermia,(2)no pre-operative surgical site hair removal,and(3)changing gloves before abdominal wall closure.These patients were evaluated using the standard instrument,Bates–Jensen Wound Assessment Tool(BWAT)in the post-intervention phases of the wound healing process,which are as follows:hemostasis,inflammatory,and proliferative phases.To describe the difference in the patients’wound status after implementation of the OR bundle of care in each post-intervention phase,Friedman’s test was used.To describe the difference in the patients’wound status in both groups after implementation of the OR bundle of care,the Mann–Whitney U test was used.Results:The patient’s wound status was lower,indicating a more healing process.Differences between the wound status of the control and the experimental group were observed on the third postoperative day.This indicates that the experimental group’s wound status healed much faster and more effectively than the control group based on the BWAT scoring severity scoring.A significant difference in the patient’s wound status from the hemostasis phase compared with the proliferative phase was observed.Conclusions:The OR bundle of care has been shown to be effective in preventing SSI in patients who had undergone exploratory laparotomy cholecystectomy surgery in the selected hospital,if there is uniform and consistent implementation of the said intervention.展开更多
A factor analysis was applied to soil geochemical data to define anomalies related to buried Pb-Zn mineralization.A favorable main factor with a strong association of the elements Zn,Cu and Pb,related to mineralizatio...A factor analysis was applied to soil geochemical data to define anomalies related to buried Pb-Zn mineralization.A favorable main factor with a strong association of the elements Zn,Cu and Pb,related to mineralization,was selected for interpretation.The median+2 MAD(median absolute deviation)method of exploratory data analysis(EDA)and C-A(concentration-area)fractal modeling were then applied to the Mahalanobis distance,as defined by Zn,Cu and Pb from the factor analysis to set the thresholds for defining multi-element anomalies.As a result,the median+2 MAD method more successfully identified the Pb-Zn mineralization than the C-A fractal model.The soil anomaly identified by the median+2 MAD method on the Mahalanobis distances defined by three principal elements(Zn,Cu and Pb)rather than thirteen elements(Co,Zn,Cu,V,Mo,Ni,Cr,Mn,Pb,Ba,Sr,Zr and Ti)was the more favorable reflection of the ore body.The identified soil geochemical anomalies were compared with the in situ economic Pb-Zn ore bodies for validation.The results showed that the median+2 MAD approach is capable of mapping both strong and weak geochemical anomalies related to buried Pb-Zn mineralization,which is therefore useful at the reconnaissance drilling stage.展开更多
Personality widely exists in diverse animal taxa.Such inter-individual variance in behaviour is supposed to be influenced by social context.However,it remains unknown whether the experience of social life has any carr...Personality widely exists in diverse animal taxa.Such inter-individual variance in behaviour is supposed to be influenced by social context.However,it remains unknown whether the experience of social life has any carryover effects on the subsequent expression of personality.Here,we examined exploratory behaviour in caged Java Sparrows(Lonchura oryzivora)using exploration assays.Birds were assigned to live in either a solitary or a social context for four weeks.We compared the expressions of exploration before and after the treatments,and found that birds showed higher exploration tendencies after than before social life,while the isolated birds were consistent in their exploratory behaviours.Different living experience led to differences in the exploration activities for birds without significant differences in exploration before.Our results indicate that social experience can make birds more proactive.展开更多
Objective: A powder jet deposition (PJD) process can be used to create a thick hydroxyapatite (HA) layer on the human tooth surface. The purpose of this exploratory trial was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the...Objective: A powder jet deposition (PJD) process can be used to create a thick hydroxyapatite (HA) layer on the human tooth surface. The purpose of this exploratory trial was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the hydroxyapatite layer formed by a new dental treatment system for cases of caries, dentin hypersensitivity, or discolored teeth. Methods: A single facility, non-blinded study comparing before and after treatment interventions, without a comparative control, was conducted. A rubber dam was attached to the teeth followed by the application of Vaseline to the gingival margins. Extra- and intra-oral vacuums and a saliva discharge tube were used to spray HA powder over the target site with the PJD equipment. Results: The formation of an HA layer tended to reduce pain on exposure to cold water and air in the cases with caries, and increase brightness and satisfaction in the cases with tooth discoloration. The pain on exposure to air was significantly reduced in the cases with dentin hypersensitivity. PJD was not observed to cause any inflammation of the surrounding gingiva or pulpal symptoms. Conclusions: HA is anticipated to reduce the need for repeat treatment by offering superior compatibility with the tooth substance when compared with other dental materials.展开更多
Let <i><span>n</span></i><span> respondents rank order </span><i><span>d</span></i><span> items, and suppose that <img src="Edit_c36450fa-1b61-...Let <i><span>n</span></i><span> respondents rank order </span><i><span>d</span></i><span> items, and suppose that <img src="Edit_c36450fa-1b61-4116-be40-5bede8274d30.bmp" alt="" /></span><span><span>. Our main task is to uncover and display the structure of the observed rank data by an exploratory riffle shuffling procedure which sequentially decomposes the n voters into a finite number of coherent groups plus a noisy group: where the noisy group represents the outlier voters and each coherent group is composed of a finite number of coherent clusters. We consider exploratory riffle shuffling of a set of items to be equivalent to optimal two blocks seriation of the items with crossing of some scores between the two blocks. A riffle shuffled coherent cluster of voters within its coherent group is essentially characterized by the following facts: 1) Voters have identical first TCA factor score, where TCA designates taxicab correspondence analysis, an L</span><sub><span>1</span></sub><span> variant of corresponden</span><span>ce analysis;2) Any preference is easily interpreted as riffle shuffling of its items;3) The nature of different riffle shuffling of items can be seen in the structure of the contingency table of the first-order marginals constructed from the Borda scorings of the voters;4) The first TCA factor scores of the items of a coherent cluster are interpreted as Borda scale of the items. We also introduce a crossing index, which measures the extent of crossing of scores of voters between the two blocks seriation of the items. The novel approach is explained on the benchmarking SUSHI data set, where we show that this data set has a very si</span><span>mple structure, which can also be communicated in a tabular form.</span></span>展开更多
The philosophy of Exploratory Practice is that language classroom learning and teaching practice is a social practice;hence practitioner research on it should pay attention to this socialness rather than only concern ...The philosophy of Exploratory Practice is that language classroom learning and teaching practice is a social practice;hence practitioner research on it should pay attention to this socialness rather than only concern the cognitive aspect so that an understanding of quality of classroom life can be achieved before it can possibly lead to the improvement of the practice.The paper introduces the theory of Exploratory Practice in terms of its content spirit,key terms,relationship with other practitioner researches and methodological nature,aiming to help practitioners and classroom-based researchers to understand it.展开更多
<strong>Background: </strong><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">We previously reported independent predictors of intraoperative and postoper...<strong>Background: </strong><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">We previously reported independent predictors of intraoperative and postoperative morbidity. These were age, American Society of Anesthesiologists Score (ASA), emergency situations, surgery and transfusion. ASA was the independent predictor of mortality. We conducted a secondary analysis of this previous retrospective study in patients who underwent exploratory laparotomy and intestinal resection. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objectives: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">T</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">he </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">o</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">bjective was to</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> describe intraoperative and postoperative outcomes in patients who underwent exploratory laparotomy and intestinal resection in the initial study and to present a research protocol for intraoperative and postoperative optimization. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Secondary analysis of the initial study</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was used</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The Ethics Committee approved the study. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> There were 54 patients with a median age of 15.5</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">[</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">172</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">]</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> months. Thirty-seven (68.5%) patients underwent intestinal resection, nine (16.7%) underwent exploratory laparotomy, and eight (16.8%) underwent laparotomy for volvulus. Fourteen (25.9%) patients had intraoperative and/or postoperative complications. Two (3.7%) patients had an intraoperative hemorrhagic shock. Two (3.7%) patients had a postoperative cardio-circulatory failure. Three (5.6%) had postoperative respiratory failure. One (1.8%) patient had postoperative multiple organ failure and neurologic failure. Three (5.6%) patients had postoperative abdominal sepsis. One (1.8%) patient had postoperative multiple organ sepsis and neuromeningeal sepsis. Four (7.4%) patients had postoperative pulmonary sepsis. Two (3.7%) had postoperative septicemia. Six (11.1%) patients had reoperations. Seventeen (31.5%) patients had </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">an </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">intraoperative transfusion. The in-hospital mortality rate was 3.7% in two patients. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The number of patients with postoperative complications in this cohort was not negligible. We, therefore, elaborated a research protocol where intraoperative patient management will be guided with transthoracic echocardiography for fluid and hemodynamic therapy optimization. The objective of this study protocol is to clarify the impact of intraoperative goal-directed fluid and hemodynamic therapy with transthoracic echocardiography on postoperative outcomes in terms of complications in pediatric surgical patients.</span></span>展开更多
Self-regulated learning （SRL） is one of the precious ways in teachers＇ professional development, and its operation level includes different factors. With studies abroad and our preliminary investigation as base, th...Self-regulated learning （SRL） is one of the precious ways in teachers＇ professional development, and its operation level includes different factors. With studies abroad and our preliminary investigation as base, this study developed a scale to test the factors SRL includes. According to the result of 905 teachers working in elementary school by exploratory factor analysis, the SRL for elementary teachers is consisted of its sociality （it included selecting leads and seeking for instructing）, its motivation（it included self-improvement and self-excelling）, its methods（it included strategy use and habitual behavior）, and its outcomes（it included extensive reading and teachers＇ professional development）. All the result indicated Teachers＇ SRL Scale had clear factor structure, good reliability and validity. It can be used to test the current operating situation of SRL for teachers working in elementary school.展开更多
Over the past years,there has been an expanding intrigued in building refurbishment projects because of the alter in financial conditions and the accentuation on sustainable development.Increasing demand for building ...Over the past years,there has been an expanding intrigued in building refurbishment projects because of the alter in financial conditions and the accentuation on sustainable development.Increasing demand for building refurbishment projects will lead to an increase in organizational interactions in the construction works as building refurbishment works involve interactions among many different organizations and it can cause Inter-Organizational conflict(IOC)among organizations involved in projects.This paper adopted an Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA)approach to analyses IOC in building refurbishment projects.For this study,a fivepoint Likert Scale was adopted to ensure the instruments of the study are reliable.The researcher ultimately sent questionnaires as a web-link and email invitation to 1050 construction firms and 733 architectural firms.The questionnaire sent to managers and professionals from construction and architectural firms in Malaysia.Finally,one-hundred-seventy-nine(179)refurbishment projects formed a database for this paper.The finding of this paper shows the IOC factors that contribute to the improve the performance of building refurbishment project can be conflict during the construction stage,conflict between the client and the consultant,task expectations,basic responsibilities,final duration,project’s goals,conflict between the client and the contractor,final cost,final quality,standards of behaviors,conflict between the contractor and the consultant,interference and conflict during the design stage.展开更多
When using traditional image search engines, smartphone users often complain about their poor user interface including poor user experience, and weak interaction. Moreover, users are unable to find a desired picture p...When using traditional image search engines, smartphone users often complain about their poor user interface including poor user experience, and weak interaction. Moreover, users are unable to find a desired picture partly due to the unclear key words. This paper proposes the word-bag co-occurrence scheme by defining the correlation between images. Through exploratory search, the search range can be expanded and help users refine retrieval of the expected images. Firstly, the proposed scheme applied the bag of visual words (BoVW) vector by processing images on Hadoop. Secondly, similarity matrix was constructed to organize the image data. Finally, the images in which users were interested was visually displayed on the android mobile phone via exploratory search. Comparing the proposed method to current methods by testing with image data sets on ImageNet, the experimental results show that the former is superior to the latter on visual representation, and the proposed scheme can provide a better user experience.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)leaks in the temporal bone arise from osteodural defects,resulting in an abnormal connection between the subarachnoid space and the adjacent tympanomastoid cavity,which often manifests as otorrhea.Patients typically exhibit symptoms such as headache,unilateral hearing impairment,aural fullness,or even meningitis.Imaging studies are critical for identifying and differentiating the location and characteristics of CSF leaks.However,when the leak's origin remains ambiguous,diagnostic surgery may be warranted to both confirm the diagnosis and facilitate treatment.This report discusses an uncommon case while reviewing relevant literature,focusing on the surgical diagnostic intervention in a 58-year-old male with spontaneous temporal bone CSF leaks.CASE SUMMARY The patient,a 58-year-old man,was admitted for evaluation of left ear fullness,hearing loss,and nasal discharge.Notably,when supine,clear fluid drained from the left nasal cavity,with improvement noted upon sitting.A nasal examination did not reveal significant findings,while the otologic evaluation indicated an intact periosteum;however,considerable fluid accumulation was identified within the left middle ear.Despite undergoing multiple periosteal punctures and conservative medical management,the middle ear effusion persisted.Imaging studies,including magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and computed tomography,confirmed the presence of left-sided CSF otorrhea,and the head MRI indicated potential CSF rhinorrhea.This raised challenges in determining whether the CSF leak originated from the sphenoid sinus or the temporal bone.Given that CSF otorrhea may drain through the external auditory canal and CSF rhinorrhea from the sellar region can present as nasal leakage,differentiation proved complex.In this case,with an intact external auditory canal,CSF from the middle ear was observed to flow into the nasal cavity via the Eustachian tube.Therefore,leakage from both sites could be misconstrued as CSF rhinorrhea,complicating the diagnostic process.Consequently,an exploratory surgical procedure was performed,revealing an incomplete dura mater on the temporal aspect of the petrous bone,which was subsequently repaired.CONCLUSION Benign intracranial hypertension can result in meningeal protrusion or meningoencephalocele,which may lead to CSF leakage that generally responds favorably to mucosal repair.In instances where imaging fails to identify the source of the leak or when diagnostic options are limited,proactive exploratory surgery is advisable.Although surgical interventions carry inherent risks,the application of endoscopic techniques by experienced surgeons renders this approach a feasible choice for addressing both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
文摘The public health workforce is a key component of public health system.To articulate the scope of public health workforce,we reviewed the relevant World Health Organization(wHO)guidance and peer-reviewed journal articles on this subject.Specifically,we assessed and compared the relevant publications produced by WHO Headquarters and Regional Offices along with other literature on this issue.Our focus was on the“occupation,workplace setting,and employer of public health workforce”.It is noteworthy that WHO has adopted a conceptual framework with an inclusive scope of the public health workforce,while setting out a 5-year vision to strengthen capacity across all WHO Member States for a multidisciplinary workforce to deliver the essential public health functions,including emergency preparedness and response.The importance of public health workforce in global and national responses to the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is recognized.We also observed that there were diverse understandings of the scope of public health workforce worldwide,including macro-,meso-and micro-level perspectives.In the post-COVID-19 era,we suggest that policy-makers and practitioners at the national,regional and global level adopt a coordinated approach to expand and strengthen the national workforce as guided by the WHO towards the health-related targets of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals such as health security and Universal Health Coverage.
文摘The geostatistical information method consists in the use of the principle of quantitative evaluation in exploratory engineering research. The principle of uantitative evaluation is based on the mathematical model of the ore body. The selection of optimal exploratory scheme and optimal engineering positions has been studied in this paper.
文摘The paper presents a case study on listening-speaking class instruction models based on exploratory practice. Assuming the dual roles of a teacher and a researcher, the writer of this paper has implemented three models of classroom instructions for the Viewing, Listening ＆ Speaking Class. From the students＇ report, teacher＇s log and classroom observation, it is concluded that the three models meet the needs of different students. The key to a successful Viewing, Listening＆ Speaking Class is to set reasonable goals and analyze students＇ needs.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61872378).
文摘Some attributes are uncertain for evaluation work because of incomplete or limited information and knowledge.It leads to uncertainty in evaluation results.To that end,an evaluation method,uncertainty entropy-based exploratory evaluation(UEEE),is proposed to guide the evaluation activities,which can iteratively and gradually reduce uncertainty in evaluation results.Uncertainty entropy(UE)is proposed to measure the extent of uncertainty.First,the belief degree distributions are assumed to characterize the uncertainty in attributes.Then the belief degree distribution of the evaluation result can be calculated by using uncertainty theory.The obtained result is then checked based on UE to see if it could meet the requirements of decision-making.If its uncertainty level is high,more information needs to be introduced to reduce uncertainty.An algorithm based on the UE is proposed to find which attribute can mostly affect the uncertainty in results.Thus,efforts can be invested in key attribute(s),and the evaluation results can be updated accordingly.This update should be repeated until the evaluation result meets the requirements.Finally,as a case study,the effectiveness of ballistic missiles with uncertain attributes is evaluated by UEEE.The evaluation results show that the target is believed to be destroyed.
文摘This study examines the construct validity and reliability of the Malay language questionnaire for urinary incontinence diagnosis (QUID) in women. Study Design: Random sampling design was used in this cross-sectional survey. Materials and Methods: The Americanized English language questionnaire was translated to the Malay language and distributed to community-dwelling Malaysian women living in various locations in Selangor. The construct validity was tested using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The reliability was determined using Cronbach’s α. Results: A total of 111 women completed the Malay language QUID in this pilot study. The Keiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy of 0.675 and Bartlett’s test of sphericity (χ2 = 284.633, df = 15, p = 0.001) indicated that the EFA was possible. The total variance and the scree plot identified two factors above the initial eigenvalue of 1 while a third factor was just below it (0.758). The CFA output showed a recursive model with the solution being not admissible because two unobserved and exogenous variables had negative variance estimates. The following values of absolute fit indices showed an acceptable level of fit: 1) Chi-square test with χ2 = 4.997, df = 5, p = 0.416, indicated a smaller difference between the expected and observed covariance matrices;2) GFI = 0.986, AGFI = 0.939, RMR = 0.021 and CMIN/DF = 1.0 indicated acceptable level of fit;3) The baseline comparison values of NFI = 0.983 and CFI = 1.0 also indicated a good fit to the data;4) RMSEA = 0.000 was considered a perfect fit indicating that the hypothesized model was a good fit to the observed data. Under the hypothesis of “close fit”, the probability of getting a sample RMSEA as large as 0.000 was 0.567. The Cronbach’s α coefficient of 0.823 indicated good reliability. Conclusion: The Malay language QUID is a valid and reliable instrument for diagnosing female urinary incontinence in the Malaysian population.
基金supported by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China(201302002Clinical Trials.gov number NCT 02200679)+1 种基金the Shanghai International Cooperation Ministry of Science Projects(14430712200)the Development Project of Shanghai Peak Discipline-Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine
文摘The purpose of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the autism spectrum rating scale（ASRS）. We recruited 1,625community-based children and 211 autism spectrum disorder（ASD） cases from 4 sites, and the parents of all participants completed the Chinese version of the ASRS. A robust weighted least squares means and variance adjusted estimator was used for exploratory factor analysis. The3-factor structure included 59 items suitable for the current sample. The item reliability for the modi？ed Chinese version of the ASRS（MC-ASRS） was excellent. Moreover,with 60 as the cut-off point, receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the MC-ASRS had excellent discriminate validity, comparable to that of the unmodi？ed Chinese version（UC-ASRS）, with area under the curve values of 0.952（95% CI： 0.936–0.967） and 0.948（95% CI：0.930–0.965）, respectively. Meanwhile, the con？rm factor analysis revealed that MC-ASRS had a better construct validity than UC-ASRS based on the above factor solution in another children sample. In conclusion, the MC-ASRS shows better ef？cacy in epidemiological screening for ASD in Chinese children.
文摘BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is a prevalent malignant tumor worldwide and ranks as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality.Upper gastrointestinal bleeding(UGIB)is a frequent complication of GC.Radical gastrectomy and palliative therapy are widely used surgical procedures in the clinical management of GC.This study intends to probe the clinical efficacy and safety of radical gastrectomy and palliative therapy on the basis of exploratory laparotomy in patients with GC combined with UGIB,hoping to provide valuable information to aid patients in selecting the appropriate surgical intervention.AIM To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of exploratory laparotomy^(+)radical gastrectomy and palliative therapy in patients with GC and UGIB combined.METHODS A total of 89 GC patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China between July 2018 and July 2020 were selected as participants for this study.The 89 patients were divided into two groups:radical resection group(n=46)treated with exploratory laparotomy^(+)radical gastrectomy and Palliative group(n=43)treated with palliative therapy.The study compared several variables between the two groups,including surgical duration,intraoperative blood transfusion volume,postoperative anal exhaust time,off-bed activity time,length of hospitalization,and incidence of complications such as duodenal stump rupture,anastomotic obstruction,and postoperative incision.Additionally,postoperative immune function indicators(including CD3^(+),CD4^(+),CD8^(+),CD4^(+)/CD8^(+),and CD3^(+)/HLADR^(+)),immunoglobulin(IgG and IgM),tumor markers(CEA,CA199,and CA125),and inflammatory factors(IL-6,IL-17,and TNF-α)were assessed.The surgical efficacy and postoperative quality of life recovery were also evaluated.The patients were monitored for survival and tumor recurrence at 6 mo,1 year,and 2 years post-surgery.RESULTS The results indicated that the duration of operation time and postoperative hospitalization did not differ between the two surgical procedures.However,patients in the radical resection group exhibited shorter intraoperative blood loss,anus exhaust time,off-bed activity time,and inpatient activity time than those in the Palliative group.Although there was no substantial difference in the occurrence of postoperative complications,such as duodenal stump rupture and anastomotic obstruction,between the radical resection group and Palliative group(P>0.05),the radical resection group exhibited higher postoperative immune function indicators(including CD3^(+),CD4^(+),CD8^(+),etc.)and immunoglobulin levels(IgG,IgM)than the Palliative group,while tumor markers and inflammatory factors levels were lower than those in the radical resection group.Additionally,surgical efficacy,postoperative quality of life,and postoperative survival rates were higher in patients who underwent radical gastrectomy than in those who underwent palliative therapy.Moreover,the probability of postoperative tumor recurrence was lower in the radical gastrectomy group compared to the palliative therapy group,and these differences were all statistically significant(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Compared to palliative therapy,exploratory laparotomy^(+)radical gastrectomy can improve immune function,reduce the levels of tumor markers and inflammatory factors,improve surgical efficacy,promote postoperative quality of life recovery,enhance survival rates,and attenuate the probability of tumor recurrence.
文摘Objective:Surgical procedures manifest immense risks to patients.One of the adverse events that healthcare professionals see as a threat to the patient’s health is the development of complications known as surgical site infection(SSI).Although several effor ts are being under taken to determine the proper means to reduce such complications,there is still a high incidence of SSI worldwide.Surgery requires knowledge in infection control and high precision in maintaining a clean surgical site.This study tested the effectiveness of an operating room(OR)bundle of care in preventing SSI in patients undergoing elective exploratory laparotomy cholecystectomy surgery.Methods:A quasi-experimental pretest and posttest design was utilized to determine its effectiveness.The study was composed of 60 par ticipants divided into two groups:30 subjects were selected to receive the OR bundle of care,while the other 30 subjects received the usual care.The groupings were determined through a systematic random sampling technique.The OR bundle of care had three interventions,namely:(1)maintaining perioperative normothermia,(2)no pre-operative surgical site hair removal,and(3)changing gloves before abdominal wall closure.These patients were evaluated using the standard instrument,Bates–Jensen Wound Assessment Tool(BWAT)in the post-intervention phases of the wound healing process,which are as follows:hemostasis,inflammatory,and proliferative phases.To describe the difference in the patients’wound status after implementation of the OR bundle of care in each post-intervention phase,Friedman’s test was used.To describe the difference in the patients’wound status in both groups after implementation of the OR bundle of care,the Mann–Whitney U test was used.Results:The patient’s wound status was lower,indicating a more healing process.Differences between the wound status of the control and the experimental group were observed on the third postoperative day.This indicates that the experimental group’s wound status healed much faster and more effectively than the control group based on the BWAT scoring severity scoring.A significant difference in the patient’s wound status from the hemostasis phase compared with the proliferative phase was observed.Conclusions:The OR bundle of care has been shown to be effective in preventing SSI in patients who had undergone exploratory laparotomy cholecystectomy surgery in the selected hospital,if there is uniform and consistent implementation of the said intervention.
文摘A factor analysis was applied to soil geochemical data to define anomalies related to buried Pb-Zn mineralization.A favorable main factor with a strong association of the elements Zn,Cu and Pb,related to mineralization,was selected for interpretation.The median+2 MAD(median absolute deviation)method of exploratory data analysis(EDA)and C-A(concentration-area)fractal modeling were then applied to the Mahalanobis distance,as defined by Zn,Cu and Pb from the factor analysis to set the thresholds for defining multi-element anomalies.As a result,the median+2 MAD method more successfully identified the Pb-Zn mineralization than the C-A fractal model.The soil anomaly identified by the median+2 MAD method on the Mahalanobis distances defined by three principal elements(Zn,Cu and Pb)rather than thirteen elements(Co,Zn,Cu,V,Mo,Ni,Cr,Mn,Pb,Ba,Sr,Zr and Ti)was the more favorable reflection of the ore body.The identified soil geochemical anomalies were compared with the in situ economic Pb-Zn ore bodies for validation.The results showed that the median+2 MAD approach is capable of mapping both strong and weak geochemical anomalies related to buried Pb-Zn mineralization,which is therefore useful at the reconnaissance drilling stage.
基金supported by Department of Science and Technology of Liaoning Province(2019-ZD-0196)Department of Education of Liaoning Province(LJC202009)。
文摘Personality widely exists in diverse animal taxa.Such inter-individual variance in behaviour is supposed to be influenced by social context.However,it remains unknown whether the experience of social life has any carryover effects on the subsequent expression of personality.Here,we examined exploratory behaviour in caged Java Sparrows(Lonchura oryzivora)using exploration assays.Birds were assigned to live in either a solitary or a social context for four weeks.We compared the expressions of exploration before and after the treatments,and found that birds showed higher exploration tendencies after than before social life,while the isolated birds were consistent in their exploratory behaviours.Different living experience led to differences in the exploration activities for birds without significant differences in exploration before.Our results indicate that social experience can make birds more proactive.
文摘Objective: A powder jet deposition (PJD) process can be used to create a thick hydroxyapatite (HA) layer on the human tooth surface. The purpose of this exploratory trial was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the hydroxyapatite layer formed by a new dental treatment system for cases of caries, dentin hypersensitivity, or discolored teeth. Methods: A single facility, non-blinded study comparing before and after treatment interventions, without a comparative control, was conducted. A rubber dam was attached to the teeth followed by the application of Vaseline to the gingival margins. Extra- and intra-oral vacuums and a saliva discharge tube were used to spray HA powder over the target site with the PJD equipment. Results: The formation of an HA layer tended to reduce pain on exposure to cold water and air in the cases with caries, and increase brightness and satisfaction in the cases with tooth discoloration. The pain on exposure to air was significantly reduced in the cases with dentin hypersensitivity. PJD was not observed to cause any inflammation of the surrounding gingiva or pulpal symptoms. Conclusions: HA is anticipated to reduce the need for repeat treatment by offering superior compatibility with the tooth substance when compared with other dental materials.
文摘Let <i><span>n</span></i><span> respondents rank order </span><i><span>d</span></i><span> items, and suppose that <img src="Edit_c36450fa-1b61-4116-be40-5bede8274d30.bmp" alt="" /></span><span><span>. Our main task is to uncover and display the structure of the observed rank data by an exploratory riffle shuffling procedure which sequentially decomposes the n voters into a finite number of coherent groups plus a noisy group: where the noisy group represents the outlier voters and each coherent group is composed of a finite number of coherent clusters. We consider exploratory riffle shuffling of a set of items to be equivalent to optimal two blocks seriation of the items with crossing of some scores between the two blocks. A riffle shuffled coherent cluster of voters within its coherent group is essentially characterized by the following facts: 1) Voters have identical first TCA factor score, where TCA designates taxicab correspondence analysis, an L</span><sub><span>1</span></sub><span> variant of corresponden</span><span>ce analysis;2) Any preference is easily interpreted as riffle shuffling of its items;3) The nature of different riffle shuffling of items can be seen in the structure of the contingency table of the first-order marginals constructed from the Borda scorings of the voters;4) The first TCA factor scores of the items of a coherent cluster are interpreted as Borda scale of the items. We also introduce a crossing index, which measures the extent of crossing of scores of voters between the two blocks seriation of the items. The novel approach is explained on the benchmarking SUSHI data set, where we show that this data set has a very si</span><span>mple structure, which can also be communicated in a tabular form.</span></span>
文摘The philosophy of Exploratory Practice is that language classroom learning and teaching practice is a social practice;hence practitioner research on it should pay attention to this socialness rather than only concern the cognitive aspect so that an understanding of quality of classroom life can be achieved before it can possibly lead to the improvement of the practice.The paper introduces the theory of Exploratory Practice in terms of its content spirit,key terms,relationship with other practitioner researches and methodological nature,aiming to help practitioners and classroom-based researchers to understand it.
文摘<strong>Background: </strong><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">We previously reported independent predictors of intraoperative and postoperative morbidity. These were age, American Society of Anesthesiologists Score (ASA), emergency situations, surgery and transfusion. ASA was the independent predictor of mortality. We conducted a secondary analysis of this previous retrospective study in patients who underwent exploratory laparotomy and intestinal resection. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objectives: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">T</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">he </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">o</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">bjective was to</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> describe intraoperative and postoperative outcomes in patients who underwent exploratory laparotomy and intestinal resection in the initial study and to present a research protocol for intraoperative and postoperative optimization. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Secondary analysis of the initial study</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was used</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The Ethics Committee approved the study. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> There were 54 patients with a median age of 15.5</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">[</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">172</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">]</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> months. Thirty-seven (68.5%) patients underwent intestinal resection, nine (16.7%) underwent exploratory laparotomy, and eight (16.8%) underwent laparotomy for volvulus. Fourteen (25.9%) patients had intraoperative and/or postoperative complications. Two (3.7%) patients had an intraoperative hemorrhagic shock. Two (3.7%) patients had a postoperative cardio-circulatory failure. Three (5.6%) had postoperative respiratory failure. One (1.8%) patient had postoperative multiple organ failure and neurologic failure. Three (5.6%) patients had postoperative abdominal sepsis. One (1.8%) patient had postoperative multiple organ sepsis and neuromeningeal sepsis. Four (7.4%) patients had postoperative pulmonary sepsis. Two (3.7%) had postoperative septicemia. Six (11.1%) patients had reoperations. Seventeen (31.5%) patients had </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">an </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">intraoperative transfusion. The in-hospital mortality rate was 3.7% in two patients. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The number of patients with postoperative complications in this cohort was not negligible. We, therefore, elaborated a research protocol where intraoperative patient management will be guided with transthoracic echocardiography for fluid and hemodynamic therapy optimization. The objective of this study protocol is to clarify the impact of intraoperative goal-directed fluid and hemodynamic therapy with transthoracic echocardiography on postoperative outcomes in terms of complications in pediatric surgical patients.</span></span>
文摘Self-regulated learning （SRL） is one of the precious ways in teachers＇ professional development, and its operation level includes different factors. With studies abroad and our preliminary investigation as base, this study developed a scale to test the factors SRL includes. According to the result of 905 teachers working in elementary school by exploratory factor analysis, the SRL for elementary teachers is consisted of its sociality （it included selecting leads and seeking for instructing）, its motivation（it included self-improvement and self-excelling）, its methods（it included strategy use and habitual behavior）, and its outcomes（it included extensive reading and teachers＇ professional development）. All the result indicated Teachers＇ SRL Scale had clear factor structure, good reliability and validity. It can be used to test the current operating situation of SRL for teachers working in elementary school.
基金the Exploratory Research Grant Scheme(ERGS)of Universiti Teknologi MARA(UiTM)Malaysia(No.ERGS/1/2013/SSl11/UITM/01/01)High-Level Talents Introduction Funding of Haixi Research Institute,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.19Q3671boa).
文摘Over the past years,there has been an expanding intrigued in building refurbishment projects because of the alter in financial conditions and the accentuation on sustainable development.Increasing demand for building refurbishment projects will lead to an increase in organizational interactions in the construction works as building refurbishment works involve interactions among many different organizations and it can cause Inter-Organizational conflict(IOC)among organizations involved in projects.This paper adopted an Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA)approach to analyses IOC in building refurbishment projects.For this study,a fivepoint Likert Scale was adopted to ensure the instruments of the study are reliable.The researcher ultimately sent questionnaires as a web-link and email invitation to 1050 construction firms and 733 architectural firms.The questionnaire sent to managers and professionals from construction and architectural firms in Malaysia.Finally,one-hundred-seventy-nine(179)refurbishment projects formed a database for this paper.The finding of this paper shows the IOC factors that contribute to the improve the performance of building refurbishment project can be conflict during the construction stage,conflict between the client and the consultant,task expectations,basic responsibilities,final duration,project’s goals,conflict between the client and the contractor,final cost,final quality,standards of behaviors,conflict between the contractor and the consultant,interference and conflict during the design stage.
文摘When using traditional image search engines, smartphone users often complain about their poor user interface including poor user experience, and weak interaction. Moreover, users are unable to find a desired picture partly due to the unclear key words. This paper proposes the word-bag co-occurrence scheme by defining the correlation between images. Through exploratory search, the search range can be expanded and help users refine retrieval of the expected images. Firstly, the proposed scheme applied the bag of visual words (BoVW) vector by processing images on Hadoop. Secondly, similarity matrix was constructed to organize the image data. Finally, the images in which users were interested was visually displayed on the android mobile phone via exploratory search. Comparing the proposed method to current methods by testing with image data sets on ImageNet, the experimental results show that the former is superior to the latter on visual representation, and the proposed scheme can provide a better user experience.
